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13-情绪.ppt
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    Myers' PSYCHOLOGY

    Chapter 13

    Emotion

    Emotion

    * Emotion

    * a response of the whole organism

    * physiological arousal

    * expressive behaviors

    * conscious experience

    Theories of Emotion

    * Does your heart pound because you are afraid...or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

    James-Lange

    Theory of Emotion

    * Experience of emotion is awareness ofphysiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

    Cannon-Bard

    Theory of Emotion

    * Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:

    * physiological responses

    * subjective experience of emotion

    Schachter's Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

    * To experience emotion one must:

    * be physically aroused

    * cognitively label the arousal

    Cognition and Emotion

    * The brain's shortcut for emotions

    Two Routes to Emotion

    Two Dimensions of Emotion

    Emotion and Physiology

    Arousal and Performance

    * Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks

    Emotion-

    Lie Detectors

    * Polygraph

    * machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies

    * measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

    * perspiration

    * cardiovascular

    * breathing changes

    Emotion--A Polygraph Examination

    Emotion--Lie Detectors

    * Control Question

    * Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone?

    * Relevant Question

    * Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way?

    * Relevant > Control-->Lie

    Emotion--

    Lie Detectors

    Emotion--

    Lie Detectors

    * 50 Innocents

    * 50 Theives

    * 1/3 of innocent declared guilty

    * 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

    Emotion--

    Lie Detectors

    * Is 70% accuracy good?

    * Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty

    * test all employees

    * 285 will be wrongly accused

    * What about 95% accuracy?

    * Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty

    * test all employees (including 999 innocents)

    * 50 wrongly declared guilty

    * 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%)

    Expressed Emotion

    * People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one (Ohman, 2001a)

    Expressed Emotion

    * Gender and expressiveness

    Expressed Emotion

    * Culturally universal expressions

    Experienced Emotion

    * The ingredients of emotion

    Experienced Emotion

    * Infants' naturally occurring emotions

    Experienced Emotion

    * The Amygdala--a neural key to fear learning

    Experienced Emotion

    * Catharsis

    * emotional release

    * catharsis hypothesis

    * "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

    * Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

    * people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

    Experienced Emotion

    * Subjective Well-Being

    * self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

    * used along with measures of objective well-being

    * physical and economic indicators to evaluate people's quality of life

    Experienced Emotion

    * Moods across the day

    Experienced Emotion

    * Changing materialism

    Experienced Emotion

    * Does money buy happiness?

    Experienced Emotion

    * Values and life satisfaction

    Experienced Emotion

    * Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

    * tendency to form judgments relative to a "neutral" level

    * brightness of lights

    * volume of sound

    * level of income

    * defined by our prior experience

    * Relative Deprivation

    * perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

    Happiness is...