Disparity of MCP-1 mRNA and Protein Expressions Between the Carotid Artery and the Aorta in WHHL Rabbits
Abstractf#rh, 百拇医药
Objective— This study was designed to examine why in WHHL rabbits, muscular arteries, such as the carotid artery, are relatively resistant to atherosclerosis compared with the aorta, with a special reference to monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1.f#rh, 百拇医药
Methods and Results— MCP-1 mRNA expression was quantitated by Northern blot analysis, and its protein expression was quantitated by immunostaining and ELISA at the age of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months (n=5 to 6 each). In the aorta, atherosclerotic lesions were progressively developed with aging, and MCP-1 was highly expressed in endothelial cells and infiltrating macrophages. By contrast, in the carotid artery, atherosclerotic lesions and MCP-1 immunoreactivity were not evident throughout the experimental period. Unexpectedly, however, the extent of MCP-1 mRNA expression was comparable between the aorta and the carotid artery throughout the experimental period. Endothelial cells in primary culture from the aorta and the carotid artery expressed the same extent of MCP-1 mRNA on stimulation by oxidized LDL. There was no abnormality in primary structure of MCP-1 cDNA in WHHL.
Conclusions— These results suggest that in WHHL, the atherosclerosis process, including MCP-1 protein expression, may be reduced in the carotid artery (and possibly in other muscular arteries), accounting in part for the regional resistance to atherosclerosis.o9?, 百拇医药
Key Words: atherosclerosis chemokines gene expression monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 WHHLo9?, 百拇医药
Introductiono9?, 百拇医药
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is caused by multiple processes, including infiltration of inflammatory cells, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, increase in extracellular matrix, and thrombus formation.1,2 In early atherosclerotic lesions, accumulation of monocytes/macrophages is noted in the intima.1,2 Macrophages accumulate cholesteryl ester and transform into foam cells. Recruited macrophages to the vessel wall promote progression of atherosclerosis by producing and releasing various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors.1,2
See coverm, http://www.100md.com
Watanabe hereditary hyperlipidemic rabbits (WHHL), an animal model of familial hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, are known to have severe atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta but not in the muscular arteries.3 However, the mechanism for the regional difference in the susceptibility to atherosclerosis in WHHL remains to be elucidated. It is important to elucidate this mechanism to better understand the mechanisms of atherosclerosis in general and to develop a novel therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis in particular.m, http://www.100md.com
Chemokines attract and activate leukocytes and play an important role in inflammatory processes. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 is a member of C-C chemokine family and has a potent chemoattractant activity for monocytes/macrophages.4 MCP-1 specifically binds to CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and fulfills its function.4 Oxidized LDL has been shown to upregulate the expression of MCP-1 in endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro.5 MCP-1 is highly expressed in macrophage-rich areas of atherosclerotic lesions in both experimental animals and humans.6 Recent studies have shown that mice deficient in CCR27 or MCP-18 are resistant to atherosclerosis and that overexpression of mutant MCP-1 suppresses the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-KO mice,9 indicating an important role of MCP-1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Thus, it is conceivable that alteration in MCP-1 expression might be involved as one of the mechanisms for the regional difference in susceptibility to atherosclerosis in WHHL.
In the present study, we thus aimed to elucidate the mechanism for the regional difference in susceptibility to atherosclerosis in WHHL with a special reference to MCP-1.8, 百拇医药
Methods8, 百拇医药
This study was reviewed by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiment at the Kyushu University and was carried out in accordance with the guidelines for Animal Experiment at the Kyushu University and the Law (No. 105) and the Notification (No. 6) of the Japanese Government.8, 百拇医药
Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining8, 百拇医药
WHHL rabbits that had been originally developed at Kobe University were obtained and fed a standard chow diet.3,10,11 They were killed at the age of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months with intravenous heparin (1000 U) followed by an overdose of intravenous sodium pentobarbital (25 mg/kg) (n=5 to 6 each). As a genetic control, Japanese white rabbits (JW) were treated in the same manner. The descending thoracic aorta was divided into 5 sections with an equal length, with a number starting from the most upper portion. Sections 1 and 5 were used for Northern blot analysis, sections 2 and 4 for protein analysis, and section 3 for histological analysis. For mRNA and protein analysis, the aortic sections (sections 1, 2, 4, and 5) were frozen in liquid nitrogen, and for histological analysis, the section 3 was fixed with methacarn solution and embedded in paraffin. The bilateral carotid arteries were prepared in a similar manner, with one side paraffin-embedded for histological analysis and another side frozen for biochemical analysis. Sections were stained with H&E and van Gieson’s elastic stainings, and intimal and medial areas were measured. The extent of atherosclerosis was expressed as the ratio of intimal/medial area. In the same sections, immunostaining was performed with a mouse anti-rabbit macrophage antibody (RAM-11, Dako), a goat anti-rabbit MCP-1 antibody (a generous gift from Drs Mukaida and Matsushima), or nonimmune rabbit IgG (Zymed Laboratory).
Cell Culturef!x, 百拇医药
The descending thoracic aorta and carotid artery were excised from WHHL at the age of 5 months and the adventitial adipose tissue was removed, after which the arteries were gently washed with PBS from one end (n=3). The pieces of the arteries with both ends open were incubated in Dispase solution (1000 U/mL, Sanko Pharmaceuticals) for 30 minutes at 37°C. After being cut open longitudinally, the arterial lumen was gently washed with PBS using a syringe with 23-gauge needle. The harvested cells were then centrifuged at 180g for 10 minutes, and the sedimented endothelial cells were used for primary cell cultures. The sedimented endothelial cells were resuspended in autoclaved RPMI 1640 (Nissui Pharmaceutical Co) supplemented with L-glutamine (0.294 g/L; Gibco), 20% FBS (Microbiological Associates), epidermal growth factor (5 µg/mL, Wako Pure Chemical), hydrocortisone (1 µg/mL, Becton Dickinson Labware), 15 µg/mL endothelial cell growth supplement (Collaborative Research), and 100 µg/mL heparin. An antibiotic cocktail supplement (consisting of 15 µg/mL of gentamycin, 1.5 µg/mL of amphotericin B, 50 µg/mL of ampicilline, and 2 µg/mL of minomycin) was added to the medium for primary culture. At the end of day 2 of culture, the old medium was removed by suction and the culture was replenished with fresh medium containing only gentamycin. The cultures were incubated with 200 µg/mL of minimally oxidized LDL (TBARS 5 to 10 nmol/mg of protein) for 24 hours at 37°C. Then, total RNA was immediately isolated from endothelial cells.
