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肌氨酰胺亚硝脲在荷神经元外单胺递质载体和DNA修复基因表达的人肺癌裸鼠中的抗肿瘤作用
http://www.100md.com 《中国肺癌杂志》 2000年第5期
     作者:陈忠平 Lawrence C.Panasci Christopher A.Carter Michael C.Alley

    单位:陈忠平(中山医科大学肿瘤防治中心 广州,510060);Panasci LC(Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research,McGill University,Montreal,Canada);Carter CA(National Cancer Institute,USA);Alley MC(National Cancer Institute,USA)

    关键词:化疗;肌氨酰胺亚硝脲;神经元外单胺递质载体;DNA修复;人肿瘤动物模型

    中国肺癌杂志000512 【摘要】目的 探讨抗癌新药肌氨酰胺亚硝脲(2-chloroethyl-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea,SarCNU)在体内对DNA修复基因表达阳性肿瘤的抗肿瘤作用。方法 将人肺癌细胞株NCI-H522接种于裸鼠皮下,制作肿瘤模型,观察SarCNU的抗肿瘤作用。同时,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR)测定肿瘤标本的神经元外单胺递质载体(extraneuronal monoamine transporter,EMT)和DNA修复基因六氧甲基鸟嘌呤DNA甲基转移酶(O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase,MGMT)、核苷酸剪切修复基因ERCC1-6 (excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency gene 1-6)的表达。结果 荷瘤鼠接受SarCNU治疗后肿瘤均明显缩小,实验组肿瘤与对照组肿瘤大小变化(T/C %)最佳比值为23,肿瘤生长延缓达55天,显示了良好的抗肿瘤作用。肿瘤细胞的EMT和DNA修复基因MGMT以及ERCC1-6的表达均为阳性。结论 在EMT阳性的肿瘤,即使具有DNA 修复基因表达,SarCNU仍然具有良好的抗肿瘤作用。
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    【中图分类号】R734.2;R73-36

    Anti-tumor efficacy of 2-chloroethyl-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea in a human lung cancer xenograft model with DNA repair gene expressions

    CHEN ZhongPing,Lawrence C.Panasci,Christopher A.Carter,Michael C.Alley

    (Cancer Institute,Tumor Hospital,Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Sciences,Guanghzhou 510061,P.R.China)

    【Abstract】Objective To clarify whether 2-chloroethyl-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea (SarCNU) has an anti-tumor effect in DNA repair gene expressing tumors.Methods Human non-small cell lung cancer cell line,NCI-H522,was implanted into 25 athymic mice and 6 were treated with SarCNU 120mg/kg once a day for 5 times intraperitoneally (ip).The left ones were given normal saline.The extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT) expression,DNA repair gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency gene (ERCC1-6) expressions were detected in the tumor specimens by using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Comparison of tumor size change between two groups was illustrated with T/C%.Results All the tumors were reduced in size through the treatment of SarCNU with the optimal T/C% of 23 at day 28.The tumor growth delay was 55 days,but no tumor free animals were observed.Positive EMT and DNA repair gene expression were observed in all tumor samples.Conclusion The results suggest that anti-tumor effect of SarCNU in EMT positive tumor is satisfactory even though the tumor exhibits DNA repair gene expression,specifically MGMT and ERCC1-6.
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    【Key words】Chemotherapy 2-chloroethyl-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea Extraneuronal monoamine transporter DNA repair Human tumor xenograft model

    肌氨酰胺亚硝脲(2-chloroethyl-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea,SarCNU)是一种新的高效低毒抗癌药[1]。它是亚硝脲类同系物,化学结构式为2-氯乙基-3-肌氨酸酰胺-1-亚硝脲,由于它的N3位点被甲基封闭,所以其降解产物不形成剧毒的异氰化物。它带有甲基甘氨酸酰胺,为氨基酸转运系统,所以可以经细胞膜上的神经元外单胺递质载体(extraneuronal transporter for monoamine transmitters, EMT,也称uptake2)摄入细胞而发挥选择性细胞毒性作用。我们的前期研究,无论是体外培养细胞还是动物体内试验都证明,SarCNU与二氯乙基亚硝脲[1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea,BCNU]相比,具有更佳的抗肿瘤作用[2~4]。在人肿瘤细胞的研究提示,DNA修复基因的表达影响SarCNU的抗肿瘤作用[5]。为了探讨SarCNU在体内对具有DNA 修复基因表达的肿瘤是否有效,我们采用了人肺癌NCI-H522裸鼠动物模型进行了研究。
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    1 材料和方法

