01-对心理科学的批判性思考.ppt
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Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 1
Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
The Need for Psychological Science
Psychologists, like all scientists, use the scientific method to construct theories that organize observations and imply testable hypotheses
The Need for Psychological Science
* Hindsight Bias
* we tend to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it
* the "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon
* Overconfidence
* we tend to think we know more than we do
The Need for Psychological Science
* Critical Thinking
* thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
* examines assumptions
* discerns hidden values
* evaluates evidence
The Need for Psychological Science
* Theory
* an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
* Hypothesis
* a testable prediction
* often implied by a theory
The Need for Psychological Science
The Need for Psychological Science
* Operational Definition
* a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables
* Example-
* intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
The Need for Psychological Science
* Replication
* repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other participants and circumstances
* usually with different participants in different situations
Description
Psychologists describe behavior using case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation
Description
Case Study
* Psychologists study one or more individuals in great depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all
Description
* Survey
* technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people
* usually by questioning a representative, random sample of people
* Random Sample
* a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Description
* False Consensus Effect
* tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
* Population
* all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
Description
Description
* If marbles of two colors are mixed well in the large jar, the fastest way to know their ratio is to blindly transfer a few into a smaller one and count them
Description
* Naturalistic Observation
* observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Correlation
* Correlation Coefficient
* a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other
Correlation
* Scatterplot
* a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables ......
Myers' PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 1
Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
The Need for Psychological Science
Psychologists, like all scientists, use the scientific method to construct theories that organize observations and imply testable hypotheses
The Need for Psychological Science
* Hindsight Bias
* we tend to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it
* the "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon
* Overconfidence
* we tend to think we know more than we do
The Need for Psychological Science
* Critical Thinking
* thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
* examines assumptions
* discerns hidden values
* evaluates evidence
The Need for Psychological Science
* Theory
* an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
* Hypothesis
* a testable prediction
* often implied by a theory
The Need for Psychological Science
The Need for Psychological Science
* Operational Definition
* a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables
* Example-
* intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
The Need for Psychological Science
* Replication
* repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other participants and circumstances
* usually with different participants in different situations
Description
Psychologists describe behavior using case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation
Description
Case Study
* Psychologists study one or more individuals in great depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all
Description
* Survey
* technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people
* usually by questioning a representative, random sample of people
* Random Sample
* a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Description
* False Consensus Effect
* tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
* Population
* all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
Description
Description
* If marbles of two colors are mixed well in the large jar, the fastest way to know their ratio is to blindly transfer a few into a smaller one and count them
Description
* Naturalistic Observation
* observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Correlation
* Correlation Coefficient
* a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other
Correlation
* Scatterplot
* a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables ......
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