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依布硒啉对四氯化碳及内毒素+D-氨基半乳糖致肝损伤的保护作用
http://www.100md.com 《药学学报》 1999年第2期
     作者:谈冶雄 李万亥 姚真真 姜远英 万兴旺 黄矛

    单位:第二军医大学药学院中西药研究室, 上海 200433

    关键词:依伯硒啉;肝损伤;脂质过氧化

    摘要 目的 摘要 目的:考察依布硒啉(ebselen)对肝损伤的保护作用。方法:以0.2%四氯化碳(5 ml.kg-1)和内毒素(1μg.kg-1)+D-氨基半乳糖(800 mg.kg-1)分别ip ICR小鼠形成肝损伤,观察病理改变及血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBIL)和总胆汁酸(TBA)活性。培养大鼠肝细胞以CCl4和LPS+D-GalN诱发损伤。测定了乳酸脱氢酶活性和细胞TBARS含量。结果:依伯硒啉可改善CCl4和LPS+D-GalN诱发的小鼠肝损伤变化,减小相关损伤指标的改变;并可拮抗培养肝细胞的LDH释放和TBARS含量上升。结论:依布硒啉能保护肝损伤,可能与抗自由基的脂质过氧化有关。
, 百拇医药
    PROTECTION OF EBSELEN ON LIVER DAMAGE INDUCED BY CCL4 AND

    LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES+D-GALACTOSAMINE IN VIVO AND IN VITRO

    Tan Yexiong(Tan YX), Li Wanhai(Li WH), Yao Zhenzhen(Yao ZZ), Jiang Yuanying(Jiang YY), Wan Xingwang(Wan XW) and Huang Mao(Huang M)

    (Research Laboratory of Natural and Synthetic Drugs, College of Pharmacy,Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433)
, 百拇医药
    ABSTRACT AIM: To study the protective effect of ebselen on liver damage. METHODS: ICR mice and cultured hepatocytes were both treated with CCl4 and lipopolysaccharide+D-galactosamine. Pathological changes and glutamine-pyruvic transaminase(ALT), total bile acid(TBA)as well as total bilirubin(TBIL)contents in mouse serum were determined. RESULTS: The LDH activity in supernatant and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) content of cultured hepatocytes were evaluated. Results showed that ebselen ameliorated the pathological changes of the mouse liver and decreased the contents of ALT, TBA and TBIL. The LDH efflux and TBARS increase in hepatocytes were also depressed by ebselen. CONCLUSION: The above results indicate that ebselen is effective against liver damage, which may derive from its anti-lipid oxidation capacity.
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    KEY WORDS ebselen; liver damage; lipid peroxidation

    临床引起肝细胞损伤的原因很多,有生物性、化学性(包括酒精和药物)、缺血性、生物毒素以及免疫性、寄生虫性、放射线等。尽管原因不同,但最后发生的肝坏死往往是相同的。研究发现,氧自由基对肝细胞的损伤是肝损伤最重要的环节之一。临床上,各种有清除自由基活性和抗氧化功能的药物,已用于治疗多种肝病,获得较满意的疗效。

    依布硒啉(ebselen)是一种含硒的化合物,有抗氧化活性[1]。已有研究表明,依布硒啉能抑制制备的肝微粒体[2]和肝细胞[3]的脂质过氧化,可减轻阿霉素诱发的肝脂质过氧化毒性[4]。Oshita M等[5]的研究结果说明依布硒啉对酒精导致的肝损伤有保护作用, 提示依布硒啉在肝病治疗方面有一定价值。
, 百拇医药
    本文观察依布硒啉对CCl4和内毒素(lipopolysaccharides, LPS)+D-氨基半乳糖(D-galactosamine, D-GalN)诱发的小鼠肝损伤及体外培养大鼠肝细胞脂质过氧化损伤的作用。

    材料和方法

    药品与试剂 依布硒啉Mr 274.169,mp 183~186℃,由本院药物化学教研室陈卫平讲师提供。在体实验中所用依布硒啉以0.8%羧甲基纤维素(CMC)溶解;培养细胞实验中用依布硒啉,以二甲亚砜溶解成100 μmol.L-1, 临用前稀释至所需浓度。

