新妈妈：请给婴儿补充维生素D
美国政府卫生部门的官员提醒初为人母的新妈妈要与儿科医生沟通，重视孩子的饮食和营养，特别是维生素D缺乏导致的骨质疏松症。
亚特兰大儿童保健系统儿科医生诺曼·卡瓦尔霍关于两名非裔婴儿严重营养不良的报告引起了美国疾病控制与预防中心的注意。因此而进行的调查发现，佝偻病患儿虽然有母乳哺育超过10个月，但也吃其它乳制品。在补充的豆制品饮料中没有加维生素D。调查还发现一些婴儿患有蛋白质能量缺乏症，与食用缺乏营养素的乳代用品有关。蛋白质缺乏会导致水肿、皮肤溃疡、消瘦以及头发褪色。对乔治亚医院住院记录的检查共发现9例严重营养不良患儿，包括3名蛋白质缺乏的病例和6名佝偻病病例。所有患佝偻病的婴儿都有给予任何含维生素D的补充品，有几例为黑肤色婴儿。
总之，乔治亚州1997年至1999年之间出生的婴儿中，因佝偻病而需要住院治疗的达百万分之五，患有严重的蛋白质能量营养不良(PEM)占百万分之二。参与调查的研究人员之一，亚特兰大儿童保健系统的儿科医生诺曼·卡瓦尔霍博士认为，被证实的病例只是冰山的一角，实际发病率可能更高，因为患儿通常是在门诊治疗，佝偻病不属于要求医生报告的疾病。
, 百拇医药
维生素D对人体钙吸收非常重要，体内的维生素D主要来源为皮肤内7-脱氢胆固醇经日光(主要是紫外线)照射生成。低纬度地方即使是冬季，在太阳光下照射10～15分钟皮肤便能产生足够的维生素D，但在纬度高的地区从11月到3月就难以受到足够的阳光照射，而人乳中维生素D的来源少，因此在这些月份母乳喂养的婴儿将得不到充足维生素D补充。况且某些婴儿，特别是黑皮肤的婴儿可能在皮肤转化方面存在问题。尽管含有完全营养素的婴儿配方奶粉的出现已经几乎让佝偻病在全美范围内消失，但及早发现及早治疗佝偻病仍然是必要的，因为该病会使导致婴儿生长发育迟缓，并且出现永久性的肢体弯曲，有的患儿需要外科手术校正。
美国儿科医师协会推荐婴儿每天至少应从食物中摄到200国际单位(IU)的维生素D，相当于2杯8盎司的牛奶。如果婴儿的母亲缺乏维生素D，或接受阳光照射不足，那么婴儿应该至少每天补充400IU的维生素D。这方面，儿科医生会通过了解婴儿的饮食情况来判断，当医生认为你宝宝没有得到足够的营养时，就会给宝宝开维生素D针剂。
, 百拇医药
补充维生素D是必要的，婴儿辅食中的谷类食物并不能提供足够数量的、能促进骨骼生长的营养物质。医生建议可以给婴儿食用添加维生素D的豆奶，因为豆奶中也含有大量的蛋白质。另外，父母还应注意不要过份依赖太阳光照来帮助你的宝宝得到了足够的维生素D，太多的日光可能会对宝宝娇嫩的皮肤和敏感的眼睛带来伤害。
Parents: Don‘t Skimp on Vitamin D for Infants
Government health officials are urging new mothers to talk with their pediatricians about the risk of severe nutritional deficiencies, particularly a bone-weakening lack of vitamin D.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (news - web sites) says it is alarmed by a Georgia survey showing several cases of rickets, which can stunt growth and make children permanently bow-limbed, in babies breast-fed for prolonged periods or weaned onto vegetable-based milk products that lack the nutrient.
, 百拇医药
The body uses sunlight to synthesize vitamin D, which is needed for calcium absorption. But some infants, particularly those with dark skin, can have trouble making the conversion.
The survey also turned up cases of profound protein energy shortage in some infants, related to drinking substitute milk products poor in that nutrient. Lack of protein can lead to swelling, skin sores, and thinning, discolored hair.
In all, as many as five babies in a million born in Georgia were hospitalized with rickets between 1997 and 1999, and two in a million had severe protein energy malnutrition (PEM) during that period, the research shows. But the actual rate of these conditions is likely higher, experts say, because they are typically treated outside the hospital and doctors are not required to report them.
, 百拇医药
"I think the cases that we‘ve identified are just the tip of the iceberg," says Dr. Norman Carvalho, a pediatrician at Children‘s Healthcare in Atlanta and one of the researchers involved in the study.
Talk diet with the doctor
"It‘s really critical that parents have a discussion about nutrition and diet" at every regularly scheduled visit to the child‘s doctor, says Dr. Shanna Nesby-O‘Dell, a CDC epidemiologist and a co-author of the study, which appears in the March 30 issue of the agency‘s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Versions of the same data will also be published in the April issue of the journal Pediatrics.
