如何撰写论文摘要
中国人民解放军第四军医大学621楼12室 陕西省西安市 710033
项目负责人:潘伯荣
Tel.0086-29-3224890
Email. panbr@pub.xaonline.com
收稿日期 1992-01-08 修回日期 1992-02-08
主题词 写作;论文;摘要编写
Subject headings writing; articles; abstracting
潘伯荣.如何撰写论文摘要.新消化病学杂志,1993;1(2):124-125
, http://www.100md.com
本刊投稿须知中已指出,研究原著应附250字左右的摘要,置于文题和作者的下方. 具有先进水平并对外交流的研究原著,应同时附英文摘要,置于中文摘要之前. 现将摘要的写作要求介绍如下.
1 意义要求
摘要是不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文. GB7713-87指出,论文一般均应有摘要,为了国际交流,还应有外文(多用英文)摘要. 摘要应具有独立性和自含性,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息. 摘要中有数据、有结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,可以引用. 摘要的内容应包含论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文,也可供文摘等二次文献(文摘性期刊、计算机文献库)采用. 摘要一般应说明研究工作的目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等,而重点是结果和结论. 摘要中通常不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语. 摘要中一般勿引用参考文献,避免使用缩略词语,但公用的缩略语如DNA,HBsAg,ELISA,RIA,CEA等可直接使用.
, http://www.100md.com
2 通用格式
目前,生物医学期刊论著都采用IMRAD格式,即:引言(此二字有些期刊省略)、材料和方法、结果、讨论四部分,摘要的写作尚无统一格式. 国际医学期刊编辑委员会提出“结构式摘要”.著名的新英格兰医学杂志已采用四层次式摘要,我国GB6447-86中A.1.1也提出了以目的、方法、结果、结论,即AMRAC格式. 为此,本刊也采用四层次结构式摘要. 现将A.1.1中的例2列举如下,供作者参照.
例1
吸烟对室内空气环境的污染
目的 调查了城市住宅内的一家地下室饮料厅和三家地下室旅社.
方法 空气中一氧化碳浓度测定采用汞置换法,烟气总颗粒物质(TPM)浓度测定采用重量差值法;NOx浓度测定采用盐酸苯乙二胺比色法,空气致突变性试验,采用Ames试验(TA98)标准平皿掺入法.
, http://www.100md.com
结果 地下室饮料厅CO浓度最高为13.23ppm,全营业时间平均浓度为7.69ppm±2.59ppm,超标7.8倍. NOx实测浓度均未超过国家大气一次最高容许浓度. 但烟气TPM一次最高值达2.41mg/m3,全营业时间平均值为1.51mg/m3±0.59mg/m3,一次最高浓度超标4倍,平均浓度超标9倍. 地下室旅社所有房间的空气CO浓度全部超标,最高达13.55ppm,平均达7.44ppm. 室内模拟试验表明:密闭的6.2m3室内燃吸烟卷20支,采集400L空气量的烟气TPM样品,即足以使TA98菌株产生明显回复突变,其致突变强度和烟量呈相关关系,说明吸烟对空气污染严重.
结论 通过分析指出,人们长期居留在被动吸烟环境中,会产生潜在的远期危害. (注:ppm为非许用单位).
, 百拇医药 3 注意事项
3.1 客观 如实地反映一次文献,切不可加入主观见解、解释或评论. 要着重反映新发现、新成果及有关的数据.
3.2 语法 保持上下文的逻辑关系,尽量同全文的文体保持一致. 结构要严谨,表达要简明,语义要确切. 分为四段,也可视情况而改为三段.为节省版面. 可连排.
3.3 术语 采用规范化的名词如:地名、机构名、病名、药名、人名等.
3.4 单位 采用国家颁布的法定计量单位,正确使用简化汉字及标点符号.
4 英文摘要
总的要求如上所述,应包括文题、作者及单位、摘要和主题词. 作者应全列出,采用汉语拼音,如PAN Bo-Rong(数据库中为Pan BR). 与中文摘要基本一致为宜. 摘要的四项层次为Aim, Methods, Results, Conclusion. 摘要本身的写作应注意下列几点.