    1.1 细胞株 采用美国国家癌症研究所(National Cancer Institute,NCI)的人非小细胞性肺癌细胞株NCI-H522。

    1.2 实验动物 采用NCI的无胸腺裸鼠(nu/nu),实验在美国实验动物协会认定的标准下进行。

    1.3 药品和试剂 SarCNU来自NCI。RNA提取试剂盒(RNeasy Midi Kit)为美国Qiagen Inc.(Valencia,CA.USA)产品。RT-PCR试剂为美国Pharmacia产品(Piscataway,NJ,USA)。

    1.4 肿瘤裸鼠动物模型 将人肺癌细胞株NCI-H522接种于裸鼠皮下,待肿瘤长到200mg左右,荷瘤鼠接受SarCNU治疗,120mg/kg,每天一次,腹腔内注射,连用5天。对照组给予生理盐水。每周测量两次肿瘤大小,并计算肿瘤体积,计算公式:肿瘤体积=(长径×短径平方)/2。以T/C%代表实验组肿瘤与对照组肿瘤大小变化比较,T/C% =(ΔT/ΔC)×100(当ΔT>0时)或T/C% =(ΔT/Ti)×100(当ΔT<0时)。ΔT与ΔC分别代表实验组肿瘤与对照组肿瘤大小变化,Ti为实验开始时的肿瘤平均大小。T/C%<40为有效。生长延缓(%T-C/C)为治疗组与对照组相比,肿瘤体积增加一倍延缓的时间。如果在实验结束时肿瘤在可测量范围以下(<32mm3),则视为无肿瘤生存。实验结束时将没有接受SarCNU治疗动物的肿瘤标本用于检测基因表达。
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    1.5 基因表达测定 DNA修复基因六氧甲基鸟嘌呤DNA甲基转移酶 (O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase,MGMT)、核苷酸切除修复基因ERCC1-6和EMT的表达均采用RT-PCR测定。应用RNeasy Midi Kit提取肿瘤标本总RNA。cDNA合成方法如下:1μg总RNA和50ng oligo-dT加水至6μL,加热80℃3分钟,37℃5分钟,而后在冰上冷却10分钟。随后加入4μL逆转录母液(2μL 5×PCR缓冲液,1μL 2.5mmol/L dNTPs,16单位M-MuLV逆转录酶和2单位RNA酶抑制剂),在37℃孵浴1小时。PCR引物采用Primer 3 program(Steve Rozen,Helen J.Skaletky 1996-1997)设计并由Canadian Life Technologies(Burlington,ON)合成(表1)。PCR 反应在1×PCR缓冲液中进行(PTC-100TM DNA 合成仪,MJ Research Inc.,Watertown,MA),反应体积为50μL。PCR产物在1% agarose gel 电泳后采用HP ScanJet 5100C 扫描定量(Hewlett Packard Company,Greeley,Colorado)。基因产物光密度(OD)读数除以β-actin OD 读数代表基因的相对表达量。最后再与在人肝癌细胞HepG2的表达比较。
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    表 1 PCR引物的DNA序列及PCR产物

    Tab 1 DNA sequences of the PCR primers and PCR product size Gene

    Primer sequence

    PCR product

    ERCC1

    A,(50-69): 5′-tcg atc cct ctg cag tct tt

    447bp

    B,(496-477): 5′-gtt gcg cac gaa ctt cag ta

    ERCC2
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    A,(2053-2070): 5′- tct ggg aca ctg tcc ccg

