β2—微球蛋白与透析相关性淀粉样变性(2)
三、Aβ2 m的临床表现
Aβ2 m对关节组织有较高的亲合力,首先沉积在软骨表面,逐渐累及滑膜、关节及肌腱。病变部位最初无细胞成分及骨质损害,也缺乏临床症状及放射学征象,早期诊断主要依靠病理学检查。当Aβ2 m部位有巨噬细胞聚集时,可引起关节炎及骨囊肿形成[14]。此时常见临床表现为腕管综合征,以及与骨囊肿相关的慢性关节炎;随着透析时间的延长及病变的发展,疼痛逐渐加重,并出现活动受限。关节受累常是对称性的,主要是大关节。Aβ2 m脊柱关节炎损害表现为锥间隙狭窄,锥板囊肿形成而无明显骨质增生。病变发生在硬脊膜外及颈椎时可引起四肢感觉、运动异常和枕部神经痛。骨囊肿形成所致的病理性骨折多发生在股骨颈,其他可见于舟状骨及第一、第二颈椎关节部位。
内脏器官淀粉样物质沉积一般发生在透析10年以上的病人,多数病变较轻,比关节要晚数年出现,主有病变部位在血管壁,往往缺乏明显的临床表现,偶见有肺动脉高压引起的心衰、胃肠道出血、肠穿孔、梗塞或慢性腹泻,巨舌及舌结节等[15]。
, 百拇医药
四、Aβ2 m的危险因素
长期β2 m的积累是Aβ2 m形成的必要因素,但目前并没有确定的浓度阈值和实践阈值。尿毒症病人血中β2 m水平受多种因素的影响,而这些因素对Aβ2 m的发生都有作用。
Aβ2 m在行血液透析(HD)、连续不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)及血液滤过的病人中均可发生,但主要见于长期血透的患者,且透析的时间越长发病率越高。CAPD中的发生率明显低于HD[16]。研究表明,开始透析的年龄也是Aβ2 m的一个独立危险因素,年龄越小发病率越高。透析膜对Aβ2 m的形成有一定影响,行CAPD或用高通量生物相容性较好的透析膜的患者,血清β2 m浓度比用铜仿膜者低30%,并能够延缓Aβ2 m的形成[17]。β2 m正常在肾脏分解,残余肾功能对血清β2 m的水平有直接影响。代谢性酸中毒能够刺激β2 m产生,对Aβ2 m的形成有促进作用[18]。
五、Aβ2 m的预防与治疗
, 百拇医药
针对Aβ2 m形成的有关危险因素采取措施,对减轻和缓解Aβ2 m的形成可能有一定作用。如预防和积极治疗各种感染(尤其是病毒感染),纠正代谢性酸中毒,使用生物相容性好的透析膜等。同其他尿毒症的中分子毒素一样,β2 m的透析清除量与透析时间呈正相关,延长透析时间可清除更多β2 m[19]。
Aβ2 m引起的关节疼痛多选用乙酰氨基酚(paracefanmol)/左旋丙氧吩(dextropropoxyphene),非甾体类抗炎药易致胃肠道出血,不宜使用。上述治疗无效者可用低剂量强地松(0.1mg/kg.d)[20]。腕管综合征能引起严重的不可逆性神经肌肉损害,应尽早行外科治疗。在等候移植的病人中应优先选择有Aβ2 m患者行肾移植,成功的肾移植可迅速改善其关节表现,阻滞Aβ2 m的进展,从根本上解除Aβ2 m形成的原因[21、22]。
参考文献
1、 Cunningham BA,Berggard I:Structure, evolution and signify-cance of β2 -microglobulin.Transplant Rev 21:3-14,1974.
, 百拇医药
2、 Harris HW,Gill TJ III:Expression of class I transplantion antigens. Transplantation 42:109-117,1986.
3、 Poulik MD, Blood AD: β2 -microglobulin production and secretion by lymphocytes in culture. J Immunol 110:1433, 1973.
4、 Karlsson FA,Groth T,Sege K, Wibell L,Petrson PA: Turnover in humans of β2-microlglobulin:The constant chain of HLA-antigens.Eur J.Clin Invest 10:293-300,1980.
