16-心理障碍.ppt
http://www.100md.com
参见附件(2645KB)。
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 16
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders
* Psychological Disorder
* a "harmful dysfunction" in which behavior is judged to be:
* atypical--not enough in itself
* disturbing--varies with time and culture
* maladaptive--harmful
* unjustifiable--sometimes there's a good reason
Historical Perspective
* Perceived Causes
* movements of sun or moon
* lunacy--full moon
* evil spirits
* Ancient Treatments
* exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal's blood
Psychological Disorders
* Medical Model
* concept that diseases have physical causes
* can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured
* assumes that these "mental" illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital
Psychological Disorders
* Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
* assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders--Etiology
* DSM-IV
* American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)
* a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
* presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)
Psychological Disorders- Etiology
* Neurotic Disorder (term seldom used now)
* usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially
* Psychotic Disorder
* person loses contact with reality
* experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
Anxiety Disorders
* Anxiety Disorders
* distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
* Generalized Anxiety Disorder
* person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Anxiety Disorders
* Panic Disorder
* marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation
Anxiety Disorders
* Phobia
* persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation
* Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
* unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
Anxiety Disorders
* Common and uncommon fears
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
* PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder
* High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention
Mood Disorders
* Mood Disorders
* characterized by emotional extremes
* Major Depressive Disorder
* a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
Mood Disorders
* Manic Episode
* a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
* Bipolar Disorder
* a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
* formerly called manic-depressive disorder
Mood Disorders-Depression
Mood Disorders-Depression
Mood Disorders- Suicide
Mood Disorders-Bipolar
* PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches
Mood Disorders-Depression
* Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others
Mood Disorders-Depression
* The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point
Dissociative Disorders
* Dissociative Disorders
* conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
* Dissociative Identity Disorder
* rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
* formerly called multiple personality disorder
Schizophrenia
* Schizophrenia
* literal translation "split mind"
* a group of severe disorders characterized by:
* disorganized and delusional thinking
* disturbed perceptions
* inappropriate emotions and actions
Schizophrenia
* Delusions
* false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
* Hallucinations
* sensory experiences without sensory stimulation
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
* Personality Disorders
* disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
* usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions
Personality Disorders
* Antisocial Personality Disorder
* disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members
* may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
Mood Disorders-Depression
* Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousal
Personality Disorders
* PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer's frontal cortex
Personality Disorders
Rates of Psychological Disorders
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 16
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders
* Psychological Disorder
* a "harmful dysfunction" in which behavior is judged to be:
* atypical--not enough in itself
* disturbing--varies with time and culture
* maladaptive--harmful
* unjustifiable--sometimes there's a good reason
Historical Perspective
* Perceived Causes
* movements of sun or moon
* lunacy--full moon
* evil spirits
* Ancient Treatments
* exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal's blood
Psychological Disorders
* Medical Model
* concept that diseases have physical causes
* can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured
* assumes that these "mental" illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital
Psychological Disorders
* Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
* assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders--Etiology
* DSM-IV
* American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)
* a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
* presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)
Psychological Disorders- Etiology
* Neurotic Disorder (term seldom used now)
* usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially
* Psychotic Disorder
* person loses contact with reality
* experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
Anxiety Disorders
* Anxiety Disorders
* distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
* Generalized Anxiety Disorder
* person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Anxiety Disorders
* Panic Disorder
* marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation
Anxiety Disorders
* Phobia
* persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation
* Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
* unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
Anxiety Disorders
* Common and uncommon fears
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
* PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder
* High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention
Mood Disorders
* Mood Disorders
* characterized by emotional extremes
* Major Depressive Disorder
* a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
Mood Disorders
* Manic Episode
* a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
* Bipolar Disorder
* a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
* formerly called manic-depressive disorder
Mood Disorders-Depression
Mood Disorders-Depression
Mood Disorders- Suicide
Mood Disorders-Bipolar
* PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches
Mood Disorders-Depression
* Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others
Mood Disorders-Depression
* The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point
Dissociative Disorders
* Dissociative Disorders
* conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
* Dissociative Identity Disorder
* rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
* formerly called multiple personality disorder
Schizophrenia
* Schizophrenia
* literal translation "split mind"
* a group of severe disorders characterized by:
* disorganized and delusional thinking
* disturbed perceptions
* inappropriate emotions and actions
Schizophrenia
* Delusions
* false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
* Hallucinations
* sensory experiences without sensory stimulation
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
* Personality Disorders
* disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
* usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions
Personality Disorders
* Antisocial Personality Disorder
* disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members
* may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
Mood Disorders-Depression
* Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousal
Personality Disorders
* PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer's frontal cortex
Personality Disorders
Rates of Psychological Disorders
附件资料：