限制蛋白摄入对糖尿病肾病的影响(4)
价。氮平衡通过测定摄入氮与排出氮来间接反映体内蛋白质的合成与分解代谢情况可以作为评价蛋白质营养状况的较好指标。如果能维持正氮平衡,则表示摄入蛋白质可满足需要。虽然膳食回顾法是评定每天饮食中蛋白摄入量(dietary protein intake, DPI)的主要方法,但许多研究表明这种方法缺乏精确性,因此其它测定DPI的方法如24小时尿素氮生成和蛋白分解率(protein catabolic rate, PCR)被作为计算氮平衡的有效方法。其经验公式为:(1)DPI=24小时尿尿素氮×6.25/0.8(统计学上已用t检验) 【12】(2)PCR=9.35×(24小时尿尿素氮+1.2) 【17】,若DPI>PCR则说明正氮平衡,若DPI<0.75g/kg/d或PCR<0.63g/kg/d提示早期营养不良的存在。,但是这些方法仅适用于病情稳定的病人,因为内生蛋白分解增加可导致尿素氮水平升高,因此在分解代谢亢进的病人可能会过高估计实际蛋白的摄入。当然,利用单一指标来衡量人体营养状况都是有局限性的,因此应强调从整体进行动态、综合和客观的营养评价。
, 百拇医药
综上所述,限制蛋白摄入对延缓糖尿病肾病进展的效果是肯定的的。因此我们提倡在DN早期,肾脏病变尚处于可逆阶段给予限蛋白饮食,摄入0.6~0.8g/Kg/d或占热能10%的蛋白质是安全的,蛋白的主要来源是动物性和植物性食品,优质蛋白占50% 以上,同时补充适量必需氨基酸或(-酮酸制剂。由于低蛋白饮食的长期安全性还未完全证实,因此在实施过程中需密切监视病人的营养状态和氮平衡。由此可以相信,理想的血糖控制,及时的降压治疗加上早期合理平衡的限蛋白饮食将有效地预防糖尿病肾病的发生和发展。
参考文献
1.Andrzej S,et al.Glycsylated hemoglobin and the risk of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The New England Journal Of Medicine 1995;332:1251-5
, 百拇医药
2.Niskanen R,et al.A prospective study of clinical and metabolic associates of proteinuria in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.Diabetic Medicine 1993;10:543-49
3.宁光:微量蛋白尿诊断早期糖尿病肾病,上海第二医科大学学报 1993;13:164-167
4.Grace Lee,糖尿病肾病的治疗与预防,医学进展 1996;9:29-38
5.叶山东:限制蛋白质摄入对糖尿病肾病的作用,上海医学 1993;16:243-245.
6.刘振平:低蛋白饮食与糖尿病肾病,国外医学内科学分册 1993;20:351-352
, http://www.100md.com
7.张思源、陈亭苑:临床胃肠内营养 北京:北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1995,144-148.
8.Miriam Pecis, Mirel AJ,et al.Chicken and fish diet reduces glomerular hyperfiltration in IDDM patients.Diabetes Care 1994;17:665-672.
9.M.J.Wiseman,et al.Changs in renal function in response to protein restricted diet in Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients.Diabetologia 1987;30:154-9.
10.Masayoshi Shichiri,Yasuhide Nishio,et al.Effect of low-protein,very-low-phosphorus diet on diabetic renal insufficiency with proteinuria.American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1991;18:26-32.
, 百拇医药
11.Robin PF,Bertaj,et al.Long-term effects of protein-restricted diet on albuminuria and renal function in IDDM patients without clinical nephropathy and hypertension.Diabetes Care 1993;16:483-91.
12.George Evanoff.Prolonged dietay protein restriction in diabetic nephropathy.Arch Intern Med 1989;149:1129-33.
13.Kathleen Zeller,et al.Effect of restriction dietary protein on the progression of renal failure in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.The New England Journal of Medicine 1991;324:78-84.