5、 Schuster J.Gold P, Poulik MD: β2 -microglobulin levels in cancerous and other disease states. Clin Chem Acta 67:307-313,1976.
, 百拇医药
6、 Shea PH,Maher JF, Horak E: Prediction of glomerular filtration rate by serum creatinine and β2 -microglobulin. Nephron 29:30-35,1981.
7、 Eddy AA,McCullock L,Liu E, Adams J:A relationship between proteinuria and acute tubulointerstitial disease in rats with experimental nephritic syndrome. Am J Pathol 138:1-1123,1991.
8、 Athanasou NA: Description, localizaton, and progression ofβ2 -microglobulin dilysis-related amyloid deposition. In: Dial-ysis Amyloid, edited by van Ypersele C, Drueke TB, Oxford University Press, 1996,pp 173-191.
, 百拇医药
9、 Miyata T, Oda O, Inagi R, Idia Y, Araki N, Yamada N, Horiuchis, Taniguchi N, Maeda K, Kinoshita T: β2 -Microglobulin modified with advanced glycation end products is a major component of hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis. J Clin Invest 92: 1243-1252, 1993.
10、 Friedlander MA, Witko-Sarsat V, Nguyen AT, Wu CY, Labrunie M, Verger C, Jungers P, Descamps-Latscha B: The advanced glycation end product pentosidine and monocyte activation in uremia.Clin Nephrol 45:379-382,1994.
, http://www.100md.com
11、 Witko-Sarsat V, Friedlander M, Capelleire-Blandin C, Nguyen Khoa T, Nguyen AT, Zingraff J, Jungers P, descamps-Latscha B: Advanced oxidation protein products as a novel marker of oxidative stress in uremia. Kidney Int 49: 1304-1313,1996
12、 Makita Z, Radoff S, Rayfield EJ, Yang Z, Skolnik , Delaney V, Friedman EA: Advanced glycosylation end products in patients with diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 325:863-842,1991
13、 Miyata T, Sprague SM:advanced glycation of β2 -microglobulin in the pathogenesis of bone lesions in dialysis associated amy-loidosis. Nephrol Dial Transoplant 11[Suppl 3]:86-90,1996
, 百拇医药
14、 Argiles A, Mourad G, Kerr PG, Garcia M, Collins B, Demaille JG:Cells surrounding haemodialysis-associatd amyloid deposits are mainly macrophags. Nephro Dial Transplant 9:662-667,1994.
15、 Matsuo K, Nakamoto M, Yasunaga C, Goya T, Sugimachi K:Dialysis-related amyloidosis of the tongue in long-term hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 52:832-838,1997
16、 Rebayd H, Fournier A, Moriniere PH: Erosive osteoarthropathy associated withβ2-microglobulin amylidosis in a uraemic patient treated exclusively by ong-term haemofiltration with biocompatible membranes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 3:820-822,1988
, 百拇医药
17、 Kuchle D,Fricke H, Held E, Schiffl H: High-flux hemodialysis postpones clinical manifestation of dialysis-retated amyloidosis. Am J Nephrol 16:484-488,1996
18、 Sonikian M, Gogusev J, Zingraff J, Loric S, quednau B, Bessou G, Siffert W, Drueke TB, Reusch HP, Luft FC: Potential effect of metabolic acidosis on β2 -microglobulin generation :In vivo and in vitro studies. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:350-356,1996
