人的智力源于先天后天相互作用
路透社纽约健康消息 人的智力来源何处？最近美国研究人员提出，智商是先天因素和后天环境共同持续作用的产物。在人的一生中，智商会随先天后天相互作用而变化。
专家认为，尽管我们已经知道人类的许多特性包括智商有高度的遗传性，但遗传基因要发挥作用还必须依赖适当的外界环境。环境的微小变化可以在影响个体智商方面起很大的有时候是决定性的作用。
领导这项研究的是美国华盛顿布鲁金斯研究所的威廉·T·迪更斯和新西兰奥塔沟大学的詹姆期·R·弗林，他们建立了一个新的数学模式来分析先天遗传与后天环境之间复杂的相互作用。他们发现，环境中的微小变化，都会对智商带来巨大的影响，但这种影响已被证明只是短期的。该研究成果发表在四月份的《心理评论》杂志上。
研究人员强调，试图利用改变环境来人为操作自然循环过程的做法往往并不那么有效。举例来说，当家长把他们的孩子安置在一个颇具竞争性的幼儿园前期环境中，这的确对儿童的智商提高很有帮助，但是，往往一旦他们的子女离开了这个环境，而被一种要求没那么高、鼓励没那么大的环境所取代，则孩子以前所得到的智力提高将很快消失。
, 百拇医药
研究人员指出，由于智力是先天因素和后天环境共同持续作用的产物，一个在遗传上比常人稍稍有利的人通常能够比普通人更容易获得良好的工作环境，而他们因此得到的智力分支动力又会比普通人高，形成一种正反馈现象。他们也许会在教育和工作相关的环境中对自己要求更高，使自己不断地“往高处走”。这使得基因和环境对人类智商的影响呈螺旋提升的关系。也就是说，如果两个人原来在基因方面只有很小的区别，但经过先天后天的相互作用，差别就显著了。先天特性为智商带来的一点点优势，会带来后天环境的许多优势。好智商创造好环境，等等，是一种滚雪球的效应。
研究人员认为：随着年龄的增长，环境在智力发展过程中的重要性会慢慢变小。每个人都要离开他/她早年的生长环境，选择自己喜欢的生活方式。这时候，基因遗传特性的作用就会变得越来越明显。以收养的兄弟姊妹为例，尽管他们早年的生活环境相同，但他们有着不同的亲生父母，在遗传特性上是不同的。因此，当他们长大成人独立生活后，他们的智商会越来越有差异，这就是遗传特性的结果。
, 百拇医药
Nature and nurture influence IQ, study shows
NEW YORK, Apr 16 (Reuters Health) - Hoping to resolve the question of where intelligence comes from, researchers now suggest that a person‘s intelligence quotient, or IQ, is the outcome of a continuous circle of influence involving both genes and environment--and that the measure is fluid over a lifetime.
"Even though a whole lot of traits--including IQ--have been shown to be highly heritable, much of the effect of genes may come from the way genes seek out good environments," said study lead author William T. Dickens of the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC.
, http://www.100md.com
Dickens and his colleague James R. Flynn of the University of Otago in New Zealand developed a new mathematical model to unravel the complexity of the nature-nurture interaction. Reporting in the April issue of Psychological Review, the researchers note that a relatively small change in the environment can have a very large and quick impact on IQ, but that such impacts may prove to be short-lasting.
In this regard, Dickens and Flynn stressed that those who attempt to manipulate the cycle by adjusting the environment will find the process tricky and elusive. They noted, for example, that parents who place a child in a challenging pre-kindergarten setting may indeed observe a fast rise in their child‘s IQ. However, they will just as often find that the child‘s gains are lost once he or she leaves the environment, if the one that replaces it is less demanding and supportive.
, 百拇医药
Nevertheless, Dickens and Flynn found that seemingly small environmental triggers play a large--if changing--role in influencing an individual‘s IQ.
In what the researchers suggest is a snowball effect, a person who is perhaps only slightly more genetically "gifted" than average may have easier access to social and work situations that involve higher-than-average degrees of intellectual stimulation. This person will then be motivated to seek out more of the same, they noted.
, 百拇医药
He or she will perhaps set a higher bar for educational and job-related pursuits, which will put them in contact with like-minded people. And the result, according to the researchers, is an upward spiral of IQ that is driven by both genes and circumstance.
"The implication is that if you have a small genetic difference between two people, it can be blown up by this process," Dickens told Reuters Health. "A small initial advantage in something like IQ leads to an environment that benefits that trait, which leads to a better IQ, which leads to a better environment and so on."