MCP-1 Protein Measurement by ELISA].8ct?', http://www.100md.com
Frozen arteries were homogenized in the extraction buffer (150 mmol/L NaCl, 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl [pH 7.5], 1% deoxycholate, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 10 mmol/L EDTA, and 2 mmol/L PMSF). Then homogenates were sonicated for 5 minutes in ice bath and were centrifuged at 18 000g for 30 minutes at 4°C. Each supernatant was stored at -80°C until ELISA for MCP-1.12 The details of the ELISA assay and the specificity of the antibody to MCP-1 were confirmed previously.12].8ct?', http://www.100md.com
Northern Blot Analysis].8ct?', http://www.100md.com
Expression of MCP-1 mRNA was evaluated by Northern blot analysis. cDNA probes used were a rabbit MCP-1 cDNA (a generous gift from Drs Mukaida and Matsushima) and mouse GAPDH cDNA (American Type Culture Collection). These cDNA probes were labeled with [{alpha} -32P]-dCTP (3000 Ci/mmol, Du Pont-NEN) by the use of random priming kit (Takara Shuzo). Total RNA was isolated from frozen arteries or rabbit aortic endothelial cells using ISOGEN (Nippon Gene). Total RNA (20 µg) was electrophoresed on a 1.2% agarose-formaldehyde gels and transferred onto nylon membrane (Hybond N, Amersham). Membranes were hybridized with radiolabeled cDNA probes mentioned above for 8 hours at 42°C. Then the membranes were washed in 2xSSC, 1% SDS at 55°C and were exposed to Kodak XAR5 film for 8 hours at -80°C with intensifying screens for following autoradiography. Relative amounts of MCP-1 mRNA were normalized against the amount of GAPDH mRNA.
Cloning and Sequencing MCP-1 cDNAs)3, 百拇医药
A pair of primers (forward, 5'-TCCAGCATGAAGGTCTCTG-3'; reverse, 5'-ACCATTAGAATTCATGGAAG-3') were designed for rabbit MCP-1 based on the previous report for cloning of MCP-1 cDNAs by RT-PCR.13 The first strand cDNA was synthesized with total RNAs from the aorta and the carotid artery (<1 µg each) by Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase with oligo (dT) primers according to manufacture’s instruction (Pharmacia Biotech), and then PCR was carried out. The cycling conditions were as follows: 3 minutes at 92°C for the initial denaturation followed by 35 cycles of 1 minute at 92°C, 2 minutes at 55°C, 1 minute and 30 seconds at 72°C, and 7 minutes at 72°C for the final extension. These PCR products were cloned into the pCR2.1 vector according to the manufacturer’s instruction (TA Cloning Kit, Invitrogen), and multiple clones were sequenced with the use of M13 forward and reverse primers.)3, 百拇医药
Statistical Analysis
All results in the text and graphs are presented as mean±SEM. All results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.4;, 百拇医药
Results4;, 百拇医药
Regional Difference in the Extent of Atherosclerosis in WHHL4;, 百拇医药
shows morphological changes in the aorta of WHHL and JW at the age of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months (n=5 to 6 each). In the aorta, no atherosclerotic lesion was noted in JW at all ages, whereas in WHHL, early atherosclerotic lesions were noted as early as 3 months, and the lesion formation was progressively accelerated with aging at 6 and 12 months In contrast, in the carotid artery, there was no atherosclerotic lesion formation in both strains at all ages4;, 百拇医药
fig.ommitted4;, 百拇医药
Representative photomicrographs of the rabbit aorta (H&E staining) (n=5 to 6 each). In the aorta of JW (top), no appreciable atherosclerotic lesions were noted throughout the experimental period, whereas in the aorta of WHHL (bottom), atherosclerotic lesions were progressively developed with aging.
fig.ommitted#*qir, http://www.100md.com
. Quantitative analysis of the extent of atherosclerosis as expressed by the intima to media ratio. With aging, atherosclerotic lesions were progressively developed in the aorta of WHHL but not in the carotid artery of WHHL or JW. *P<0.01 vs all other points; #P<0.05 vs JW aorta of corresponding age.#*qir, http://www.100md.com
Immunostaining for MCP-1#*qir, http://www.100md.com
Immunoreactivity of MCP-1 was noted in endothelial cells and macrophages in early aortic lesions of WHHL but not in the aorta of JW (data not shown). In the advanced atherosclerotic lesions of WHHL aorta, MCP-1 immunoreactivity was also noted in smooth muscle cells, in addition to endothelial cells and macrophages In contrast, in the carotid artery, immunoreactivity of MCP-1 was not evident in either WHHL or JW (data not shown) at all ages (n=5 to 6 each).#*qir, http://www.100md.com
fig.ommitted#*qir, http://www.100md.com
Representative immunostainings for MCP-1 in the aorta (top) and the carotid artery (bottom) of WHHL (n=5 to 6 each). The immunoreactivity of MCP-1 was noted in the aorta, along with the progression of atherosclerosis, whereas in the carotid artery, the MCP-1 immunoreactivity was almost absent throughout the experimental period.
fig.ommittedy#, 百拇医药
Representative immunostainings for macrophages (RAM-11), MCP-1, and smooth muscle cells (-actin) in the aorta of WHHL in early atherosclerotic lesions (3 months, top) and advanced atherosclerotic lesions (6 months, bottom) (n=3 each).y#, 百拇医药
MCP-1 Protein Concentrationsy#, 百拇医药
We quantitatively measured the MCP-1 protein concentrations in the aorta and the carotid artery of WHHL by ELISA. At the age of 1 month, there was no significant difference in the MCP-1 protein concentrations (pg/mg protein) between the aorta and the carotid artery . However, at the age of 6 months, the MCP-1 protein concentrations in the aorta were 10-fold higher than those in the carotid artery . These results of MCP-1 measurement with ELISA corresponded to those of MCP-1 immunoreactivityy#, 百拇医药
fig.ommittedy#, 百拇医药
A, MCP-1 protein concentrations in the aorta and the carotid artery of WHHL measured by ELISA. The MCP-1 concentrations were significantly increased in the aorta of WHHL at the age of 6 months (n=4) compared with the age of 1 month (n=3), whereas those in the carotid artery remained unchanged. The MCP-1 in the WHHL aorta was mainly present in the intima. *P<0.01 vs carotid artery at 6 months or carotid artery and the aorta at 1 month. B, Northern blot analysis for MCP-1 mRNA expression in the aorta and the carotid artery of WHHL (n=3 each). The MCP-1 mRNA expression was normalized by GAPDH mRNA expression. *P<0.01 vs 1 month.
