17-心理治疗.ppt
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Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 17
Therapy
History of Treatment
Therapy
* Psychotherapy
* an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
* Eclectic Approach
* an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, usestechniques from various forms of therapy
Therapy- Psychoanalysis
* Psychoanalysis
* Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
* use has rapidly decreased in recent years
* Resistance
* blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Therapy- Psychoanalysis
* Interpretation
* the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight
* Transference
* the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
* e.g. love or hatred for a parent
Humanistic Therapy
* Client-Centered Therapy
* humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers
* therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth
Humanistic Therapy
* Active Listening-empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
Behavior Therapy
* Behavior Therapy
* therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
* Counterconditioning
* procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
* based on classical conditioning
* includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning
Behavior Therapy
* Exposure Therapy
* treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or reality) to the things they fear and avoid
Behavior Therapy
* Systematic Desensitization
* type of counterconditioning
* associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
* commonly used to treat phobias
* Aversive Conditioning
* type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
* nausea--->alcohol
Behavior Therapy
* Systematic Desensitization
Behavior Therapy
* Aversion therapy for alcoholics
Behavior Therapy
* Token Economy
* an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior
* patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats
Cognitive Therapy
* Cognitive Therapy
* teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting
* based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Cognitive Therapy
* The Cognitive Revolution
Cognitive Therapy
* A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders
Cognitive Therapy
* Cognitive therapy for depression
Cognitive Therapy
* Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
* a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Group and Family Therapies
* Family Therapy
* treats the family as a system
* views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members
* attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication
Evaluating Psychotherapies
* To whom do people turn for help for psychological difficulties?
Evaluating Psychotherapies
* Regression toward the mean
* tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average
* Meta-analysis
* procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
Evaluating Psychotherapies
Evaluating Psychotherapies
Therapists and their Training
* Clinical psychologists
* Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. and expertise in research, assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship
* About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice
Therapists and their Training
* Clinical or Psychiatric Social Worker
* A two-year Master of Social Work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems
* About half have earned the National Association of Social Workers' designation of clinical social worker
Therapists and their Training
* Counselors
* Marriage and family counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations
* Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people
* Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims
Therapists and their Training
* Psychiatrists
* Physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders
* Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems
* Many have a private practice
Biomedical Therapies
* Psychopharmacology
* study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
* Lithium
* chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders
Biomedical Therapies
* The emptying of U.S. mental hospitals
Biomedical Therapies
Biomedical Therapies
Biomedical Therapies
* Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
* therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
* Psychosurgery
* surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
* lobotomy
* now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Mind-Body Interaction
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 17
Therapy
History of Treatment
Therapy
* Psychotherapy
* an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
* Eclectic Approach
* an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, usestechniques from various forms of therapy
Therapy- Psychoanalysis
* Psychoanalysis
* Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
* use has rapidly decreased in recent years
* Resistance
* blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
Therapy- Psychoanalysis
* Interpretation
* the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight
* Transference
* the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
* e.g. love or hatred for a parent
Humanistic Therapy
* Client-Centered Therapy
* humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers
* therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth
Humanistic Therapy
* Active Listening-empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
Behavior Therapy
* Behavior Therapy
* therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
* Counterconditioning
* procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
* based on classical conditioning
* includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning
Behavior Therapy
* Exposure Therapy
* treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or reality) to the things they fear and avoid
Behavior Therapy
* Systematic Desensitization
* type of counterconditioning
* associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
* commonly used to treat phobias
* Aversive Conditioning
* type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
* nausea--->alcohol
Behavior Therapy
* Systematic Desensitization
Behavior Therapy
* Aversion therapy for alcoholics
Behavior Therapy
* Token Economy
* an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior
* patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats
Cognitive Therapy
* Cognitive Therapy
* teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting
* based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
Cognitive Therapy
* The Cognitive Revolution
Cognitive Therapy
* A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders
Cognitive Therapy
* Cognitive therapy for depression
Cognitive Therapy
* Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
* a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Group and Family Therapies
* Family Therapy
* treats the family as a system
* views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members
* attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication
Evaluating Psychotherapies
* To whom do people turn for help for psychological difficulties?
Evaluating Psychotherapies
* Regression toward the mean
* tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average
* Meta-analysis
* procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
Evaluating Psychotherapies
Evaluating Psychotherapies
Therapists and their Training
* Clinical psychologists
* Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. and expertise in research, assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship
* About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice
Therapists and their Training
* Clinical or Psychiatric Social Worker
* A two-year Master of Social Work graduate program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems
* About half have earned the National Association of Social Workers' designation of clinical social worker
Therapists and their Training
* Counselors
* Marriage and family counselors specialize in problems arising from family relations
* Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people
* Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims
Therapists and their Training
* Psychiatrists
* Physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders
* Not all psychiatrists have had extensive training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems
* Many have a private practice
Biomedical Therapies
* Psychopharmacology
* study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
* Lithium
* chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders
Biomedical Therapies
* The emptying of U.S. mental hospitals
Biomedical Therapies
Biomedical Therapies
Biomedical Therapies
* Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
* therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
* Psychosurgery
* surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
* lobotomy
* now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Mind-Body Interaction
附件资料：
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