, http://www.100md.com
Dickens emphasized, however, that the role of environment can and does shrink as a person ages--with their genetic predisposition taking greater prominence as individuals move outside the more controlled environment of their early years and into a setting of their own choosing and interests. As proof of this development, he and his colleague point to the experience of adopted siblings who have different biological parents. They noted that as they age and leave home, such siblings‘ IQs often differentiate and more closely resemble their genetic roots., http://www.100md.com
专家认为，尽管我们已经知道人类的许多特性包括智商有高度的遗传性，但遗传基因要发挥作用还必须依赖适当的外界环境。环境的微小变化可以在影响个体智商方面起很大的有时候是决定性的作用。
领导这项研究的是美国华盛顿布鲁金斯研究所的威廉·T·迪更斯和新西兰奥塔沟大学的詹姆期·R·弗林，他们建立了一个新的数学模式来分析先天遗传与后天环境之间复杂的相互作用。他们发现，环境中的微小变化，都会对智商带来巨大的影响，但这种影响已被证明只是短期的。该研究成果发表在四月份的《心理评论》杂志上。
研究人员强调，试图利用改变环境来人为操作自然循环过程的做法往往并不那么有效。举例来说，当家长把他们的孩子安置在一个颇具竞争性的幼儿园前期环境中，这的确对儿童的智商提高很有帮助，但是，往往一旦他们的子女离开了这个环境，而被一种要求没那么高、鼓励没那么大的环境所取代，则孩子以前所得到的智力提高将很快消失。
, 百拇医药
研究人员指出，由于智力是先天因素和后天环境共同持续作用的产物，一个在遗传上比常人稍稍有利的人通常能够比普通人更容易获得良好的工作环境，而他们因此得到的智力分支动力又会比普通人高，形成一种正反馈现象。他们也许会在教育和工作相关的环境中对自己要求更高，使自己不断地“往高处走”。这使得基因和环境对人类智商的影响呈螺旋提升的关系。也就是说，如果两个人原来在基因方面只有很小的区别，但经过先天后天的相互作用，差别就显著了。先天特性为智商带来的一点点优势，会带来后天环境的许多优势。好智商创造好环境，等等，是一种滚雪球的效应。
研究人员认为：随着年龄的增长，环境在智力发展过程中的重要性会慢慢变小。每个人都要离开他/她早年的生长环境，选择自己喜欢的生活方式。这时候，基因遗传特性的作用就会变得越来越明显。以收养的兄弟姊妹为例，尽管他们早年的生活环境相同，但他们有着不同的亲生父母，在遗传特性上是不同的。因此，当他们长大成人独立生活后，他们的智商会越来越有差异，这就是遗传特性的结果。
, 百拇医药
Nature and nurture influence IQ, study shows
NEW YORK, Apr 16 (Reuters Health) - Hoping to resolve the question of where intelligence comes from, researchers now suggest that a person‘s intelligence quotient, or IQ, is the outcome of a continuous circle of influence involving both genes and environment--and that the measure is fluid over a lifetime.
"Even though a whole lot of traits--including IQ--have been shown to be highly heritable, much of the effect of genes may come from the way genes seek out good environments," said study lead author William T. Dickens of the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC.
, http://www.100md.com
Dickens and his colleague James R. Flynn of the University of Otago in New Zealand developed a new mathematical model to unravel the complexity of the nature-nurture interaction. Reporting in the April issue of Psychological Review, the researchers note that a relatively small change in the environment can have a very large and quick impact on IQ, but that such impacts may prove to be short-lasting.
In this regard, Dickens and Flynn stressed that those who attempt to manipulate the cycle by adjusting the environment will find the process tricky and elusive. They noted, for example, that parents who place a child in a challenging pre-kindergarten setting may indeed observe a fast rise in their child‘s IQ. However, they will just as often find that the child‘s gains are lost once he or she leaves the environment, if the one that replaces it is less demanding and supportive.
, 百拇医药
Nevertheless, Dickens and Flynn found that seemingly small environmental triggers play a large--if changing--role in influencing an individual‘s IQ.
In what the researchers suggest is a snowball effect, a person who is perhaps only slightly more genetically "gifted" than average may have easier access to social and work situations that involve higher-than-average degrees of intellectual stimulation. This person will then be motivated to seek out more of the same, they noted.
, 百拇医药
He or she will perhaps set a higher bar for educational and job-related pursuits, which will put them in contact with like-minded people. And the result, according to the researchers, is an upward spiral of IQ that is driven by both genes and circumstance.
"The implication is that if you have a small genetic difference between two people, it can be blown up by this process," Dickens told Reuters Health. "A small initial advantage in something like IQ leads to an environment that benefits that trait, which leads to a better IQ, which leads to a better environment and so on."
, http://www.100md.com
Dickens emphasized, however, that the role of environment can and does shrink as a person ages--with their genetic predisposition taking greater prominence as individuals move outside the more controlled environment of their early years and into a setting of their own choosing and interests. As proof of this development, he and his colleague point to the experience of adopted siblings who have different biological parents. They noted that as they age and leave home, such siblings‘ IQs often differentiate and more closely resemble their genetic roots., http://www.100md.com