    618bp

    B,(2670-2644): 5′- aca ctg ggc cgc gtg gcg cat ggc atc

    ERCC3

    A,(1165-1184): 5′- tca gaa aac gct gtc tgg tg

    286bp

    B,(1450-1431): 5′- cgg aac atc ttg gct ggt at

    ERCC4

    A,(2045-2064): 5′- tgc gtg aat ttc gaa gtg ag
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    258bp

    B,(2302-2283): 5′- cac ctc ggg aag tga gag ag

    ERCC5

    A,(706-725): 5′- gaa gca atg cca gag gag tc

    368bp

    B,(1073-1054): 5′-gga gaa gga ggg gta gca tc

    ERCC6

    A,(3764-3783): 5′-agg cgt tac cag aag caa ga

    392bp
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    B,(4155-4136): 5′-ttc atg atg cca tcc tgg ca

    MGMT

    A,(71-90): 5′- acc gtt tgc gac ttg gta ct

    701bp

    B,(771-752): 5′- atc cga tgc agt gtt aca cg

    EMT

    A,(631-650): 5′- gca cca aac ttc cct gtg tt

    333bp

    B,(963-944): 5′- agc aat gcg tct cag gat ct
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    β-actin

    A,(852-872):5′-tcc tgt ggc atc cac gaa act

    315bp

    B,(1166-1146): 5′-gaa gca ttt gcg gtg gac gat

    2 结果

    2.1 SarCNU的抗肿瘤作用 6只荷瘤鼠接受SarCNU治疗后肿瘤均明显缩小,最佳T/C%在第28天,为23。然而,到实验结束(31天)时,没有无瘤生存鼠(表2)。

    表 2 SarCNU 在荷 NCI-H522肿瘤的裸鼠体内的抗肿瘤作用

    Tab 2 Anti-tumor activity of SarCNU in mice bearing human lung cancer NCI-H522 Treatment
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    n

    Drug related death

    Body weight loss(day)

    Optimal T/C%(day)

    Days tumor reach 1000mg

    Growth delay (day)

    Control

    19

    0

    5.9(28)

    19.6
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    SarCNU

    6

    0

    18.4(21)

    23(28)

    >30.3

    55

    2.2 肿瘤标本的基因表达 基因表达为三次PCR结果的平均值,经β-actin校准,也即基因产物OD读数除以β-actin OD读数,并与人肝癌细胞HepG2的表达比较(在HepG2的表达为1)。所检测的DNA修复基因在肿瘤标本中均有表达,同时肿瘤标本的EMT也为阳性:MGMT 0.020,ERCC1 0.439,ERCC2 0.364,ERCC3 0.806,ERCC4 0.573,ERCC5 0.182,ERCC6 0.659,EMT 0.307。
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    3 讨论

    我们先前用同位素标记的SarCNU比较了二株胶质瘤细胞(SKMG-1和SKI-1)对SarCNU的摄取情况,发现SKMG-1对SarCNU的摄取明显高于SKI-1,而SKMG-1对SarCNU的敏感性比SKI-1高出近一倍。经PCR测定,EMT的表达在SKMG-1比SKI-1高出近14倍[5]。这提示,胶质瘤对SarCNU的敏感性与其EMT表达有关。在动物实体瘤模型SF-295、U-251和SHG-44中,SarCNU的治疗效果明显优于BCNU[3,4],而这些模型都有EMT表达,提示在体内SarCNU对实体瘤的治疗效果可能与EMT表达相关。

