08-学习.ppt
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Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 8
Learning
Learning
* Learning
* relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
Association
* We learn by association
* Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
* Aristotle 2000 years ago
* John Locke and David Hume 200 years ago
* Associative Learning
* learning that two events occur together
* two stimuli
* a response and its consequences
Association
* Learning to associate two events
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
* We learn to associate two stimuli
Operant Conditioning
* We learn to associate a response and its consequence
Classical Conditioning
* Ivan Pavlov
* 1849-1936
* Russian physician/ neurophysiologist
* Nobel Prize in 1904
* studied digestive secretions
Pavlov's Classic Experiment
Classical Conditioning
* Pavlov's device for recording salivation
Classical Conditioning
* Classical Conditioning
* organism comes to associate two stimuli
* a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus
Behaviorism
* John B. Watson
* viewed psychology as objective science
* generally agreed-upon consensus today
* recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes
* not universally accepted by all schools of thought today
Classical Conditioning
* Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
* stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response
* Unconditioned Response (UCR)
* unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
* salivation when food is in the mouth
Classical Conditioning
* Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
* originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
* Conditioned Response (CR)
* learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning
* Acquisition
* the initial stage in classical conditioning
* the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response
* in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
* Extinction
* diminishing of a CR
* in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS
* in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced
Classical Conditioning
* Spontaneous Recovery
* reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR
* Generalization
* tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses
Classical Conditioning
* Discrimination
* in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS ......
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 8
Learning
Learning
* Learning
* relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
Association
* We learn by association
* Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
* Aristotle 2000 years ago
* John Locke and David Hume 200 years ago
* Associative Learning
* learning that two events occur together
* two stimuli
* a response and its consequences
Association
* Learning to associate two events
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
* We learn to associate two stimuli
Operant Conditioning
* We learn to associate a response and its consequence
Classical Conditioning
* Ivan Pavlov
* 1849-1936
* Russian physician/ neurophysiologist
* Nobel Prize in 1904
* studied digestive secretions
Pavlov's Classic Experiment
Classical Conditioning
* Pavlov's device for recording salivation
Classical Conditioning
* Classical Conditioning
* organism comes to associate two stimuli
* a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus
Behaviorism
* John B. Watson
* viewed psychology as objective science
* generally agreed-upon consensus today
* recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes
* not universally accepted by all schools of thought today
Classical Conditioning
* Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
* stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response
* Unconditioned Response (UCR)
* unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
* salivation when food is in the mouth
Classical Conditioning
* Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
* originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
* Conditioned Response (CR)
* learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning
* Acquisition
* the initial stage in classical conditioning
* the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response
* in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
* Extinction
* diminishing of a CR
* in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS
* in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced
Classical Conditioning
* Spontaneous Recovery
* reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR
* Generalization
* tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses
Classical Conditioning
* Discrimination
* in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS ......
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