MCP-1 mRNA Expressionj, http://www.100md.com
Northern blot analysis demonstrated that MCP-1 mRNA expression was noted to a comparable extent in the aorta and the carotid artery in WHHL at all ages, whereas no MCP-1 mRNA expression was detected in the aorta or the carotid artery of JW at any age (n=5 to 6 each, data not shown).j, http://www.100md.com
Induction by Oxidized LDL of MCP-1 mRNA in Cultured Endothelial Cellsj, http://www.100md.com
We measured MCP-1 mRNA expression in cultured endothelial cells from the aorta and the carotid artery. The results demonstrated that on stimulation by oxidized LDL, MCP-1 mRNA expression was induced to a comparable extent in cultured endothelial cells from both the aorta and the carotid arteryj, http://www.100md.com
fig.ommittedj, http://www.100md.com
MCP-1 mRNA expression in cultured endothelial cells from the aorta (Ao) and the carotid artery (Carotid) of WHHL on stimulation by minimally oxidized LDL. Representative results of 3 independent experiments are shown. On stimulation by minimally oxidized LDL, MCP-1 mRNA was expressed to a comparable extent in the aorta and the carotid artery.
MCP-1 cDNA Sequencex}uz, 百拇医药
MCP-1 cDNA sequence of the WHHL aorta was examined, including full coding region and part of 5'-UTR sequenced in this study (Figure I, available online at http://atvb.ahajournals.org). MCP-1 cDNA sequence of the WHHL aorta was identical to that of normal rabbits reported in GenBank, indicating that no abnormality is present in the primary structure of MCP-1 cDNA in the aorta of WHHL. Furthermore, there was no difference in the MCP-1 cDNA sequence between the aorta and the carotid artery of WHHL (data not shown).x}uz, 百拇医药
Discussionx}uz, 百拇医药
The novel findings of the present study in WHHL were the following: (1) MCP-1 protein expression was significantly greater in the aorta than in the carotid artery, whereas the extent of theMCP-1 mRNA expression was unexpectedly comparable between the two arteries; (2) endothelial cells from the aorta and the carotid artery expressed a comparable extent of MCP-1 mRNA expression in response to oxidized LDL in vitro; and (3) there was no abnormality in the primary structure of MCP-1 cDNA in both the aorta and the carotid artery of WHHL. These results suggest that in WHHL, the cascade of atherosclerosis process, including MCP-1 protein expression, may be suppressed in the carotid artery, accounting in part for the regional resistance to atherosclerosis.
Regional Difference in the Extent of Atherosclerosis in WHHL*sd(, http://www.100md.com
In the present study, we first confirmed the previous report that there was a marked regional difference in the extent of atherosclerotic lesions between the aorta and the carotid artery in WHHL.3 Indeed, accelerated atherosclerotic lesions were developed in the aorta, whereas no or minimal lesions were noted in the carotid artery in WHHL. The aortic atherosclerotic lesions were rich in lipid-laden macrophages and contained smooth muscle cells, especially during the age of 3 to 6 months.*sd(, http://www.100md.com
The distribution of the lesion-prone and lesion-resistant vascular regions may be related to site-specific hemodynamic effects,14 differences in arterial cholesterol metabolism,15,16 and possibly local differences in structure or function of endothelial cells.17 Progression of atherosclerosis is accelerated by accumulated macrophages.1,2 Thus, chemotaxis that attracts monocytes/macrophages may be an important process for the formation of atherosclerotic lesions.
Role of MCP-1 in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosisj$ns}, 百拇医药
MCP-1 is synthesized and secreted by several cells present in the vessel wall on various stimuli. MCP-1 has a powerful chemotactic effect on monocytes and has been suggested to play an important modulatory role for monocyte-endothelial interactions under flow conditions in vitro.18 Expression of MCP-1 mRNA and the presence of MCP-1 protein in endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells have been shown by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in aortic atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits and humans.19–21 Fruebis et al22 observed a significant correlation between macrophage infiltration and extent of MCP-1 expression during early atherosclerosis in WHHL. Their finding supports the view that macrophages are an important source of MCP-1. MCP-1 expressed in activated monocytes/macrophages may establish a positive feedback in atherosclerotic lesions for the recruitment of additional monocytes to atherosclerotic lesions.
Reckless et al23 reported that differences in MCP-1 protein expression are associated with differences in monocyte infiltration in lipid lesions of ApoE-deficient mice. Lu et al24 demonstrated that absence of MCP-1 resulted in the impaired monocyte trafficking in several inflammatory models in vivo. MCP-1 mediates its chemotactic effect on monocytes in circulating blood through specific high-affinity receptor CCR2.6 Gosling et al8 have recently reported that the deletion of CCR2 or MCP-1 in atherogenic mice makes the animals resistant to atherosclerosis. We have also recently demonstrated that the inhibition of the MCP-1/CCR2 pathway by either in vivo gene transfer with overexpression of mutant MCP-19 or long-term treatment with propagermanium, which we found is a specific inhibitor of CCR2 signaling,25 effectively suppresses the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice and WHHL, respectively. These findings suggest that MCP-1 plays an important role in both the initiation and the development of atherosclerosis.
Regional Difference in the MCP-1 Protein Expression in WHHLcv|d[9@, 百拇医药
The present study demonstrated that in WHHL, MCP-1 immunoreactivity was highly detected in endothelial cells, infiltrating macrophages and smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta but not in the carotid artery. The MCP-1 protein concentrations measured by ELISA in the WHHL aorta were significantly higher than those in the carotid artery, a consistent finding with that by immunostaining for MCP-1.cv|d[9@, 百拇医药
Oxidized LDL may directly injure endothelial cells and thus play an important role in the initiation of adherence and migration of monocytes into subendothelial space. It is known that minimally modified LDL induces MCP-1 in cultured endothelial cells.26 We examined whether our in vivo finding is also noted in vitro in cultured endothelial cells in response to oxidized LDL. The results indicated that this is the case.cv|d[9@, 百拇医药
It is possible that in the early stage of atheroma formation, MCP-1 elaborated by the cells in the vascular wall may be important for the monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the intima. Monocyte-derived macrophages and smooth muscle cells are capable to express MCP-1 mRNA.27,28 Increased MCP-1 expression in the WHHL aorta with aging may be attributable to macrophage infiltration in the intima. MCP-1 exerts its chemotactic effects on monocytes in circulating blood through specific cell-surface receptors. Thus, it is not possible to know whether the increased MCP-1 protein expression in the aorta of WHHL is the cause of the regional difference in atherosclerosis or simply the result of the process. Nonetheless, our finding on the regional difference in MCP-1 mRNA and protein expressions between the aorta and the carotid artery of WHHL may be important to warrant a caution when examining atherogenic genes using microarray methods.
