当前位置: 首页 > 期刊 > 《沈阳药科大学学报》 > 2000年第4期
编号:10500050
薄层色谱pH法测定有机酸的电离常数
http://www.100md.com 《沈阳药科大学学报》 2000年第4期
     作者:袁波 王国清 李军 班允东

    单位:王国清 班允东 袁波(沈阳药科大学基础部,沈阳 110015);李军(本溪第五制药厂,本溪 170001)

    关键词:薄层色谱pH法;电离常数;有机酸

    沈阳药科大学学报000415

    摘 要 在薄层色谱pH法中,利用固定相的pH值与待测组分Rf值的关系,导出了pH-Rf曲线方程,依此方程,计算出3种一元有机酸的电离常数,所得结果与文献值基本一致〔4〕.

    分类号 R657.7

    The Determination of Ionization Constants by Thin-Layer pH-Chromatography
, http://www.100md.com
    Yuan Bo,Wang Guoqing,Li Jun,Ban Yundong

    (Department of Basic Courses,Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,Shenyang 110015)

    Abstract An ionization constant of a dissocating compound is one of the important parameters in evaluating its physicochemical properties.It can tell the percentage of molecular ionized form for a dissociating compound with a given pH value.Potentiometric titration and spectrophotometry are commonly used in determining ionization constants.The method used in this article is called thin-layer pH-chromatography a method founded on the relationships between the Rf value of a dissociating compound and its pH value of chromatographic system.Experiments were carried out on three organic acids:benzoic acid,4-methylbenzoic acid and 3-nitrobenzoic acid to determine their ionization constants;buffering solutions with different pH were used as the stationary phase,chloroform mixed with ether was used as the mobile phase.Experimental data were similar to those in the literature.It needs only simple instruments with high accuracy,and is especially suitable for the ionization constant determination of an unkown mixture which is difficult to separate.
, 百拇医药
    Key words thin-layer pH-chromatography;ionization constant;organic acid

    电离常数是反映离解性物质理化性质的重要参数之一.其意义在于:它能够揭示出在任意选定的pH值下离解性物质分子型和离子型的比例.电离常数的测定常采用电位滴定法和分光光度法〔1〕.本文采用pH薄层色谱法测定了3种有机酸的电离常数.薄层色谱pH法是依据离解性物质的Rf值与色谱体系pH值的关系建立起来的方法〔2〕,其实质是:待测物质在同一溶剂系统中展开,但每一次展开所采用的固定相均用缓冲溶液调至不同的pH值,这样即测得待测物质一系列的Rf值.用Rf值与对应的pH值作图,即得到该物质pH-Rf特征曲线,依此特征曲线,可测其电离常数.该法所用仪器设备简单,准确度较高.

    1 原理

    在分配薄层色谱中,组分的Rf值是其分配系数的函数〔3〕.即: (1)
, 百拇医药
    对于离解性物质,其分配系数K是色谱体系pH值的函数〔2〕 (2)

    其中:K0是未离解酸的分配系数;Ka是酸的离解常数.根据(1)、(2)式可得到: (3)

    (3)式是一元酸的pH-Rf曲线方程.如果当固定相的[H+]>>Ka时,则Ka/[H+]可忽略,这样即可得到Rf值的极限值 (4)

    Rf0:未离解酸的Rf值.
, 百拇医药
    Rf0可从pH-Rf曲线上求得.随着固定相的[H+]增加,Rf值将达到极限值,即趋于常数.在曲线的这一部分,只有Rf值的变化小于它的测定误差(±0.02),这个常数值就等于Rf0值.(4)式经变换代入(3)式即得: (5)

    利用(5)式即可定量测定一元酸的电离常数(Ka).方法是:Ka=[H+]时,(5)式变为 (6)

    此时Rf所对应的pH值即为pKa值.

    2 仪器与试剂

    仪器 pH-3c型酸度计(上海第二分析仪器厂);231型玻璃电极,232型饱和甘汞电极(上海电光器件厂);CAMAG自动涂板机(瑞士CAMAG公司);双槽层析缸;定量点样器;紫外检出器(アト株式会社).
, http://www.100md.com
    试剂 柠檬酸钠,柠檬酸,盐酸,磷酸氢二钠,氯仿,乙醚,苯甲酸,对甲基苯甲酸,间硝基苯甲酸,均为分析纯;硅胶GF254薄层层析用(青岛海洋化工厂).

    3 方法与结果

    3.1 缓冲溶液的配制

    实验所需缓冲溶液的pH范围为1.50~8.00.pH<2.50的缓冲溶液用0.10 mol/L的柠檬酸钠和0.10 mol/L HCl溶液混合配制;pH在2.50~8.00的缓冲溶液用0.10 mol/L的柠檬酸和0.20 mol/L的磷酸氢二钠溶液混合配制.每一种缓冲溶液的pH值用酸度计检测,准确度为(±0.02)pH单位.

    3.2 薄层板的制备

    称取25 g硅胶GF254数份,分别加入pH值不同的缓冲溶液150 mL,搅拌后,室温下浸泡1 h,然后调悬浮液的pH值至原缓冲溶液的pH值,静置12 h,用酸度计测定悬浮液的pH值,至悬浮液的pH值不改变.滤去约90 mL缓冲溶液,研磨后,用CAMAG自动涂板机铺板,厚度为0.3 mm,室温下空气中干燥1天,即得pH值不同的薄层板.
, http://www.100md.com
    3.3 3种有机酸的Rf值测定

    将适量的苯甲酸,对甲基苯甲酸和间硝基苯甲酸溶于乙醚中,分别制成8.2×10-4、7.4×10-4、6.0×10-4 mol/L的溶液.在距薄层板一端2 cm处,用定量点样器点样5 μL,展开剂饱和30 min后展开,展距约15 cm.取出薄层板,挥干溶剂,在UV检出器下(λ=254 nm)观查斑点,测其Rf值.结果见表1.