    许多研究提示,肿瘤细胞的DNA修复与其对许多抗癌药耐药相关。由于MGMT能修复被化疗药烷基化的鸟嘌呤,因而可阻止DNA交连的形成,即增加了对这些化疗药的耐药性[6]。近来的研究发现除了MGMT外,一个更为重要的参与DNA修复的核苷酸剪切修复系统(excision repair gene,NER)与肿瘤耐药密切相关。由于MGMT只能修复被化疗药烷基化的鸟嘌呤,防止DNA交连的形成,而一旦DNA交连形成,则需通过核苷酸NER系统来修复,所以,此两个DNA修复系统可起到互补的作用。我们以往的研究发现NER 系统的重要成员之一,剪切修复交叉互补基因(excision repair cross complementing gene 2,ERCC2)的表达与肿瘤对氯乙基亚硝脲耐药呈显著的正相关[7,8]。还有研究报道,ERCC1、ERCC4、ERCC5和ERCC6的表达亦与某些肿瘤的耐药相关[9]。SarCNU为亚硝脲类抗癌药,DNA修复基因的表达也影响其抗肿瘤作用。
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    最近,我们采用RT-PCR测定了23株人肿瘤细胞的EMT表达,并与SarCNU细胞毒试验进行比较,发现肿瘤细胞对SarCNU的敏感性与EMT和DNA修复基因MGMT、ERCC2三者的表达有密切关系[5]。由于EMT阳性的肿瘤能主动摄取SarCNU进入细胞,所以对SarCNU是敏感的,但若同时具有DNA修复基因如MGMT、ERCC2、ERCC4的表达,其敏感性将下降。

    本研究采用的NCI-H522肺癌细胞具有许多DNA修复基因表达,然而SarCNU仍具有良好的抗肿瘤作用,说明其具有EMT表达起关键的作用。本实验结果提示,EMT表达阳性的肿瘤,即使它同时具有DNA修复基因表达,SarCNU仍具有明显的抗肿瘤作用。由于人肿瘤细胞大多数具有EMT表达,所以SarCNU将具有广阔的临床应用前景。

    anasci LC(Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research,McGill University,Montreal,Canada)
, 百拇医药
    Carter CA(National Cancer Institute,USA)

    Alley MC(National Cancer Institute,USA)

    参考文献

    1,Panasci LC,Marcantonio D,Noë AJ.SarCNU (2-chloroethyl-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea): a novel analogue of chloroethylnitrosourea that is transported by the catecholamine uptake 2 carrier,which mediates increased cytotoxicity.Cancer Chem Pharmacol,1996,37(6):505-508.

, 百拇医药     2,Noë AJ,Marcantonio D,Barton J,et al.Characterization of the catecholamine extraneuronal uptake2 carrier in human glioma cell lines SK-MG-1 and SKI-1 in relation to (2-chloroethyl)-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea (SarCNU) selective cytotoxicity.Biochem Pharmacol,1996,51(12):1639-1648.

    3,Marcantonio D,Panasci LC,Hollingshead MG,et al.SarCNU,a novel chloroethylnitrosourea analogue with enhanced antitumor activity against human glioma xenografts.Cancer Res,1997,57(18):3895-3898.
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    4,Chen ZP(陈忠平),Wang G,Huang Q,et al.Enhanced antitumor activity of SarCNU in comparison to BCNU in an extraneuronal monoamine transporter positive human glioma xenograft model.J Neuro-oncol,1999,44(1):7-17.

    5,Chen ZP(陈忠平),Remack J,Brent TP,et al.Extraneuronal monoamine transporter expression vis-à-vis SarCNU cytotoxicity in human tumor cell lines.Clin Cancer Res,1999,5(12):4186-4190.

    6 Chen ZP(陈忠平),Yarosh D,Garcia Y,et al.Relationship between O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase levels and clinical response induced by chloroethylnitrosourea therapy in glioma patients.Can J Neuro Sci,1999,26(2):104-109.
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    7 Chen ZP(陈忠平),Malapetsa A,Marcantonio D,et al.Correlation of chloroethylnitrosourea resistance with ERCC-2 expression in human tumor cell lines as determined by quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction.Cancer Res,1996,56(11):2475-2478.

    8 Chen ZP(陈忠平),Malapetsa A,McQuillan A,et al.Evidence for nucleotide excision repair as a modifying factor of MGMT mediated innate chloroethylnitrosourea resistance in human tumor cell lines.Mol Pharmacol,1997,52(5):815-820.

    9 Andersson BS,Sadeghi T,Siciliano MJ,et al.Nucleotide excision repair genes as determinants of cellular sensitivity to cyclophosphamide analogues.Cancer Chem Pharmacol,1996,38(5):406-416.

    收稿日期:2000-05-09

    修回日期:2000-07-28, 百拇医药