Possible Mechanism for the Regional Difference in the MCP-1 Protein Expression(, http://www.100md.com
We hypothesized two possible mechanisms that may account for the regional difference in the MCP-1 protein expression between the aorta and the carotid artery: first, a different stability of MCP-1 protein in the two arteries attributable to different primary structures, and second, a different enzymatic mechanism in the two arteries affecting the stability of MCP-1 protein. In this study, we cloned and sequenced cDNAs that encode MCP-1 from the WHHL aorta and carotid artery to examine whether there is any difference in the primary structure of MCP-1 that affects the stability of MCP-1 protein. However, the result of MCP-1 cDNA cloning and sequencing demonstrated that the sequences of cDNA from MCP-1 mRNA in the WHHL aorta and the carotid artery were identical, suggesting that the MCP-1 protein expression is reduced in the carotid artery because of reduced protein synthesis, increased degradation, or both. It is conceivable that the protein expressions of other atherogenic molecules such as adhesion molecules are also reduced in the carotid artery of WHHL. Thus, the present results should be interpreted as showing that the altered MCP-1 protein expression in the WHHL carotid artery only reflects one possible aspect of the altered processes for atherosclerosis in this artery.
In additional studies, we tried to elucidate the mechanisms by examining the fate of exogenously applied MCP-1 to the aorta and the carotid artery of WHHL. However, we found that it is technically difficult to demonstrate the degradation process of MCP-1 in vivo. Thus, the mechanisms involved in the regional difference in MCP-1 protein expression remain to be elucidated in a future study.a+[, 百拇医药
Limitations of the Studya+[, 百拇医药
Several limitations can be mentioned for the present study. First, no data were provided regarding MCP-1 expression in cultured endothelial cells because of limited availability of the cells. Second, MCP-1 activity was not examined. Indeed, protein quantity should not be always equated with biological activity. Third, MCP-1 mRNA expression was examined as a whole vascular section but not in more detail by vascular layers (eg, intima versus media). Fourth, from a clinical point of view, examination with coronary arteries would strengthen the clinical relevance of this study. Fifth, although many other atherogenic adhesion molecules and cytokines/chemokines other than MCP-1 also play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and may also be involved in the regional susceptibility to atherosclerosis, the mRNA and protein expressions of those molecules were not examined in the present study. All these points remain to be examined in future studies.
In summary, the present study demonstrates that the reduced MCP-1 protein expression in the carotid artery (and possibly in other muscular arteries) may reflect one aspect of the mechanisms for regional difference in atheroma formation between the aorta and the carotid artery in WHHL. The elucidation of the detailed mechanisms involved may be important to establish a new strategy to treat or prevent atherosclerotic vascular diseases.t, 百拇医药
Acknowledgmentst, 百拇医药
This work was supported in part by the grants from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (10357006, 12032215, 12470158, 12877114, 13307024, 13557068, 13670724) and the Mitsui Life Social Welfare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan. The authors wish to thank Dr Mukaida (Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan) and Dr Matsushima (Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan) for generous gift of their anti-rabbit MCP-1 antibody and a rabbit MCP-1 cDNA.
Received July 12, 2002; accepted December 2, 2002.zz?, 百拇医药
Referenceszz?, 百拇医药
Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 115–126.zz?, 百拇医药
Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002; 105: 1135–1143.zz?, 百拇医药
Shiomi M, Ito T, Tsukada T, Yata T, Ueda M. Cell compositions of coronary and aortic atherosclerotic lesions in WHHL rabbits differ: an immunohistochemical study. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994; 14: 931–937.zz?, 百拇医药
Luster AD. Chemokines: chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338: 436–445.zz?, 百拇医药
Cushing SD, Berliner JA, Valente AJ, Territo MC, Navab M, Parhami F, Gerrity R, Schwartz CJ, Fogelman AM. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein induces monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990; 87: 5134–5138.zz?, 百拇医药
Yla-Herttuala S, Lipton BA, Rosenfeld ME, Sarkioja T, Yoshimura T, Leonard EJ, Witztum JL, Steinberg D. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in macrophage-rich areas of human and rabbit atherosclerotic lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991; 88: 5252–5256.
Dawson TC, Kuziel WA, Osahar TA, Maeda N. Absence of CC chemokine receptor-2 reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis. 1999; 143: 205–211.k@ta/;, http://www.100md.com
Gosling J, Slaymaker S, Gu L, Tseng S, Zlot CH, Young SG, Rollins BJ, Charo IF. MCP-1 deficiency reduces susceptibility to atherosclerosis in mice that overexpress human apolipoprotein B. J Clin Invest. 1999; 103: 773–778.k@ta/;, http://www.100md.com
Ni WH, Egashira K, Kitamoto S, Kataoka C, Koyanagi M, Inoue S, Imaizumi K, Akiyama C, Nishida K, Takeshita A. New anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene therapy inhibits atherosclerosis in ApoE-knockout mice. Circulation. 2001; 103: 2096–2101.k@ta/;, http://www.100md.com
Taguchi H, Faraci FM, Kitazono T, Heistad DD. Relaxation of the carotid artery to hypoxia is impaired in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995; 15: 1641–1645.k@ta/;, http://www.100md.com
Yokoyama M, Akita H, Mizutani T, Fukuzaki H, Watanabe Y. Hyperreactivity of coronary arterial smooth muscles in response to ergonovine from rabbits with hereditary hyperlipidemia. Circ Res. 1983; 53: 63–71.