    Lipopolysaccharides, LPS:Sigma公司产品,以DMEM溶解。D-氨基半乳糖:重庆医学院化学教研室提供,以DMEM溶解。CCl4:以蓖麻油配制成0.2%溶液。
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    动物 ICR小鼠和Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠由本校实验动物中心提供。

    CCl4和LPS+D-GalN对ICR小鼠的肝损伤模型[6] ICR小鼠分别ip 0.2% CCl4(5ml.kg-1)和D-GalN(800mg.kg-1)+LPS(1μg.kg-1)。24 h后,取血清以全自动生化仪(日立7150型)测定血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBIL)和总胆汁酸(TBA)活性。取肝组织以10%福尔马林固定,作苏木精-伊红染色,光镜下进行观察。给药组分别于损伤前2 h po给予依布硒啉混悬液,对照组给等量的0.8% CMC。

    CCl4损伤培养大鼠肝细胞[7] 取培养2 d的SD大鼠肝细胞[8],分别加入不同浓度的依布硒啉,继续培养,1 h后,将细胞转移至37℃,潮湿的密闭容器内;另取CCl4 0.8 ml,使其自然挥发并充溢整个密闭空间。此条件下维持2 h,吸取上清液0.2 ml测定LDH活性[9]。贴壁细胞以1% Triton X-100 2 ml裂解,取裂解液1 ml测定TBARS[10],另取30 μl测定蛋白量。
, 百拇医药
    LPS+D-GalN损伤培养肝细胞 取培养2 d的肝细胞,分别加入各浓度的依布硒啉,继续培养。1 h后,加LPS(1.8 μg.L-1)+D-GalN(2 mmol.L-1),24 h后同上法测定LDH活性和TBARS含量。

    结果

    1 依布硒啉对CCl4致小鼠肝损伤的拮抗作用

    0.2% CCl4对小鼠肝脏损伤明显,病变典型,属重症型化学中毒性肝病。肝细胞坏死严重,尢以小叶中央为最严重,外周明显变性。以依布硒啉保护的小鼠的肝损伤变化减轻,基本无坏死,以变性为主。

    CCl4对肝细胞的损伤使胞内ALT外漏,血中ALT显著上升;肝细胞的损伤使其胆红素的摄取、结合和排泄功能发生障碍,使血清胆红素(TBIL)水平和胆汁酸(TBA)水平也明显上升。依布硒啉在一定剂量时对上述生化指标的改变有一定的逆转作用(表1)。
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    Tab 1 Protective effect of ebselen on liver damage induced by 0.2% CCl4(5 ml.kg-1) in mice. Ebselen was given po 2 h before and 12 h after ip CCl4

    Group

    ALT/

    NM/SL

    TBA/

    μmol.L-1

    TBIL/

    μmol.L-1
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    Normal

    391±94

    4.6±0.8

    3.2±1.1

    Control

    2199±796***

    11.5±2.0***

    7.4±1.3***

    Eb/mg.kg-1 20

    1935±653

, http://www.100md.com     8.3±1.3

    7.0±1.4

    50

    1546±645

    6.3±1.3+++

    6.9±1.1

    100

    1025±535+++

    6.0±1.4+++

    6.4±0.9

    200

    1012±488+++
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    5.4±1.2+++

    5.7±0.9+++

    n=6, ±s. ***P<0.01 compared with normal group; +++P<0.01 compared with control group. Eb: Ebselen. ALT: glutamine-pyruvic transaminase; TBA: total bile acid; TBIL:total bilirubin.

    2 依布硒啉对CCl4致培养大鼠肝细胞脂质过氧化损伤的作用

    在密闭容器中蒸发形成的CCl4对培养的肝细胞作用2 h即能产生明显损伤,培养上清中LDH活性升高:CCl4通过形成自由基引起肝细胞的脂质过氧化,TBARS水平上升。依布硒啉对这种脂质过氧化损伤,表现良好的拮抗作用(表2)。
, 百拇医药
    3 依布硒啉对LPS+D-GalN致小鼠肝损伤的拮抗作用