, http://www.100md.com
4.1 正确 英语的拼写、用词及语法应正确无误,注意标点符号、大小写及正确移行. 成文后务必细心复查,要求隔行打字,投稿时独占一页. 文题首词之首字母大写,其余除专有名词等以外,全小写.
4.2 意真 要求文句所表达的意思要真切,不可含糊不清,模棱两可. 用词要严谨,避免不公知不规范的缩略语而造成误解,如CC是主诉(chief complaint),临床讨论会(clinical confcrence)、普通感冒(common cold),还是绒癌(choriocarcinoma).
4.3 简洁 英文摘要通常以1000个印刷符号为宜,尽量用短句、短词、公用缩略语、简明易读,例如: a majority of可用most代替,at the present moment可用now代替,acquired immune deficiency syndrome可用AIDS代替等.
例2
, http://www.100md.com
Effects of ethnicity on H. pylori antibiotic sensitivity and disease associationsDavies GR, Banatvala N, Rampton DS GI Science Unit, London Hospital Medical College, London E1 2AJ.
AIM One third of patients referred for routine upper GI endoscopy in our unit were born in Bangladesh. We compared the prevalence of H.pylori antral infection, the diseaseassociations of H.pylori infected cases, and metronidazole resistance patterns between Bsngladeshi born and indigenous caucasian populations.
, http://www.100md.com
METHODS Unselected out patients (n=29) referred for gastroscopy were studied for H.pylori prevalence using commercial urease test and standard culture technique. Gastric and duodenal damage was graded macroscopically (modified Lanza scale) and microscopically (H and E). A separate group (n=49) was assessed for metronidazole resistance. None had recently received bismuth, omeprazole, metronidazole, or any other antibioties. Metronidazoleresistant isolates were defined as those having MICs of ≥8mg/L,corresponding to a zone≤10mm in diffusion tests using 5μg metronidazole dises.
, 百拇医药
RESULTS 43% (79/229) patients were born in Banglandesh (Bg)(mean age (range) 43yrs (16-69)); of these 68% were H.pylori (Hp) positive,compared with 46% (P =0.003, chi squared test) in Caucasians (Ca)(54yrs(15-85). The prevalence of Hp was higher in Bangladeshi patients in each age cohort: 0-30 yrs, Bg 88%, Cau 23%; 31-50 yrs Bg 89%, Cau 40%; 51-70yrs, Bg 68%,Ca 50%, (each P>0.05). Within each cohort, however, the prevalence of DUdisease in Hp positive cases was no different, 0-30yrs, Bg 26%, Ca 17%; (each P<0.5). Similarly there were no significant differences in the Lanza macroscopic scores or the microscopic gradings between Hp positive Bangladeshi an
, http://www.100md.com
d Caucasian patients. Metronidazoleresistant orgaisms were present in 95% (21/22) Bangladeshis compared with 40%(11/27) Caucasians(P<0.01,Fisher's exact test).
CONCLUSION In our catchment area, the prevalence of H.pylori infection and metronidazole resistance is higher in the Bangladeshi ethnic minority than in referrals from indigenous, UKborn, Caucasian population. The spectrum of disease associated with H.pylori infection, however, does not differ between ethnic groups. Knowledge of antibiotic resistance patterns in ethnic groups should be used to develop treatment appropriate to the local community. Gut,1993;34(1 Suppl):S37(T 143)
, 百拇医药
参考文献1 GB6447-86文摘编写规则.编辑学报,1991;3(增刊):122-124
2 GB7713-87科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式. 编辑学报,1991;3(增刊):130-138
3 潘伯荣,蔺崇甲,郭凌等.实用医学论文写作手册.西安:天则出版社,1990;16:74-93
4 潘伯荣. 中国人名汉语拼音字母拼写法应标准化. 上海科技翻译,1991(1):32-33
5 苏慧慈,潘伯荣. 医学论文英文摘要写作浅谈. 编辑学报,1989;1(4):227-230
6 潘伯荣. 英语科技论文摘要行文要精练. 编辑科技,1992;4(2):15-18
7 于少勇,潘伯荣. 科技论文的英文摘要应注意修辞.编辑科技,1992;4(2):13-14
8 张小林,赵小坚.学报论文英文摘要常见错误浅析. 编辑科技,1992;4(2):14-16, 百拇医药
项目负责人:潘伯荣
Tel.0086-29-3224890
Email. panbr@pub.xaonline.com
收稿日期 1992-01-08 修回日期 1992-02-08
主题词 写作;论文;摘要编写
Subject headings writing; articles; abstracting
潘伯荣.如何撰写论文摘要.新消化病学杂志,1993;1(2):124-125
, http://www.100md.com
本刊投稿须知中已指出,研究原著应附250字左右的摘要,置于文题和作者的下方. 具有先进水平并对外交流的研究原著,应同时附英文摘要,置于中文摘要之前. 现将摘要的写作要求介绍如下.