Matsukawa A, Miyazaki S, Maeda T, Tanase S, Feng L, Ohkawara S, Yoshinaga M, Yoshimura T. Production and regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in lipopolysaccharide- or monosodium urate crystal-induced arthritis in rabbits: roles of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, and interleukin-8. Lab Invest. 1998; 78: 973–985.a6-1vv2, http://www.100md.com
Yoshimura T, Yuhki N. Neutrophil attractant/activation protein-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in rabbit. cDNA cloning and their expression in spleen cells. J Immunol. 1991; 146: 3483–3488.a6-1vv2, http://www.100md.com
Bretherton KN, Day AJ, Skinner SL. Hypertension-accelerated atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 1977; 27: 79–87.a6-1vv2, http://www.100md.com
Schwenke DC, Carew TE. Initiation of atherosclerotic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits, II: selective retention of LDL vs selective increases in LDL permeability in susceptible sites of arteries. Arteriosclerosis. 1989; 9: 908–918.a6-1vv2, http://www.100md.com
Schwenke DC, Carew TE. Quantification in vivo of increased LDL content and rate of LDL degradation in normal rabbit aorta occurring at sites susceptible to early atherosclerotic lesions. Circ Res. 1988; 62: 699–710.
Fujimoto T, Singer SJ. Immunocytochemical studies of endothelial cells in vivo, I: the presence of desmin only, or of desmin plus vimentin, or vimentin only, in the endothelial cells of different capillaries of the adult chicken. J Cell Biol. 1986; 103: 2775–2786.m[q+h+0, 百拇医药
Gerszten RE, Garcia-Zepeda EA, Lim YC, Yoshida M, Ding HA, Gimbrone MA Jr, Luster AD, Luscinskas FW, Rosenzweig A. MCP-1 and IL-8 trigger firm adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelium under flow conditions. Nature. 1999; 398: 718–723.m[q+h+0, 百拇医药
Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20: 1262–1275.m[q+h+0, 百拇医药
Hernandez-Presa MA, Bustos C, Ortego M, Tunon J, Ortega L, Egido J. ACE inhibitor quinapril reduces the arterial expression of NF-{kappa} B-dependent proinflammatory factors but not of collagen I in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol. 1998; 153: 1825–1837.m[q+h+0, 百拇医药
Chen YL, Chang YJ, Jiang MJ. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 gene and protein expression in atherogenesis of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 1999; 143: 115–123.
Fruebis J, Gonzalez V, Silvestre M, Palinski W. Effect of probucol treatment on gene expression of VCAM-1, MCP-1, and M-CSF in the aortic wall of LDL receptor-deficient rabbits during early atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997; 17: 1289–1302.l2fmhu\, http://www.100md.com
Reckless J, Rubin EM, Verstuyft JB, Metcalfe JC, Grainger DJ. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 but not tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} is correlated with monocyte infiltration in mouse lipid lesions. Circulation. 1999; 23: 2310–2316.l2fmhu\, http://www.100md.com
Lu B, Rutledge BJ, Gu L, Fiorillo J, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL, North R, Gerard C, Rollins BJ. Abnormalities in monocyte recruitment and cytokine expression in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-deficient mice. J Exp Med. 1998; 187: 601–608.l2fmhu\, http://www.100md.com
Eto Y, Shimokawa H, Tanaka E, Morishige K, Fuchigami M, Ishiwata Y, Matsushima K, Takeshita A. Long-term treatment with propagermanium suppresses atherosclerosis in WHHL rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. In press.l2fmhu\, http://www.100md.com
Cushing SD, Berliner JA, Valente AJ, Territo MC, Navab M, Parhami F, Gerrity R, Schwartz CJ, Fogelman AM. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein induces monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990; 87: 5134–5138.l2fmhu\, http://www.100md.com
Nelken NA, Coughlin SR, Gordon D, Wilcox JN. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human atheromatous plaques. J Clin Invest. 1991; 88: 1121–1127.l2fmhu\, http://www.100md.com
Yu X, Dluz S, Graves DT, Zhang L, Antoniades HN, Hollander W, Prusty S, Valente AJ, Schwartz CJ, Sonenshein GE. Elevated expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 by vascular smooth muscle cells in hypercholesterolemic primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992; 89: 6953–6957.(Eriko Tanaka Hiroaki Shimokawa Hitoshi Kamiuneten Yasuhiro Eto Yasuharu Matsumoto Kunio Morishige Ge)
Objective— This study was designed to examine why in WHHL rabbits, muscular arteries, such as the carotid artery, are relatively resistant to atherosclerosis compared with the aorta, with a special reference to monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1.f#rh, 百拇医药
Methods and Results— MCP-1 mRNA expression was quantitated by Northern blot analysis, and its protein expression was quantitated by immunostaining and ELISA at the age of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months (n=5 to 6 each). In the aorta, atherosclerotic lesions were progressively developed with aging, and MCP-1 was highly expressed in endothelial cells and infiltrating macrophages. By contrast, in the carotid artery, atherosclerotic lesions and MCP-1 immunoreactivity were not evident throughout the experimental period. Unexpectedly, however, the extent of MCP-1 mRNA expression was comparable between the aorta and the carotid artery throughout the experimental period. Endothelial cells in primary culture from the aorta and the carotid artery expressed the same extent of MCP-1 mRNA on stimulation by oxidized LDL. There was no abnormality in primary structure of MCP-1 cDNA in WHHL.
Conclusions— These results suggest that in WHHL, the atherosclerosis process, including MCP-1 protein expression, may be reduced in the carotid artery (and possibly in other muscular arteries), accounting in part for the regional resistance to atherosclerosis.o9?, 百拇医药
Key Words: atherosclerosis chemokines gene expression monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 WHHLo9?, 百拇医药
Introductiono9?, 百拇医药
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is caused by multiple processes, including infiltration of inflammatory cells, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, increase in extracellular matrix, and thrombus formation.1,2 In early atherosclerotic lesions, accumulation of monocytes/macrophages is noted in the intima.1,2 Macrophages accumulate cholesteryl ester and transform into foam cells. Recruited macrophages to the vessel wall promote progression of atherosclerosis by producing and releasing various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors.1,2
See coverm, http://www.100md.com
Watanabe hereditary hyperlipidemic rabbits (WHHL), an animal model of familial hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, are known to have severe atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta but not in the muscular arteries.3 However, the mechanism for the regional difference in the susceptibility to atherosclerosis in WHHL remains to be elucidated. It is important to elucidate this mechanism to better understand the mechanisms of atherosclerosis in general and to develop a novel therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis in particular.m, http://www.100md.com
Chemokines attract and activate leukocytes and play an important role in inflammatory processes. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 is a member of C-C chemokine family and has a potent chemoattractant activity for monocytes/macrophages.4 MCP-1 specifically binds to CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and fulfills its function.4 Oxidized LDL has been shown to upregulate the expression of MCP-1 in endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro.5 MCP-1 is highly expressed in macrophage-rich areas of atherosclerotic lesions in both experimental animals and humans.6 Recent studies have shown that mice deficient in CCR27 or MCP-18 are resistant to atherosclerosis and that overexpression of mutant MCP-1 suppresses the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-KO mice,9 indicating an important role of MCP-1 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Thus, it is conceivable that alteration in MCP-1 expression might be involved as one of the mechanisms for the regional difference in susceptibility to atherosclerosis in WHHL.