    LPS(1μg.kg-1)+D-GalN(800mg.kg-1) ip ICR小鼠,可引起肝脏明显的损伤改变,24 h后可见肝脏变性坏死严重,使血清ALT,TBA和TBIL水平明显升高。 依布硒啉可改善病理变化,使血清ALT水平下降,但对TBIL和TBA影响不大(表3)。

    Tab 2 Protective effect of ebselen on lipid peroxidation damage of cultured rat hepatocyte induced by CCl4. LDH activity in supernatant was expressed as percent of total cytosal LDH activity of normal group. Ebselen was added 1 h before cultured cell was kept in a humidified atmosphere full of CCl4
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    Group

    LDH activity/

    %

    TBARS/

    nmol.L-1

    Normal

    12.3±1.8

    0.50±0.08

    Control

    83.4±6.3***

    1.06±0.09***
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    Eb/μmol.L-1 20

    78.9±5.5+++

    0.95±0.08

    50

    70.4±2.0+++

    0.76±0.09+++

    100

    56.0±5.3+++

    0.64±0.05+++

    200
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    56.0±5.3+++

    0.64±0.05+++

    n=6, ±s. ***P<0.01 compared with normal group; +++P<0.01 compared with control group. TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substance.Tab 3 Effect of ebselen on liver damage of ICR mice induced by LPS(1 μg.kg-1)+D-GalN(800 mg.kg-1). Ebselen was given po 2 h before and 12 h after ip LPS +D-GalN
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    Group

    ALT/

    NM/SL

    TBA/

    μmol.L-1

    TBIL/

    μmol.L-1

    Normal

    326±108

    4.5±1.0

    3.6±1.4
, http://www.100md.com
    Control

    1242±215***

    7.4±1.4***

    8.3±1.0***

    Eb/μmol.L-1 20

    1094±263

    7.1±1.1

    8.0±1.2

    50

    930±194+++
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    6.3±1.2

    6.8±0.8

    100

    830±182+++

    6.3±1.0

    5.3±1.1+++

    200

    810±234+++

    6.4±1.3

    5.2±1.4+++

    n=6, ±s. ***P<0.01 compared with normal group; +++P<0.01 compared with control group.
, 百拇医药
    4 依布硒啉对LPS+D-GalN致培养大鼠肝细胞脂质过氧化损伤的作用

    表4结果表明,LPS(1.8 μg.L-1)+D-GalN(2 mmol.L-1)对原代培养的肝细胞产生明显损伤,培养上清液中LDH活性上升,TBARS水平也有增加。依布硒啉能剂量依赖地减少LDH活性和TBARS含量。

    Tab 4 Protective effect of ebselen on lipid peroxidation damage of cultured rat hepatocytes induced by LPS+D-GalN. LDH activity in supernatant was expressed as percent of total cytosal LDH activity of normal group. Ebselen was added 1 h before cultured cell was treated with LPS(1.8 μg.L-1)+D-GalN(2mmol.L-1)
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    Group

    LDH activity/

    %

    TBARS/

    nmol.L-1

    Normal

    11±3.3

    0.66±0.13

    Control

    70±9.5***

    1.40±0.20***
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    Eb/μmol.L-1 20

    44±3.3+++

    1.24±0.11

    50

    36±3.3+++

    1.05±0.09+++

    100

    27±2.8+++

    0.76±0.09+++

    200
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    24±4.8+++

    0.61±0.14+++

    n=6, ±s. ***P<0.01 compared with normal group; +++P<0.01 compared with control group.讨论

    引起肝细胞损伤的致病因素不同,但导致肝细胞变性坏死的机理大致相同。自由基与肝细胞损伤密切相关。病理情况下产生的过多自由基得不到清除,随之产生一系列过氧化反应,影响到细胞的结构、代谢甚至功能,尤其对生物膜(包括细胞膜、线粒体膜、溶酶体膜、核膜等)的攻击引起脂质过氧化,造成膜脂层结构的损伤。