1 意义要求
摘要是不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文. GB7713-87指出,论文一般均应有摘要,为了国际交流,还应有外文(多用英文)摘要. 摘要应具有独立性和自含性,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息. 摘要中有数据、有结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,可以引用. 摘要的内容应包含论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文,也可供文摘等二次文献(文摘性期刊、计算机文献库)采用. 摘要一般应说明研究工作的目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等,而重点是结果和结论. 摘要中通常不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语. 摘要中一般勿引用参考文献,避免使用缩略词语,但公用的缩略语如DNA,HBsAg,ELISA,RIA,CEA等可直接使用.
, http://www.100md.com
2 通用格式
目前,生物医学期刊论著都采用IMRAD格式,即:引言(此二字有些期刊省略)、材料和方法、结果、讨论四部分,摘要的写作尚无统一格式. 国际医学期刊编辑委员会提出“结构式摘要”.著名的新英格兰医学杂志已采用四层次式摘要,我国GB6447-86中A.1.1也提出了以目的、方法、结果、结论,即AMRAC格式. 为此,本刊也采用四层次结构式摘要. 现将A.1.1中的例2列举如下,供作者参照.
例1
吸烟对室内空气环境的污染
目的 调查了城市住宅内的一家地下室饮料厅和三家地下室旅社.
方法 空气中一氧化碳浓度测定采用汞置换法,烟气总颗粒物质(TPM)浓度测定采用重量差值法;NOx浓度测定采用盐酸苯乙二胺比色法,空气致突变性试验,采用Ames试验(TA98)标准平皿掺入法.
, http://www.100md.com
结果 地下室饮料厅CO浓度最高为13.23ppm,全营业时间平均浓度为7.69ppm±2.59ppm,超标7.8倍. NOx实测浓度均未超过国家大气一次最高容许浓度. 但烟气TPM一次最高值达2.41mg/m3,全营业时间平均值为1.51mg/m3±0.59mg/m3,一次最高浓度超标4倍,平均浓度超标9倍. 地下室旅社所有房间的空气CO浓度全部超标,最高达13.55ppm,平均达7.44ppm. 室内模拟试验表明:密闭的6.2m3室内燃吸烟卷20支,采集400L空气量的烟气TPM样品,即足以使TA98菌株产生明显回复突变,其致突变强度和烟量呈相关关系,说明吸烟对空气污染严重.
结论 通过分析指出,人们长期居留在被动吸烟环境中,会产生潜在的远期危害. (注:ppm为非许用单位).
, 百拇医药 3 注意事项
3.1 客观 如实地反映一次文献,切不可加入主观见解、解释或评论. 要着重反映新发现、新成果及有关的数据.
3.2 语法 保持上下文的逻辑关系,尽量同全文的文体保持一致. 结构要严谨,表达要简明,语义要确切. 分为四段,也可视情况而改为三段.为节省版面. 可连排.
3.3 术语 采用规范化的名词如:地名、机构名、病名、药名、人名等.
3.4 单位 采用国家颁布的法定计量单位,正确使用简化汉字及标点符号.
4 英文摘要
总的要求如上所述,应包括文题、作者及单位、摘要和主题词. 作者应全列出,采用汉语拼音,如PAN Bo-Rong(数据库中为Pan BR). 与中文摘要基本一致为宜. 摘要的四项层次为Aim, Methods, Results, Conclusion. 摘要本身的写作应注意下列几点.