In the present study, we thus aimed to elucidate the mechanism for the regional difference in susceptibility to atherosclerosis in WHHL with a special reference to MCP-1.8, 百拇医药
Methods8, 百拇医药
This study was reviewed by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiment at the Kyushu University and was carried out in accordance with the guidelines for Animal Experiment at the Kyushu University and the Law (No. 105) and the Notification (No. 6) of the Japanese Government.8, 百拇医药
Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining8, 百拇医药
WHHL rabbits that had been originally developed at Kobe University were obtained and fed a standard chow diet.3,10,11 They were killed at the age of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months with intravenous heparin (1000 U) followed by an overdose of intravenous sodium pentobarbital (25 mg/kg) (n=5 to 6 each). As a genetic control, Japanese white rabbits (JW) were treated in the same manner. The descending thoracic aorta was divided into 5 sections with an equal length, with a number starting from the most upper portion. Sections 1 and 5 were used for Northern blot analysis, sections 2 and 4 for protein analysis, and section 3 for histological analysis. For mRNA and protein analysis, the aortic sections (sections 1, 2, 4, and 5) were frozen in liquid nitrogen, and for histological analysis, the section 3 was fixed with methacarn solution and embedded in paraffin. The bilateral carotid arteries were prepared in a similar manner, with one side paraffin-embedded for histological analysis and another side frozen for biochemical analysis. Sections were stained with H&E and van Gieson’s elastic stainings, and intimal and medial areas were measured. The extent of atherosclerosis was expressed as the ratio of intimal/medial area. In the same sections, immunostaining was performed with a mouse anti-rabbit macrophage antibody (RAM-11, Dako), a goat anti-rabbit MCP-1 antibody (a generous gift from Drs Mukaida and Matsushima), or nonimmune rabbit IgG (Zymed Laboratory).
Cell Culturef!x, 百拇医药
The descending thoracic aorta and carotid artery were excised from WHHL at the age of 5 months and the adventitial adipose tissue was removed, after which the arteries were gently washed with PBS from one end (n=3). The pieces of the arteries with both ends open were incubated in Dispase solution (1000 U/mL, Sanko Pharmaceuticals) for 30 minutes at 37°C. After being cut open longitudinally, the arterial lumen was gently washed with PBS using a syringe with 23-gauge needle. The harvested cells were then centrifuged at 180g for 10 minutes, and the sedimented endothelial cells were used for primary cell cultures. The sedimented endothelial cells were resuspended in autoclaved RPMI 1640 (Nissui Pharmaceutical Co) supplemented with L-glutamine (0.294 g/L; Gibco), 20% FBS (Microbiological Associates), epidermal growth factor (5 µg/mL, Wako Pure Chemical), hydrocortisone (1 µg/mL, Becton Dickinson Labware), 15 µg/mL endothelial cell growth supplement (Collaborative Research), and 100 µg/mL heparin. An antibiotic cocktail supplement (consisting of 15 µg/mL of gentamycin, 1.5 µg/mL of amphotericin B, 50 µg/mL of ampicilline, and 2 µg/mL of minomycin) was added to the medium for primary culture. At the end of day 2 of culture, the old medium was removed by suction and the culture was replenished with fresh medium containing only gentamycin. The cultures were incubated with 200 µg/mL of minimally oxidized LDL (TBARS 5 to 10 nmol/mg of protein) for 24 hours at 37°C. Then, total RNA was immediately isolated from endothelial cells.
MCP-1 Protein Measurement by ELISA].8ct?', http://www.100md.com
Frozen arteries were homogenized in the extraction buffer (150 mmol/L NaCl, 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl [pH 7.5], 1% deoxycholate, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 10 mmol/L EDTA, and 2 mmol/L PMSF). Then homogenates were sonicated for 5 minutes in ice bath and were centrifuged at 18 000g for 30 minutes at 4°C. Each supernatant was stored at -80°C until ELISA for MCP-1.12 The details of the ELISA assay and the specificity of the antibody to MCP-1 were confirmed previously.12].8ct?', http://www.100md.com
Northern Blot Analysis].8ct?', http://www.100md.com
Expression of MCP-1 mRNA was evaluated by Northern blot analysis. cDNA probes used were a rabbit MCP-1 cDNA (a generous gift from Drs Mukaida and Matsushima) and mouse GAPDH cDNA (American Type Culture Collection). These cDNA probes were labeled with [{alpha} -32P]-dCTP (3000 Ci/mmol, Du Pont-NEN) by the use of random priming kit (Takara Shuzo). Total RNA was isolated from frozen arteries or rabbit aortic endothelial cells using ISOGEN (Nippon Gene). Total RNA (20 µg) was electrophoresed on a 1.2% agarose-formaldehyde gels and transferred onto nylon membrane (Hybond N, Amersham). Membranes were hybridized with radiolabeled cDNA probes mentioned above for 8 hours at 42°C. Then the membranes were washed in 2xSSC, 1% SDS at 55°C and were exposed to Kodak XAR5 film for 8 hours at -80°C with intensifying screens for following autoradiography. Relative amounts of MCP-1 mRNA were normalized against the amount of GAPDH mRNA.