19、 Skroeder NR,Jacobson SH,Homquis p,Kjellstrand CM:β2 -Microglobulin generation and removal in slow and short fast hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 21:519-526
, http://www.100md.com
20、 Bardin T:Arthropathy and carpal tunnel syndrome of β2 -microgolbulin amyloidosis. In: Dialysis Amyloid, edited by van Ypersele C,Drueke TB, Oxford University Press, 1996,PP71-79
21、 Jadoul M, Malghem J, Pirson Y, Maldague B, ven Ypersele de strihou C: Effect of renal transplantation of the radilolgical sings of dialysis amyloid osteoarthropathy. Clin Nephrol 32: 194-197,1989
22、 Tan SY, Irish A,Winearls CG,Brown EA, Gower PE, Clutter-buck EJ, Madhoo S, Lavender JP, Pepys MB, Hawkins PN: long term effect of renal transplantation of dialysis-related amyloid deposits and symptomatology. Kidney Int 50:282-289,1995, 百拇医药(王世相)
Aβ2 m对关节组织有较高的亲合力,首先沉积在软骨表面,逐渐累及滑膜、关节及肌腱。病变部位最初无细胞成分及骨质损害,也缺乏临床症状及放射学征象,早期诊断主要依靠病理学检查。当Aβ2 m部位有巨噬细胞聚集时,可引起关节炎及骨囊肿形成[14]。此时常见临床表现为腕管综合征,以及与骨囊肿相关的慢性关节炎;随着透析时间的延长及病变的发展,疼痛逐渐加重,并出现活动受限。关节受累常是对称性的,主要是大关节。Aβ2 m脊柱关节炎损害表现为锥间隙狭窄,锥板囊肿形成而无明显骨质增生。病变发生在硬脊膜外及颈椎时可引起四肢感觉、运动异常和枕部神经痛。骨囊肿形成所致的病理性骨折多发生在股骨颈,其他可见于舟状骨及第一、第二颈椎关节部位。
内脏器官淀粉样物质沉积一般发生在透析10年以上的病人,多数病变较轻,比关节要晚数年出现,主有病变部位在血管壁,往往缺乏明显的临床表现,偶见有肺动脉高压引起的心衰、胃肠道出血、肠穿孔、梗塞或慢性腹泻,巨舌及舌结节等[15]。
, 百拇医药
四、Aβ2 m的危险因素
长期β2 m的积累是Aβ2 m形成的必要因素,但目前并没有确定的浓度阈值和实践阈值。尿毒症病人血中β2 m水平受多种因素的影响,而这些因素对Aβ2 m的发生都有作用。
Aβ2 m在行血液透析(HD)、连续不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)及血液滤过的病人中均可发生,但主要见于长期血透的患者,且透析的时间越长发病率越高。CAPD中的发生率明显低于HD[16]。研究表明,开始透析的年龄也是Aβ2 m的一个独立危险因素,年龄越小发病率越高。透析膜对Aβ2 m的形成有一定影响,行CAPD或用高通量生物相容性较好的透析膜的患者,血清β2 m浓度比用铜仿膜者低30%,并能够延缓Aβ2 m的形成[17]。β2 m正常在肾脏分解,残余肾功能对血清β2 m的水平有直接影响。代谢性酸中毒能够刺激β2 m产生,对Aβ2 m的形成有促进作用[18]。
五、Aβ2 m的预防与治疗
, 百拇医药
针对Aβ2 m形成的有关危险因素采取措施,对减轻和缓解Aβ2 m的形成可能有一定作用。如预防和积极治疗各种感染(尤其是病毒感染),纠正代谢性酸中毒,使用生物相容性好的透析膜等。同其他尿毒症的中分子毒素一样,β2 m的透析清除量与透析时间呈正相关,延长透析时间可清除更多β2 m[19]。
Aβ2 m引起的关节疼痛多选用乙酰氨基酚(paracefanmol)/左旋丙氧吩(dextropropoxyphene),非甾体类抗炎药易致胃肠道出血,不宜使用。上述治疗无效者可用低剂量强地松(0.1mg/kg.d)[20]。腕管综合征能引起严重的不可逆性神经肌肉损害,应尽早行外科治疗。在等候移植的病人中应优先选择有Aβ2 m患者行肾移植,成功的肾移植可迅速改善其关节表现,阻滞Aβ2 m的进展,从根本上解除Aβ2 m形成的原因[21、22]。
参考文献
1、 Cunningham BA,Berggard I:Structure, evolution and signify-cance of β2 -microglobulin.Transplant Rev 21:3-14,1974.
, 百拇医药
2、 Harris HW,Gill TJ III:Expression of class I transplantion antigens. Transplantation 42:109-117,1986.
3、 Poulik MD, Blood AD: β2 -microglobulin production and secretion by lymphocytes in culture. J Immunol 110:1433, 1973.
4、 Karlsson FA,Groth T,Sege K, Wibell L,Petrson PA: Turnover in humans of β2-microlglobulin:The constant chain of HLA-antigens.Eur J.Clin Invest 10:293-300,1980.
5、 Schuster J.Gold P, Poulik MD: β2 -microglobulin levels in cancerous and other disease states. Clin Chem Acta 67:307-313,1976.