, 百拇医药
Breast milk is a poor source of vitamin D, but the advent of fortified baby formula has all but eliminated rickets in this country. Most cases are reversible if caught early. Still, "a minority of cases will need corrective surgery," says Dr. Kay Tomashek, a CDC pediatrician who collaborated on the latest research.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that babies get at least 200 International Units (IU) a day of vitamin D (the amount in two 8-ounce cups of milk), with 400 IU being optimal. Babies whose mothers are vitamin D deficient, or who aren‘t exposed to enough sunlight, should get at least 400 IU of the vitamin.
, 百拇医药
The CDC investigation was prompted by reports from Carvalho‘s hospital of rickets and a form of protein dearth called kwashiorkor in two African-American infants.
Both had breast-fed for at least 10 months, and had also been eating alternative milk products. In the rickets case, the soy drink the infant had consumed had no vitamin D added, and the baby with protein deficiency was given a rice drink with no protein.
A subsequent review of hospital records in Georgia turned up nine cases of severe malnutrition unrelated to other disease, including three cases of protein shortage and six of rickets. All the rickets cases involved babies who nursed for six months or more and who did not get any vitamin D supplements. Several were also dark complexioned.
, http://www.100md.com
"Probably the simplest solution would be to have vitamin D supplements for breast-fed infants," Carvalho says. And for parents who don‘t want to breast-feed, "the safest approach for is to stick with products specifically formulated for toddlers."
Baby formula, made from cow‘s milk, should contain ample protein, vitamins and other nutrients.
Dr. Bess Dawson-Hughes, an osteoporosis expert at Tufts University in Boston, says given the "stunning" number of adults with vitamin D deficiency, it‘s not surprising that rickets would be cropping up in infants.
, 百拇医药
Although 10 to 15 minutes in the sun at low latitudes can be ample for your skin to generate sufficient vitamin D, even during the winter, northern areas don‘t see enough sun from November to March, Dawson-Hughes says. Therefore, breast-fed babies who aren‘t getting vitamin D supplements during those months will need them.
What To Do
Your pediatrician can prescribe vitamin D supplements, in the form of drops, if she feels your baby isn‘t getting enough of the nutrient. But the only way she‘ll know is if you talk about your child‘s diet when you go for an office visit.
, http://www.100md.com
And don‘t look to the sun exclusively to help your baby get enough vitamin D. Too much sunlight can be harmful to his tender skin and delicate eyes.
Soy milk, which can be fortified with vitamin D, is an adequate source of protein for infants. but Carvalho does not recommend rice products. And if the soy milk isn‘t fortified, the rest of the baby‘s diet is unlikely to provide adequate amounts of the bone-building nutrient, so supplements are probably necessary, he says., http://www.100md.com
亚特兰大儿童保健系统儿科医生诺曼·卡瓦尔霍关于两名非裔婴儿严重营养不良的报告引起了美国疾病控制与预防中心的注意。因此而进行的调查发现，佝偻病患儿虽然有母乳哺育超过10个月，但也吃其它乳制品。在补充的豆制品饮料中没有加维生素D。调查还发现一些婴儿患有蛋白质能量缺乏症，与食用缺乏营养素的乳代用品有关。蛋白质缺乏会导致水肿、皮肤溃疡、消瘦以及头发褪色。对乔治亚医院住院记录的检查共发现9例严重营养不良患儿，包括3名蛋白质缺乏的病例和6名佝偻病病例。所有患佝偻病的婴儿都有给予任何含维生素D的补充品，有几例为黑肤色婴儿。
总之，乔治亚州1997年至1999年之间出生的婴儿中，因佝偻病而需要住院治疗的达百万分之五，患有严重的蛋白质能量营养不良(PEM)占百万分之二。参与调查的研究人员之一，亚特兰大儿童保健系统的儿科医生诺曼·卡瓦尔霍博士认为，被证实的病例只是冰山的一角，实际发病率可能更高，因为患儿通常是在门诊治疗，佝偻病不属于要求医生报告的疾病。
, 百拇医药
维生素D对人体钙吸收非常重要，体内的维生素D主要来源为皮肤内7-脱氢胆固醇经日光(主要是紫外线)照射生成。低纬度地方即使是冬季，在太阳光下照射10～15分钟皮肤便能产生足够的维生素D，但在纬度高的地区从11月到3月就难以受到足够的阳光照射，而人乳中维生素D的来源少，因此在这些月份母乳喂养的婴儿将得不到充足维生素D补充。况且某些婴儿，特别是黑皮肤的婴儿可能在皮肤转化方面存在问题。尽管含有完全营养素的婴儿配方奶粉的出现已经几乎让佝偻病在全美范围内消失，但及早发现及早治疗佝偻病仍然是必要的，因为该病会使导致婴儿生长发育迟缓，并且出现永久性的肢体弯曲，有的患儿需要外科手术校正。
美国儿科医师协会推荐婴儿每天至少应从食物中摄到200国际单位(IU)的维生素D，相当于2杯8盎司的牛奶。如果婴儿的母亲缺乏维生素D，或接受阳光照射不足，那么婴儿应该至少每天补充400IU的维生素D。这方面，儿科医生会通过了解婴儿的饮食情况来判断，当医生认为你宝宝没有得到足够的营养时，就会给宝宝开维生素D针剂。
, 百拇医药
补充维生素D是必要的，婴儿辅食中的谷类食物并不能提供足够数量的、能促进骨骼生长的营养物质。医生建议可以给婴儿食用添加维生素D的豆奶，因为豆奶中也含有大量的蛋白质。另外，父母还应注意不要过份依赖太阳光照来帮助你的宝宝得到了足够的维生素D，太多的日光可能会对宝宝娇嫩的皮肤和敏感的眼睛带来伤害。
Parents: Don‘t Skimp on Vitamin D for Infants
Government health officials are urging new mothers to talk with their pediatricians about the risk of severe nutritional deficiencies, particularly a bone-weakening lack of vitamin D.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (news - web sites) says it is alarmed by a Georgia survey showing several cases of rickets, which can stunt growth and make children permanently bow-limbed, in babies breast-fed for prolonged periods or weaned onto vegetable-based milk products that lack the nutrient.