Cloning and Sequencing MCP-1 cDNAs)3, 百拇医药
A pair of primers (forward, 5'-TCCAGCATGAAGGTCTCTG-3'; reverse, 5'-ACCATTAGAATTCATGGAAG-3') were designed for rabbit MCP-1 based on the previous report for cloning of MCP-1 cDNAs by RT-PCR.13 The first strand cDNA was synthesized with total RNAs from the aorta and the carotid artery (<1 µg each) by Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase with oligo (dT) primers according to manufacture’s instruction (Pharmacia Biotech), and then PCR was carried out. The cycling conditions were as follows: 3 minutes at 92°C for the initial denaturation followed by 35 cycles of 1 minute at 92°C, 2 minutes at 55°C, 1 minute and 30 seconds at 72°C, and 7 minutes at 72°C for the final extension. These PCR products were cloned into the pCR2.1 vector according to the manufacturer’s instruction (TA Cloning Kit, Invitrogen), and multiple clones were sequenced with the use of M13 forward and reverse primers.)3, 百拇医药
Statistical Analysis
All results in the text and graphs are presented as mean±SEM. All results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.4;, 百拇医药
Results4;, 百拇医药
Regional Difference in the Extent of Atherosclerosis in WHHL4;, 百拇医药
shows morphological changes in the aorta of WHHL and JW at the age of 1, 3, 6, and 12 months (n=5 to 6 each). In the aorta, no atherosclerotic lesion was noted in JW at all ages, whereas in WHHL, early atherosclerotic lesions were noted as early as 3 months, and the lesion formation was progressively accelerated with aging at 6 and 12 months In contrast, in the carotid artery, there was no atherosclerotic lesion formation in both strains at all ages4;, 百拇医药
fig.ommitted4;, 百拇医药
Representative photomicrographs of the rabbit aorta (H&E staining) (n=5 to 6 each). In the aorta of JW (top), no appreciable atherosclerotic lesions were noted throughout the experimental period, whereas in the aorta of WHHL (bottom), atherosclerotic lesions were progressively developed with aging.
fig.ommitted#*qir, http://www.100md.com
. Quantitative analysis of the extent of atherosclerosis as expressed by the intima to media ratio. With aging, atherosclerotic lesions were progressively developed in the aorta of WHHL but not in the carotid artery of WHHL or JW. *P<0.01 vs all other points; #P<0.05 vs JW aorta of corresponding age.#*qir, http://www.100md.com
Immunostaining for MCP-1#*qir, http://www.100md.com
Immunoreactivity of MCP-1 was noted in endothelial cells and macrophages in early aortic lesions of WHHL but not in the aorta of JW (data not shown). In the advanced atherosclerotic lesions of WHHL aorta, MCP-1 immunoreactivity was also noted in smooth muscle cells, in addition to endothelial cells and macrophages In contrast, in the carotid artery, immunoreactivity of MCP-1 was not evident in either WHHL or JW (data not shown) at all ages (n=5 to 6 each).#*qir, http://www.100md.com
fig.ommitted#*qir, http://www.100md.com
Representative immunostainings for MCP-1 in the aorta (top) and the carotid artery (bottom) of WHHL (n=5 to 6 each). The immunoreactivity of MCP-1 was noted in the aorta, along with the progression of atherosclerosis, whereas in the carotid artery, the MCP-1 immunoreactivity was almost absent throughout the experimental period.
fig.ommittedy#, 百拇医药
Representative immunostainings for macrophages (RAM-11), MCP-1, and smooth muscle cells (-actin) in the aorta of WHHL in early atherosclerotic lesions (3 months, top) and advanced atherosclerotic lesions (6 months, bottom) (n=3 each).y#, 百拇医药
MCP-1 Protein Concentrationsy#, 百拇医药
We quantitatively measured the MCP-1 protein concentrations in the aorta and the carotid artery of WHHL by ELISA. At the age of 1 month, there was no significant difference in the MCP-1 protein concentrations (pg/mg protein) between the aorta and the carotid artery . However, at the age of 6 months, the MCP-1 protein concentrations in the aorta were 10-fold higher than those in the carotid artery . These results of MCP-1 measurement with ELISA corresponded to those of MCP-1 immunoreactivityy#, 百拇医药
fig.ommittedy#, 百拇医药
A, MCP-1 protein concentrations in the aorta and the carotid artery of WHHL measured by ELISA. The MCP-1 concentrations were significantly increased in the aorta of WHHL at the age of 6 months (n=4) compared with the age of 1 month (n=3), whereas those in the carotid artery remained unchanged. The MCP-1 in the WHHL aorta was mainly present in the intima. *P<0.01 vs carotid artery at 6 months or carotid artery and the aorta at 1 month. B, Northern blot analysis for MCP-1 mRNA expression in the aorta and the carotid artery of WHHL (n=3 each). The MCP-1 mRNA expression was normalized by GAPDH mRNA expression. *P<0.01 vs 1 month.
MCP-1 mRNA Expressionj, http://www.100md.com
Northern blot analysis demonstrated that MCP-1 mRNA expression was noted to a comparable extent in the aorta and the carotid artery in WHHL at all ages, whereas no MCP-1 mRNA expression was detected in the aorta or the carotid artery of JW at any age (n=5 to 6 each, data not shown).j, http://www.100md.com
Induction by Oxidized LDL of MCP-1 mRNA in Cultured Endothelial Cellsj, http://www.100md.com
We measured MCP-1 mRNA expression in cultured endothelial cells from the aorta and the carotid artery. The results demonstrated that on stimulation by oxidized LDL, MCP-1 mRNA expression was induced to a comparable extent in cultured endothelial cells from both the aorta and the carotid arteryj, http://www.100md.com
fig.ommittedj, http://www.100md.com
MCP-1 mRNA expression in cultured endothelial cells from the aorta (Ao) and the carotid artery (Carotid) of WHHL on stimulation by minimally oxidized LDL. Representative results of 3 independent experiments are shown. On stimulation by minimally oxidized LDL, MCP-1 mRNA was expressed to a comparable extent in the aorta and the carotid artery.
MCP-1 cDNA Sequencex}uz, 百拇医药
MCP-1 cDNA sequence of the WHHL aorta was examined, including full coding region and part of 5'-UTR sequenced in this study (Figure I, available online at http://atvb.ahajournals.org). MCP-1 cDNA sequence of the WHHL aorta was identical to that of normal rabbits reported in GenBank, indicating that no abnormality is present in the primary structure of MCP-1 cDNA in the aorta of WHHL. Furthermore, there was no difference in the MCP-1 cDNA sequence between the aorta and the carotid artery of WHHL (data not shown).x}uz, 百拇医药
Discussionx}uz, 百拇医药
The novel findings of the present study in WHHL were the following: (1) MCP-1 protein expression was significantly greater in the aorta than in the carotid artery, whereas the extent of theMCP-1 mRNA expression was unexpectedly comparable between the two arteries; (2) endothelial cells from the aorta and the carotid artery expressed a comparable extent of MCP-1 mRNA expression in response to oxidized LDL in vitro; and (3) there was no abnormality in the primary structure of MCP-1 cDNA in both the aorta and the carotid artery of WHHL. These results suggest that in WHHL, the cascade of atherosclerosis process, including MCP-1 protein expression, may be suppressed in the carotid artery, accounting in part for the regional resistance to atherosclerosis.
