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06-知觉.ppt

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    Myers' PSYCHOLOGY

    Chapter 6

    Perception

    Perception

    * Selective Attentionfocus of consciousawareness on aparticular stimulus

    Change Blindness

    Perceptual Illusions

    Perceptual Illusions

    Perceptual Illusions

    Perceptual Illusions

    Perceptual Illusions

    Perceptual Illusions

    Perceptual Illusions

    Perceptual Organization: Gestalt

    * Visual Capture

    * tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

    * Gestalt--an organized whole

    * tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

    Perceptual Organization: Gestalt

    * Grouping

    * the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

    * Grouping Principles

    * proximity--group nearby figures together

    * similarity--group figures that are similar

    * continuity--perceive continuous patterns

    * closure--fill in gaps

    * connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected

    Perceptual Organization:Illusory Contours

    Perceptual Organization

    * Figure and Ground--organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

    PerceptualOrganization: Grouping Principles

    PerceptualOrganization: Closure

    * Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

    PerceptualOrganization: Grouping Principles

    * Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

    Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception

    * Depth Perception

    * ability to see objects in three dimensions

    * allows us to judge distance

    * Binocular cues

    * retinal disparity

    * images from the two eyes differ

    * closer the object, the larger the disparity

    * convergence

    * neuromuscular cue

    * two eyes move inward for near objects

    Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception

    Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception

    * Monocular Cues

    * relative size

    * smaller image is more distant

    * interposition

    * closer object blocks distant object

    * relative clarity

    * hazy object seen as more distant

    * texturecoarse --> closefine --> distant

    Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception

    Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception

    Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception

    * Monocular Cues (cont.)

    * relative height

    * higher objects seen as more distant

    * relative motion

    * closer objects seem to move faster

    * linear perspective

    * parallel lines converge with distance

    * relative brightness

    * closer objects appear brighter

    Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception

    Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception

    Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception

    Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception

    Perceptual Constancy

    * Perceptual Constancy

    * perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change

    * color

    * shape

    * size

    Perceptual Organization

    Perceptual Organization: Depth Perception

    Perceptual Organization: Müller-Lyer Illusion

    Perceptual Organization:Size-Distance Relationship

    Perceptual Organization-Brightness Contrast

    PerceptualOrganization: Grouping Principles

    * Impossible doghouse

    Sensory Restriction:

    Blakemore & Cooper, 1970

    * Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars.

    Perceptual Interpretation

    * Perceptual Adaptation

    * (vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field

    * prism glasses

    * Perceptual Set

    * a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

    Perceptual Set:Schemas

    * What you see in the centeris influenced byperceptual set

    Perceptual Set: Schemas

    Perception and the Human Factor

    * Human Factors Psychology

    * explores how people and machines interact

    * explores how machine and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors

    Perceptual Set:Human Factors

    Is There Extrasensory Perception?

    * Extrasensory Perception

    * controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input

    * telepathy

    * clairvoyance

    * precognition

    * Parapsychology

    * the study of paranormal phenomena

    * ESP

    * psychokinesis

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