09-记忆.ppt
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Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 9
Memory
Memory
* Memory
* persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information
* Flashbulb Memory
* a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Memory
* Memory as Information Processing
* similar to a computer
* write to file
* save to disk
* read from disk
* Encoding
* the processing of information into the memory system
* i.e., extracting meaning
Memory
* Storage
* the retention of encoded information over time
* Retrieval
* process of getting information out of memory
Memory
* Sensory Memory
* the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
* Working Memory
* focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
Memory
* Short-Term Memory
* activated memory that holds a few items briefly
* look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten
* Long-Term Memory
* the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
A Simplified Memory Model
Encoding: Getting Information In
Encoding
* Automatic Processing
* unconscious encoding of incidental information
* space
* time
* frequency
* well-learned information
* word meanings
* we can learn automatic processing
* reading backwards
Encoding
* Effortful Processing
* requires attention and conscious effort
* Rehearsal
* conscious repetition of information
* to maintain it in consciousness
* to encode it for storage
Encoding
* Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
* TUV ZOF GEK WAV
* the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
* Spacing Effect
* distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice
Encoding
Encoding: Serial Position Effect
What Do We Encode?
* Semantic Encoding
* encoding of meaning
* including meaning of words
* Acoustic Encoding
* encoding of sound
* especially sound of words
* Visual Encoding
* encoding of picture images
Encoding
Encoding
* Imagery
* mental pictures
* a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
* Mnemonics
* memory aids
* especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Encoding
* Chunking
* organizing items into familiar, manageable units
* like horizontal organization--1776149218121941
* often occurs automatically
* use of acronyms
* HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
* ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom's House Might Eat Tom's Ice Cream
Encoding: Chunking
* Organized information is more easily recalled
Encoding
* Hierarchies
* complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories ......
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 9
Memory
Memory
* Memory
* persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information
* Flashbulb Memory
* a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Memory
* Memory as Information Processing
* similar to a computer
* write to file
* save to disk
* read from disk
* Encoding
* the processing of information into the memory system
* i.e., extracting meaning
Memory
* Storage
* the retention of encoded information over time
* Retrieval
* process of getting information out of memory
Memory
* Sensory Memory
* the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
* Working Memory
* focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
Memory
* Short-Term Memory
* activated memory that holds a few items briefly
* look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten
* Long-Term Memory
* the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
A Simplified Memory Model
Encoding: Getting Information In
Encoding
* Automatic Processing
* unconscious encoding of incidental information
* space
* time
* frequency
* well-learned information
* word meanings
* we can learn automatic processing
* reading backwards
Encoding
* Effortful Processing
* requires attention and conscious effort
* Rehearsal
* conscious repetition of information
* to maintain it in consciousness
* to encode it for storage
Encoding
* Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
* TUV ZOF GEK WAV
* the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
* Spacing Effect
* distributed practice yields better long- term retention than massed practice
Encoding
Encoding: Serial Position Effect
What Do We Encode?
* Semantic Encoding
* encoding of meaning
* including meaning of words
* Acoustic Encoding
* encoding of sound
* especially sound of words
* Visual Encoding
* encoding of picture images
Encoding
Encoding
* Imagery
* mental pictures
* a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
* Mnemonics
* memory aids
* especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Encoding
* Chunking
* organizing items into familiar, manageable units
* like horizontal organization--1776149218121941
* often occurs automatically
* use of acronyms
* HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
* ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom's House Might Eat Tom's Ice Cream
Encoding: Chunking
* Organized information is more easily recalled
Encoding
* Hierarchies
* complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories ......
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