, 百拇医药
The body uses sunlight to synthesize vitamin D, which is needed for calcium absorption. But some infants, particularly those with dark skin, can have trouble making the conversion.
The survey also turned up cases of profound protein energy shortage in some infants, related to drinking substitute milk products poor in that nutrient. Lack of protein can lead to swelling, skin sores, and thinning, discolored hair.
In all, as many as five babies in a million born in Georgia were hospitalized with rickets between 1997 and 1999, and two in a million had severe protein energy malnutrition (PEM) during that period, the research shows. But the actual rate of these conditions is likely higher, experts say, because they are typically treated outside the hospital and doctors are not required to report them.
, 百拇医药
"I think the cases that we‘ve identified are just the tip of the iceberg," says Dr. Norman Carvalho, a pediatrician at Children‘s Healthcare in Atlanta and one of the researchers involved in the study.
Talk diet with the doctor
"It‘s really critical that parents have a discussion about nutrition and diet" at every regularly scheduled visit to the child‘s doctor, says Dr. Shanna Nesby-O‘Dell, a CDC epidemiologist and a co-author of the study, which appears in the March 30 issue of the agency‘s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Versions of the same data will also be published in the April issue of the journal Pediatrics.
, 百拇医药
Breast milk is a poor source of vitamin D, but the advent of fortified baby formula has all but eliminated rickets in this country. Most cases are reversible if caught early. Still, "a minority of cases will need corrective surgery," says Dr. Kay Tomashek, a CDC pediatrician who collaborated on the latest research.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that babies get at least 200 International Units (IU) a day of vitamin D (the amount in two 8-ounce cups of milk), with 400 IU being optimal. Babies whose mothers are vitamin D deficient, or who aren‘t exposed to enough sunlight, should get at least 400 IU of the vitamin.
, 百拇医药
The CDC investigation was prompted by reports from Carvalho‘s hospital of rickets and a form of protein dearth called kwashiorkor in two African-American infants.
Both had breast-fed for at least 10 months, and had also been eating alternative milk products. In the rickets case, the soy drink the infant had consumed had no vitamin D added, and the baby with protein deficiency was given a rice drink with no protein.
A subsequent review of hospital records in Georgia turned up nine cases of severe malnutrition unrelated to other disease, including three cases of protein shortage and six of rickets. All the rickets cases involved babies who nursed for six months or more and who did not get any vitamin D supplements. Several were also dark complexioned.
, http://www.100md.com
"Probably the simplest solution would be to have vitamin D supplements for breast-fed infants," Carvalho says. And for parents who don‘t want to breast-feed, "the safest approach for is to stick with products specifically formulated for toddlers."
Baby formula, made from cow‘s milk, should contain ample protein, vitamins and other nutrients.
Dr. Bess Dawson-Hughes, an osteoporosis expert at Tufts University in Boston, says given the "stunning" number of adults with vitamin D deficiency, it‘s not surprising that rickets would be cropping up in infants.
, 百拇医药
Although 10 to 15 minutes in the sun at low latitudes can be ample for your skin to generate sufficient vitamin D, even during the winter, northern areas don‘t see enough sun from November to March, Dawson-Hughes says. Therefore, breast-fed babies who aren‘t getting vitamin D supplements during those months will need them.
What To Do
Your pediatrician can prescribe vitamin D supplements, in the form of drops, if she feels your baby isn‘t getting enough of the nutrient. But the only way she‘ll know is if you talk about your child‘s diet when you go for an office visit.
, http://www.100md.com
And don‘t look to the sun exclusively to help your baby get enough vitamin D. Too much sunlight can be harmful to his tender skin and delicate eyes.
Soy milk, which can be fortified with vitamin D, is an adequate source of protein for infants. but Carvalho does not recommend rice products. And if the soy milk isn‘t fortified, the rest of the baby‘s diet is unlikely to provide adequate amounts of the bone-building nutrient, so supplements are probably necessary, he says., http://www.100md.com
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