    CCl4和D-GalN的肝损伤模型是两种评价肝损伤药物疗效的标准模型。CCl4通过产生自由基攻击肝细胞;D-GalN可经多种途径对肝细胞起损伤作用。近几年研究发现,D-GalN也可通过诱生自由基起作用[11]。此外,D-GalN还可通过内毒素(LPS)起损伤作用:D-GalN使肥大细胞脱颗粒,引起组胺血症。内毒素激活补体系统,从而产生肝细胞膜的损伤与肝细胞环死。文献报道,LPS对D-GalN敏化的小鼠可产生致死性的肝损伤[6]。有认为LPS+D-GalN的肝损伤模型类似于临床上的病毒性肝炎[12]。本实验中LPS+D-GalN使ICR小鼠出现明显的病理损伤,肝细胞变性坏死严重,使血清中ALT,TBIL和TBA水平迅速上升,符合文献结果报道。
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    GSH-Px是内源性抗氧化系统的重要组成部分。在人体各组织中,以肝脏的GSH-Px活性最高。测定慢性活动性肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌及其它肝病患者肝组织中的GSH-Px活性,结果均显著低于肝功正常者,表明损伤过程中GSH-Px活性受抑制。依布硒啉是一新型的抗氧化剂[1],其主要药理学活性与GSH-Px活性有关[13]。我们以前的研究显示依布硒啉能逆转缺氧引起的培养神经元GSH-Px的下降,这种作用与其对神经元的保护作用平行[14]。Oshita M等[5]的研究结果表明依布硒啉对酒精导致的肝损伤有保护作用。本实验结果表明依布硒啉对CCl4和LPS+D-GalN诱发的小鼠肝病理损伤及血清ALT,TBA和TBIL等生化指标的改变有逆转作用,进一步证明了依布硒啉的保肝作用。体外培养肝细胞实验结果表明依布硒啉可对抗培养CCl4和LPS+D-GalN引起的肝细胞的脂质过氧化损伤,提示依布硒啉的保肝作用与抗氧化活性有关。
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    Tel:(021)25070348; E-mail:YX Tan@ecmu.org.cn

    参考文献

    1 Muller A, Cadenas E, Graf P, et al. A novel biologically active seleno-organic compound-I. Glutathione peroxidase-like activity in vitro and antioxidant capacity of PZ51(Ebselen). Biochem Pharmacol, 1984,33∶3235

    2 Hayashi, Slater TF. Inhibitory effects of ebselen on lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. Free Rad Res Comm, 1986,2∶179
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    3 Muller A, Gabriel H, Sies H. A novel biologically active selenoorganic compound-IV. Protective glutathione-dependent effect of PZ51 (ebselen) against ADP-Fe induced lipid peroxidation in isolated hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol, 1985,34∶1185

    4 Pritosos CR, Sokoloff M, Gustafson DL. PZ-51(ebselen) in vivo protection against adriamycin-induced mouse cardiac and hepatic lipid peroxidation and toxicity. Biochem Pharmacol, 1992,44∶839
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    5 Oshita M, Takei Y, Kawano S, et al. Protective effect of ebselen on constrictive hepatic vasculature: Prevention of alcohol-induced effects on portal pressure in perfused livers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1994,271∶20

    6 Hu ZL, Zhang JP, Yu XB, et al. Effect of matrine on lipopolysaccharides/D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis and tumor necrosis factor release from macrophages in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 1996,17∶350

    7 Johnston DE, Kroening C. Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis in cultured liver cells. Hepatology, 1996,24∶677
, 百拇医药
    8 Seglen PO. Preparation of rat liver cells. Exp Cell Res, 1972,74∶450

    9 张龙翔,张庭芳,李令缓,等. 生化实验方法和技术. 北京,人民教育出版社, 1981,183

    10 Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem, 1979,95∶351

    11 胡恒龙,陈仁敦,马边虎,等. D-氨基半乳糖诱导肝损伤的过氧化机理和锌的保护作用. 中国药理学与毒理学杂志, 1993,7∶81

    12 Wendel A. Biochemical pharmacology of inflammatory liver injury in mice. Methods Enzymol, 1990,186∶675

    13 Sies H. Ebselen: A glutathione peroxidase mimic. Oxygen radicals in biological system. Methods Enzymol, 1994,234∶476

    14 Tan YX, Li WH, Tao XB, et al. Protection of ebselen against anoxic damage of cultured neurons of cerebral cortex. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 1997,18∶201

    收稿日期: 1998-04-13, http://www.100md.com