, 百拇医药
6、 Shea PH,Maher JF, Horak E: Prediction of glomerular filtration rate by serum creatinine and β2 -microglobulin. Nephron 29:30-35,1981.
7、 Eddy AA,McCullock L,Liu E, Adams J:A relationship between proteinuria and acute tubulointerstitial disease in rats with experimental nephritic syndrome. Am J Pathol 138:1-1123,1991.
8、 Athanasou NA: Description, localizaton, and progression ofβ2 -microglobulin dilysis-related amyloid deposition. In: Dial-ysis Amyloid, edited by van Ypersele C, Drueke TB, Oxford University Press, 1996,pp 173-191.
, 百拇医药
9、 Miyata T, Oda O, Inagi R, Idia Y, Araki N, Yamada N, Horiuchis, Taniguchi N, Maeda K, Kinoshita T: β2 -Microglobulin modified with advanced glycation end products is a major component of hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis. J Clin Invest 92: 1243-1252, 1993.
10、 Friedlander MA, Witko-Sarsat V, Nguyen AT, Wu CY, Labrunie M, Verger C, Jungers P, Descamps-Latscha B: The advanced glycation end product pentosidine and monocyte activation in uremia.Clin Nephrol 45:379-382,1994.
, http://www.100md.com
11、 Witko-Sarsat V, Friedlander M, Capelleire-Blandin C, Nguyen Khoa T, Nguyen AT, Zingraff J, Jungers P, descamps-Latscha B: Advanced oxidation protein products as a novel marker of oxidative stress in uremia. Kidney Int 49: 1304-1313,1996
12、 Makita Z, Radoff S, Rayfield EJ, Yang Z, Skolnik , Delaney V, Friedman EA: Advanced glycosylation end products in patients with diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 325:863-842,1991
13、 Miyata T, Sprague SM:advanced glycation of β2 -microglobulin in the pathogenesis of bone lesions in dialysis associated amy-loidosis. Nephrol Dial Transoplant 11[Suppl 3]:86-90,1996
, 百拇医药
14、 Argiles A, Mourad G, Kerr PG, Garcia M, Collins B, Demaille JG:Cells surrounding haemodialysis-associatd amyloid deposits are mainly macrophags. Nephro Dial Transplant 9:662-667,1994.
15、 Matsuo K, Nakamoto M, Yasunaga C, Goya T, Sugimachi K:Dialysis-related amyloidosis of the tongue in long-term hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 52:832-838,1997
16、 Rebayd H, Fournier A, Moriniere PH: Erosive osteoarthropathy associated withβ2-microglobulin amylidosis in a uraemic patient treated exclusively by ong-term haemofiltration with biocompatible membranes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 3:820-822,1988
, 百拇医药
17、 Kuchle D,Fricke H, Held E, Schiffl H: High-flux hemodialysis postpones clinical manifestation of dialysis-retated amyloidosis. Am J Nephrol 16:484-488,1996
18、 Sonikian M, Gogusev J, Zingraff J, Loric S, quednau B, Bessou G, Siffert W, Drueke TB, Reusch HP, Luft FC: Potential effect of metabolic acidosis on β2 -microglobulin generation :In vivo and in vitro studies. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:350-356,1996
19、 Skroeder NR,Jacobson SH,Homquis p,Kjellstrand CM:β2 -Microglobulin generation and removal in slow and short fast hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 21:519-526
, http://www.100md.com
20、 Bardin T:Arthropathy and carpal tunnel syndrome of β2 -microgolbulin amyloidosis. In: Dialysis Amyloid, edited by van Ypersele C,Drueke TB, Oxford University Press, 1996,PP71-79
21、 Jadoul M, Malghem J, Pirson Y, Maldague B, ven Ypersele de strihou C: Effect of renal transplantation of the radilolgical sings of dialysis amyloid osteoarthropathy. Clin Nephrol 32: 194-197,1989
22、 Tan SY, Irish A,Winearls CG,Brown EA, Gower PE, Clutter-buck EJ, Madhoo S, Lavender JP, Pepys MB, Hawkins PN: long term effect of renal transplantation of dialysis-related amyloid deposits and symptomatology. Kidney Int 50:282-289,1995, 百拇医药(王世相)