, http://www.100md.com
4.1 正确 英语的拼写、用词及语法应正确无误,注意标点符号、大小写及正确移行. 成文后务必细心复查,要求隔行打字,投稿时独占一页. 文题首词之首字母大写,其余除专有名词等以外,全小写.
4.2 意真 要求文句所表达的意思要真切,不可含糊不清,模棱两可. 用词要严谨,避免不公知不规范的缩略语而造成误解,如CC是主诉(chief complaint),临床讨论会(clinical confcrence)、普通感冒(common cold),还是绒癌(choriocarcinoma).
4.3 简洁 英文摘要通常以1000个印刷符号为宜,尽量用短句、短词、公用缩略语、简明易读,例如: a majority of可用most代替,at the present moment可用now代替,acquired immune deficiency syndrome可用AIDS代替等.
例2
, http://www.100md.com
Effects of ethnicity on H. pylori antibiotic sensitivity and disease associationsDavies GR, Banatvala N, Rampton DS GI Science Unit, London Hospital Medical College, London E1 2AJ.
AIM One third of patients referred for routine upper GI endoscopy in our unit were born in Bangladesh. We compared the prevalence of H.pylori antral infection, the diseaseassociations of H.pylori infected cases, and metronidazole resistance patterns between Bsngladeshi born and indigenous caucasian populations.
, http://www.100md.com
METHODS Unselected out patients (n=29) referred for gastroscopy were studied for H.pylori prevalence using commercial urease test and standard culture technique. Gastric and duodenal damage was graded macroscopically (modified Lanza scale) and microscopically (H and E). A separate group (n=49) was assessed for metronidazole resistance. None had recently received bismuth, omeprazole, metronidazole, or any other antibioties. Metronidazoleresistant isolates were defined as those having MICs of ≥8mg/L,corresponding to a zone≤10mm in diffusion tests using 5μg metronidazole dises.
, 百拇医药
RESULTS 43% (79/229) patients were born in Banglandesh (Bg)(mean age (range) 43yrs (16-69)); of these 68% were H.pylori (Hp) positive,compared with 46% (P =0.003, chi squared test) in Caucasians (Ca)(54yrs(15-85). The prevalence of Hp was higher in Bangladeshi patients in each age cohort: 0-30 yrs, Bg 88%, Cau 23%; 31-50 yrs Bg 89%, Cau 40%; 51-70yrs, Bg 68%,Ca 50%, (each P>0.05). Within each cohort, however, the prevalence of DUdisease in Hp positive cases was no different, 0-30yrs, Bg 26%, Ca 17%; (each P<0.5). Similarly there were no significant differences in the Lanza macroscopic scores or the microscopic gradings between Hp positive Bangladeshi an
, http://www.100md.com
d Caucasian patients. Metronidazoleresistant orgaisms were present in 95% (21/22) Bangladeshis compared with 40%(11/27) Caucasians(P<0.01,Fisher's exact test).
CONCLUSION In our catchment area, the prevalence of H.pylori infection and metronidazole resistance is higher in the Bangladeshi ethnic minority than in referrals from indigenous, UKborn, Caucasian population. The spectrum of disease associated with H.pylori infection, however, does not differ between ethnic groups. Knowledge of antibiotic resistance patterns in ethnic groups should be used to develop treatment appropriate to the local community. Gut,1993;34(1 Suppl):S37(T 143)
, 百拇医药
参考文献1 GB6447-86文摘编写规则.编辑学报,1991;3(增刊):122-124
2 GB7713-87科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式. 编辑学报,1991;3(增刊):130-138
3 潘伯荣,蔺崇甲,郭凌等.实用医学论文写作手册.西安:天则出版社,1990;16:74-93
4 潘伯荣. 中国人名汉语拼音字母拼写法应标准化. 上海科技翻译,1991(1):32-33
5 苏慧慈,潘伯荣. 医学论文英文摘要写作浅谈. 编辑学报,1989;1(4):227-230
6 潘伯荣. 英语科技论文摘要行文要精练. 编辑科技,1992;4(2):15-18
7 于少勇,潘伯荣. 科技论文的英文摘要应注意修辞.编辑科技,1992;4(2):13-14
8 张小林,赵小坚.学报论文英文摘要常见错误浅析. 编辑科技,1992;4(2):14-16, 百拇医药