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第一章眼科学基础.ppt
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    * 第一节眼的组织解剖

    anatomy of eyeball

    * 一.眼球 The globe (eyeball)

    *正常眼球的前后径出生时约16mm.

    *3岁时达23mm.

    * 成年时24mm.

    * anterior and posterior distance of normal eyeball is 16mm in born. At age 3 23mm, at adult 24mm

    (一) 眼球壁Eyecoat

    * 1. 外层 The outer coat

    1/6 角膜Cornea

    5/6 巩膜Sclera

    (1)角膜Cornea

    * 横径

    The transverse diameter 11.5-12mm

    * 垂直径

    The vertical diameter 10.5-11mm

    * 前表面曲率半径

    The radius of convex curvature in front7.8mm

    * 后表面曲率半径

    The radius of convex curvature in back6.8mm

    * 角膜厚度中央部

    The central thickness0.5-0.55mm

    * 角膜厚度周边部

    The periphery thickness1mm

    组织学分层

    ①上皮细胞层 Epithelium

    ②前弹力层 Bowman's membrane

    ③基质层 Stroma

    ④后弹力层 Descemet's membrane

    ⑤内皮细胞层 Endothelium

    (2)巩膜Sclera

    组织学分层

    * ①表层巩膜The episclera

    * ②巩膜实质层The scleral stroma

    * ③棕黑板层The lamina fascia

    * 角巩膜缘Limbus

    * 前房角 Anterior chamber angle

    2.中层 The middle coat

    * 葡萄膜Uvea

    * 色素膜 Tunica pigmentosa

    (1)虹膜Iris

    * 分层：

    * ①基质层 Stroma

    * ②色素上皮层 Pigment epithelial layer

    * 瞳孔Pupil:直径2.5-4mm

    (2) 睫状体Ciliary body

    * 睫状冠Pars plicata: 前1/3

    * 睫状突Cliary processes:

    * 睫状体扁平部Pars plana: 后2/3

    * 锯齿缘Ora serrata:

    (3) 脉络膜Choroid

    * 组成

    * 大血管层 Large vascular layer

    * 中血管层 Middle vascular layer

    * 毛细血管层 Capillary layer

    3.内层 Inner layer

    视网膜 Retina

    * 中心凹Fovea黄斑 Macula lutea

    * 中心小凹 Foveola--黄斑中心凹Fovea centralis

    * 视盘 Optic disc --视乳头 Optic papilla

    * 视杯、杯凹 Optic cup

    视网膜分层

    外层

    * 视网膜色素上皮层

    Retinal pigment epithelium, RPE

    内层视网膜神经感觉层

    * ① 视锥、视杆细胞层(光感受器细胞层)

    Cone and rod layer

    * ②外界膜 External limiting membrane

    * ③外核层 Outer nuclear layer

    * ④外丛状层 Outer plaxiform

    * ⑤内核层 Inner nuclear layer

    * ⑥内丛状层 Inner plexiform layer

    * ⑦神经节细胞层 Ganglion cell layer

    * ⑧神经纤维层 Nerve fiber layer

    * ⑨内界膜 Limiting membrane

    (二) 眼球内容

    Contents of the eye

    * 1.房水 Aqueous humor

    * 前房Anterior chamber

    * 后房Posterior chamber

    2. 晶状体 Lens

    3. 玻璃体Vitreous body

    1. 视路Visual pathway

    * 光感受器→双级细胞→神经节细胞→视乳头→视神经→视交叉→视束→外侧膝状体→视放射→视皮质

    * retinal photoreceptor→bipolar cell→nervous ganglion cells→optic disk→optic nerve→optic chasm→optic tract→lateral geniculate body→optic radiation→visual cortex.

    二、眼眶及附属器

    Orbit and accessory apparatus

    * (一) 眼眶 Orbit

    * 1.视神经孔和视神经管

    Optic foramen and canal

    * 2.眶上裂Superior orbital fissure

    * 3.眶下裂Inferior orbital fissure

    * 4.眶上切迹(或孔)

    The supraorbital notch

    (二)眼睑 Eye lids

    * 1 皮肤层The skin

    * 2 皮下组织层Subcutaneous

    * 3 肌层Muscular layer

    * 4 睑板层Layer of the tarsal plate

    * 5 结膜层The conjunctival layer

    (三) 结膜Conjunctiva

    * 1 睑结膜 Palpebral conjunctiva

    * 2 球结膜 Bulbar conjunctiva

    * 3穹窿结膜Fornical conjunctiva

    (四)泪器Lacrimal apparatus

    1泪腺Lacrimal gland

    2泪道Lacrimal passages

    (1)泪小点 Lacrimal puncta

    (2)泪小管 Lacrimal canaliculi

    (3)泪囊 Lacrimal sac

    (4)鼻泪管 Nasolacrimal duct

    (五) 眼外肌Extraocular muscles

    *4条直肌Rectus

    *上直肌superior recti muscles

    *下直肌inferior recti muscles

    *内直肌medial recti muscles

    *外直肌external recti muscles

    * 2条斜肌Oblique muscle

    *上斜肌superior oblique muscles

    *下斜肌Inferior oblique muscles

    三、视路 Visual pathway

    * (一)视神经Optic nerve

    * (1)眼内段 Intraocular

    * (2)眶内段 Intraorbital

    * (3)管内段 Intracanalicular

    * (4)颅内段 Intracranial

    * (二)视交叉 Optic chiasm

    * (三)视束 Optic tract

    * (四)外侧膝状体 Lateral geniculate body

    * (五)视放射 Optic radiation

    * (六)视皮质 Visual cortex

    2. 瞳孔反射路

    Pathway of papillary reflex

    * 光反射Light reflex

    * 直接光反射Direct reflex

    * 间接光反射Indirect reflex

    *近反射 Near reflex

    四、眼球的血液循环和神经分布 Blood circulation and innervation of the globe

    * (一)血液循环Blood circulation

    * 动脉Artery

    * 视网膜中央血管系统

    the central retinal vascular system

    * 睫状血管系统

    the ciliary vascular system

    * 1.视网膜中央血管系统

    The central retinal vascular system

    * 视网膜中央动脉

    Central retinal artery,CRA

    2. 睫状血管系统

    the ciliary vascular system

    *(1)睫状后短动脉

    Short posterior ciliary artery

    *(2)睫状后长动脉

    Long posterior ciliary artery

    *(3)睫状前动脉

    Anterior ciliary artery

    静脉Vein

    * 1. 视网膜中央静脉

    Central retinal vein CRV

    * 2. 涡静脉Vortex vein

    * 3. 睫状前静脉 Anterior ciliar vein

    (二)神经Nerve

    * 1睫状神经节 Ciliary ganglion

    * 2鼻睫状神经 Nasociliary nerve

    视路及瞳孔反射

    Optic pathway and pupillary reflex

    1.瞳孔反射路

    Pathway of pupillary reflex

    *光反射Light reflex

    *直接光反射direct reflex

    *间接光反射indirect reflex

    *近反射Near reflex

    2. 视路Visual pathway

    * 光感受器→双级细胞→神经节细胞→视乳头→视神经→视交叉→视束→外侧膝状体→视放射→视皮质

    * retinal photoreceptor→bipolar cell→nervous ganglion cells→optic disk→optic nerve→optic chasm→optic tract→lateral geniculate body→optic radiation→visual cortex.