04-人的发展.ppt
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Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 4
Developing Through the Life Span
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
* Developmental Psychology
* a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
* Zygote
* the fertilized egg
* enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division
* develops into an embryo
* Embryo
* the developing human organism from 2 weeks through 2nd month
* Fetus
* the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
40 days45 days 2 months4 months
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
* Teratogens
* agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
* Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
* physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
* symptoms include misproportioned head
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
* Rooting Reflex
* tendency to open mouth, and search for nipple when touched on the cheek
* Preferences
* human voices and faces
* facelike images-->
* smell and sound of mother preferred
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
* Habituation
* decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development
* Maturation
* biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
* relatively uninfluenced by experience
Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development
* Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile--and can retain that learning for a month (Rovee-Collier, 1989, 1997).
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
* Schema
* a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
* Assimilation
* interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
* Accommodation
* adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
* Cognition
* All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
* Object Permanence
* the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
* Baby Mathematics
* Shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare longer (Wynn, 1992)
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
* Conservation
* the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
* Egocentrism
* the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view
* Theory of Mind
* people's ideas about their own and others' mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
* Autism
* a disorder that appears in childhood
* Marked by deficient communication, social interaction and understanding of others' states of mind
Social Development
* Stranger Anxiety
* fear of strangers that infants commonly display
* beginning by about 8 months of age
* Attachment
* an emotional tie with another person
* shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation
Social Development
* Harlow's Surrogate Mother Experiments
* Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother
Social Development
* Critical Period
* an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
* Imprinting
* the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
Social Development
* Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers.
Social Development
* Groups of infants left by their mothers in a unfamiliar room (from Kagan, 1976).
Social Development
* Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)
* a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
* said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
* Self-Concept
* a sense of one's identity and personal worth
Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices
* Authoritarian
* parents impose rules and expect obedience
* "Don't interrupt." "Why?Because I said so."
* Permissive
* submit to children's desires, make few demands, use little punishment
* Authoritative
* both demanding and responsive
* set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion
Social Development:
Child-Rearing Practices
Adolescence
* Adolescence
* the transition period from childhood to adulthood
* extending from puberty to independence
* Puberty
* the period of sexual maturation
* when a person becomes capable of reproduction
Adolescence
* Primary Sex Characteristics
* body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
* ovaries--female
* testes--male
* external genitalia
* Secondary Sex Characteristics
* nonreproductive sexual characteristics
* female--breast and hips
* male--voice quality and body hair
* Menarche (meh-NAR-key)
* first menstrual period
Adolescence
* In the 1890's the average interval between a woman's menarche and marriage was about 7 years;now it is over 12 years......（后略) ......
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 4
Developing Through the Life Span
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
* Developmental Psychology
* a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
* Zygote
* the fertilized egg
* enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division
* develops into an embryo
* Embryo
* the developing human organism from 2 weeks through 2nd month
* Fetus
* the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
40 days45 days 2 months4 months
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
* Teratogens
* agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
* Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
* physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
* symptoms include misproportioned head
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
* Rooting Reflex
* tendency to open mouth, and search for nipple when touched on the cheek
* Preferences
* human voices and faces
* facelike images-->
* smell and sound of mother preferred
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
* Habituation
* decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development
* Maturation
* biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
* relatively uninfluenced by experience
Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development
* Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile--and can retain that learning for a month (Rovee-Collier, 1989, 1997).
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
* Schema
* a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
* Assimilation
* interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
* Accommodation
* adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
* Cognition
* All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
* Object Permanence
* the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
* Baby Mathematics
* Shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare longer (Wynn, 1992)
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
* Conservation
* the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
* Egocentrism
* the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view
* Theory of Mind
* people's ideas about their own and others' mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict
* Autism
* a disorder that appears in childhood
* Marked by deficient communication, social interaction and understanding of others' states of mind
Social Development
* Stranger Anxiety
* fear of strangers that infants commonly display
* beginning by about 8 months of age
* Attachment
* an emotional tie with another person
* shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation
Social Development
* Harlow's Surrogate Mother Experiments
* Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother
Social Development
* Critical Period
* an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
* Imprinting
* the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
Social Development
* Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers.
Social Development
* Groups of infants left by their mothers in a unfamiliar room (from Kagan, 1976).
Social Development
* Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)
* a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
* said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
* Self-Concept
* a sense of one's identity and personal worth
Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices
* Authoritarian
* parents impose rules and expect obedience
* "Don't interrupt." "Why?Because I said so."
* Permissive
* submit to children's desires, make few demands, use little punishment
* Authoritative
* both demanding and responsive
* set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion
Social Development:
Child-Rearing Practices
Adolescence
* Adolescence
* the transition period from childhood to adulthood
* extending from puberty to independence
* Puberty
* the period of sexual maturation
* when a person becomes capable of reproduction
Adolescence
* Primary Sex Characteristics
* body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
* ovaries--female
* testes--male
* external genitalia
* Secondary Sex Characteristics
* nonreproductive sexual characteristics
* female--breast and hips
* male--voice quality and body hair
* Menarche (meh-NAR-key)
* first menstrual period
Adolescence
* In the 1890's the average interval between a woman's menarche and marriage was about 7 years;now it is over 12 years......（后略) ......
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