    Tab.1 Rf values of three sorts of organic acids in buffer-saturate diethyl ether and chloroform at different pH values(n=10) pH

    benzoic acid(SD,RSD%)

, 百拇医药     4-methylbenzoic acid(SD,RSD%)

    3-nitrobenzoic acid(SD,RSD%)

    1.55

    0.88(6.3×10-3,0.72)

    0.78(7.5×10-3,0.96)

    0.88(6.6×10-3,0.75)

    2.05

    0.88(7.0×10-3,0.80)

    0.78(7.1×10-3,0.91)
, http://www.100md.com
    0.88(6.6×10-3,0.77)

    2.55

    0.87(6.0×10-3,0.68)

    0.77(6.8×10-3,0.88)

    0.87(6.6×10-3,0.76)

    2.91

    0.87(5.9×10-3,0.67)

    0.76(5.9×10-3,0.77)

    0.86(7.0×10-3,0.81)
, http://www.100md.com
    3.45

    0.85(6.2×10-3,0.75)

    0.73(5.5×10-3,0.75)

    0.77(6.6×10-3,0.86)

    4.05

    0.81(5.5×10-3,0.68)

    0.68(6.0×10-3,0.88)

    0.61(4.2×10-3,0.69)

    4.49
, 百拇医药
    0.67(5.6×10-3,0.84)

    0.58(5.6×10-3,0.96)

    0.46(7.1×10-3,1.55)

    5.02

    0.45(5.2×10-3,1.10)

    0.35(5.4×10-3,1.54)

    0.25(7.0×10-3,2.81)

    6.05

    0.23(6.0×10-3,2.61)
, 百拇医药
    0.12(5.0×10-3,4.17)

    0.08(4.4×10-3,5.50)

    7.04

    0.08(4.8×10-3,6.00)

    0.03(4.1×10-3,13.6)

    0.03(4.7×10-3,15.7)

    8.01

    0.00

    0.00

    0.00
, 百拇医药
    3.4 Rf-pH曲线的绘制

    将表1所列数据作图,即得3种有机酸的Rf-pH曲线.见图1和图2.

    Fig.1 Rf-pH curves of 4-methylbenzoic acid and 3-nitrobenzoic acid in buffer-saturated diethyl ether and chloroform(1/4)

    ▲— 4-methylbenzoic acid;●— 3-nitrobenzoic acid

    Fig.2 Rf-pH curves of benzoic acid in buffer-saturated diethyl ether and chloroform(1/3)
, 百拇医药
    ●— benzoic acid

    3.5 3种有机酸离解常数测定结果

    由一元酸Rf-pH的曲线及(6)式即得3种有机酸的电离常数(pKa),结果见表2.

    Tab.2 Calculated pKa values of three sorts of organic acids compared with the pKa values given in the literature Acid

    Rf0

    Rf′

    pKa

    (with Rf′)
, http://www.100md.com
    pKa〔4〕

    lit

    Benzoic acid

    0.88

    0.79

    4.15

    4.20

    4-methylbenzoic acid

    0.78

    0.63

    4.30

    4.36
, 百拇医药
    3-nitrobenzoic acid

    0.88

    0.79

    3.40

    3.46

    4 讨论

    a.该实验的关键是要选择合适的溶剂系统.溶剂系统的选择原则是:首先Rf0不能接近1,否则准确性较差;其次,当pH值大于7时,Rf值应接近0,这表面酸完全离解而不进入流动相.为此,我们在测定苯甲酸Rf值时,采用乙醚/氯仿(1/3)为展开剂,而测定对甲基苯甲酸和间硝基苯甲酸Rf值时,采用乙醚/氯仿(1/4)为展开剂.

    b.固定相的pH值应严格控制,尤其在曲线急剧变化处,pH值对曲线形状影响较大.因为硅胶具有弱酸性,加入不同pH值的缓冲溶液后,pH值会发生改变.因此硅胶要用缓冲溶液浸泡1 h,使它们之间达到平衡,然后再调节至原有的pH值,确保固定相pH值的准确性.
, http://www.100md.com
    c.由于实验所用展开剂具有较强的挥发性,所以展开系统要密闭,否则将影响Rf值测定的重现性.

    d.本实验的展开剂需用不同pH值的缓冲溶液饱和,否则展开过程中将会夺去固定相中的水,使分配过程不能正常进行.

    参考文献

    1,Albert A Serjeant E P.The determination of ionization constants.New York:Cahapman and Hall Ltd,1984.8~10

    2,M Bidlo.Thin-layer pH-chromatography of mono and idbasic organic acids on buffered silica gel layers.Acta Chimica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,1976,88(2):116

    3,孙毓庆.薄层扫描法及其在药物分析中的应用.北京:人民卫生出版社,1990.17

    4,J A 迪安.兰氏化学手册.北京:科学出版社,1991.5~8

    收稿日期:1999-12-07

    , http://www.100md.com