, 百拇医药
14.Marion J,et al.Nutrition principles for the management of diabetes and related complications.Diabetes Care 1994;17:492.
15.顾景范、邵继智:临床营养学 上海:上海科学技术出版社,1990,552.
16.Maurice E,James A,et al.Modern Nutrition in health and disease 1994;2:1112-16.
17.毕增祺:慢性肾功能衰竭非透析治疗的现状和展望,医学进展 1997;2:6
18.Michael T.Pedrini,et al. The effect of dietary protein Restriction on the Progression of Diabetic and Nondiabetic Renal Diseases :A Meta-analysis. Ann of Internal Medicine 1996;627-32,April, http://www.100md.com(陈伟)
, 百拇医药
综上所述,限制蛋白摄入对延缓糖尿病肾病进展的效果是肯定的的。因此我们提倡在DN早期,肾脏病变尚处于可逆阶段给予限蛋白饮食,摄入0.6~0.8g/Kg/d或占热能10%的蛋白质是安全的,蛋白的主要来源是动物性和植物性食品,优质蛋白占50% 以上,同时补充适量必需氨基酸或(-酮酸制剂。由于低蛋白饮食的长期安全性还未完全证实,因此在实施过程中需密切监视病人的营养状态和氮平衡。由此可以相信,理想的血糖控制,及时的降压治疗加上早期合理平衡的限蛋白饮食将有效地预防糖尿病肾病的发生和发展。
参考文献
1.Andrzej S,et al.Glycsylated hemoglobin and the risk of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The New England Journal Of Medicine 1995;332:1251-5
, 百拇医药
2.Niskanen R,et al.A prospective study of clinical and metabolic associates of proteinuria in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.Diabetic Medicine 1993;10:543-49
3.宁光:微量蛋白尿诊断早期糖尿病肾病,上海第二医科大学学报 1993;13:164-167
4.Grace Lee,糖尿病肾病的治疗与预防,医学进展 1996;9:29-38
5.叶山东:限制蛋白质摄入对糖尿病肾病的作用,上海医学 1993;16:243-245.
6.刘振平:低蛋白饮食与糖尿病肾病,国外医学内科学分册 1993;20:351-352
, http://www.100md.com
7.张思源、陈亭苑:临床胃肠内营养 北京:北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1995,144-148.
8.Miriam Pecis, Mirel AJ,et al.Chicken and fish diet reduces glomerular hyperfiltration in IDDM patients.Diabetes Care 1994;17:665-672.
9.M.J.Wiseman,et al.Changs in renal function in response to protein restricted diet in Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients.Diabetologia 1987;30:154-9.
10.Masayoshi Shichiri,Yasuhide Nishio,et al.Effect of low-protein,very-low-phosphorus diet on diabetic renal insufficiency with proteinuria.American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1991;18:26-32.
, 百拇医药
11.Robin PF,Bertaj,et al.Long-term effects of protein-restricted diet on albuminuria and renal function in IDDM patients without clinical nephropathy and hypertension.Diabetes Care 1993;16:483-91.
12.George Evanoff.Prolonged dietay protein restriction in diabetic nephropathy.Arch Intern Med 1989;149:1129-33.
13.Kathleen Zeller,et al.Effect of restriction dietary protein on the progression of renal failure in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.The New England Journal of Medicine 1991;324:78-84.
, 百拇医药
14.Marion J,et al.Nutrition principles for the management of diabetes and related complications.Diabetes Care 1994;17:492.
15.顾景范、邵继智:临床营养学 上海:上海科学技术出版社,1990,552.
16.Maurice E,James A,et al.Modern Nutrition in health and disease 1994;2:1112-16.
17.毕增祺:慢性肾功能衰竭非透析治疗的现状和展望,医学进展 1997;2:6
18.Michael T.Pedrini,et al. The effect of dietary protein Restriction on the Progression of Diabetic and Nondiabetic Renal Diseases :A Meta-analysis. Ann of Internal Medicine 1996;627-32,April, http://www.100md.com(陈伟)