Regional Difference in the Extent of Atherosclerosis in WHHL*sd(, http://www.100md.com
In the present study, we first confirmed the previous report that there was a marked regional difference in the extent of atherosclerotic lesions between the aorta and the carotid artery in WHHL.3 Indeed, accelerated atherosclerotic lesions were developed in the aorta, whereas no or minimal lesions were noted in the carotid artery in WHHL. The aortic atherosclerotic lesions were rich in lipid-laden macrophages and contained smooth muscle cells, especially during the age of 3 to 6 months.*sd(, http://www.100md.com
The distribution of the lesion-prone and lesion-resistant vascular regions may be related to site-specific hemodynamic effects,14 differences in arterial cholesterol metabolism,15,16 and possibly local differences in structure or function of endothelial cells.17 Progression of atherosclerosis is accelerated by accumulated macrophages.1,2 Thus, chemotaxis that attracts monocytes/macrophages may be an important process for the formation of atherosclerotic lesions.
Role of MCP-1 in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosisj$ns}, 百拇医药
MCP-1 is synthesized and secreted by several cells present in the vessel wall on various stimuli. MCP-1 has a powerful chemotactic effect on monocytes and has been suggested to play an important modulatory role for monocyte-endothelial interactions under flow conditions in vitro.18 Expression of MCP-1 mRNA and the presence of MCP-1 protein in endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells have been shown by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in aortic atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits and humans.19–21 Fruebis et al22 observed a significant correlation between macrophage infiltration and extent of MCP-1 expression during early atherosclerosis in WHHL. Their finding supports the view that macrophages are an important source of MCP-1. MCP-1 expressed in activated monocytes/macrophages may establish a positive feedback in atherosclerotic lesions for the recruitment of additional monocytes to atherosclerotic lesions.
Reckless et al23 reported that differences in MCP-1 protein expression are associated with differences in monocyte infiltration in lipid lesions of ApoE-deficient mice. Lu et al24 demonstrated that absence of MCP-1 resulted in the impaired monocyte trafficking in several inflammatory models in vivo. MCP-1 mediates its chemotactic effect on monocytes in circulating blood through specific high-affinity receptor CCR2.6 Gosling et al8 have recently reported that the deletion of CCR2 or MCP-1 in atherogenic mice makes the animals resistant to atherosclerosis. We have also recently demonstrated that the inhibition of the MCP-1/CCR2 pathway by either in vivo gene transfer with overexpression of mutant MCP-19 or long-term treatment with propagermanium, which we found is a specific inhibitor of CCR2 signaling,25 effectively suppresses the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice and WHHL, respectively. These findings suggest that MCP-1 plays an important role in both the initiation and the development of atherosclerosis.
Regional Difference in the MCP-1 Protein Expression in WHHLcv|d[9@, 百拇医药
The present study demonstrated that in WHHL, MCP-1 immunoreactivity was highly detected in endothelial cells, infiltrating macrophages and smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta but not in the carotid artery. The MCP-1 protein concentrations measured by ELISA in the WHHL aorta were significantly higher than those in the carotid artery, a consistent finding with that by immunostaining for MCP-1.cv|d[9@, 百拇医药
Oxidized LDL may directly injure endothelial cells and thus play an important role in the initiation of adherence and migration of monocytes into subendothelial space. It is known that minimally modified LDL induces MCP-1 in cultured endothelial cells.26 We examined whether our in vivo finding is also noted in vitro in cultured endothelial cells in response to oxidized LDL. The results indicated that this is the case.cv|d[9@, 百拇医药
It is possible that in the early stage of atheroma formation, MCP-1 elaborated by the cells in the vascular wall may be important for the monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the intima. Monocyte-derived macrophages and smooth muscle cells are capable to express MCP-1 mRNA.27,28 Increased MCP-1 expression in the WHHL aorta with aging may be attributable to macrophage infiltration in the intima. MCP-1 exerts its chemotactic effects on monocytes in circulating blood through specific cell-surface receptors. Thus, it is not possible to know whether the increased MCP-1 protein expression in the aorta of WHHL is the cause of the regional difference in atherosclerosis or simply the result of the process. Nonetheless, our finding on the regional difference in MCP-1 mRNA and protein expressions between the aorta and the carotid artery of WHHL may be important to warrant a caution when examining atherogenic genes using microarray methods.
Possible Mechanism for the Regional Difference in the MCP-1 Protein Expression(, http://www.100md.com
We hypothesized two possible mechanisms that may account for the regional difference in the MCP-1 protein expression between the aorta and the carotid artery: first, a different stability of MCP-1 protein in the two arteries attributable to different primary structures, and second, a different enzymatic mechanism in the two arteries affecting the stability of MCP-1 protein. In this study, we cloned and sequenced cDNAs that encode MCP-1 from the WHHL aorta and carotid artery to examine whether there is any difference in the primary structure of MCP-1 that affects the stability of MCP-1 protein. However, the result of MCP-1 cDNA cloning and sequencing demonstrated that the sequences of cDNA from MCP-1 mRNA in the WHHL aorta and the carotid artery were identical, suggesting that the MCP-1 protein expression is reduced in the carotid artery because of reduced protein synthesis, increased degradation, or both. It is conceivable that the protein expressions of other atherogenic molecules such as adhesion molecules are also reduced in the carotid artery of WHHL. Thus, the present results should be interpreted as showing that the altered MCP-1 protein expression in the WHHL carotid artery only reflects one possible aspect of the altered processes for atherosclerosis in this artery.
In additional studies, we tried to elucidate the mechanisms by examining the fate of exogenously applied MCP-1 to the aorta and the carotid artery of WHHL. However, we found that it is technically difficult to demonstrate the degradation process of MCP-1 in vivo. Thus, the mechanisms involved in the regional difference in MCP-1 protein expression remain to be elucidated in a future study.a+[, 百拇医药
Limitations of the Studya+[, 百拇医药
Several limitations can be mentioned for the present study. First, no data were provided regarding MCP-1 expression in cultured endothelial cells because of limited availability of the cells. Second, MCP-1 activity was not examined. Indeed, protein quantity should not be always equated with biological activity. Third, MCP-1 mRNA expression was examined as a whole vascular section but not in more detail by vascular layers (eg, intima versus media). Fourth, from a clinical point of view, examination with coronary arteries would strengthen the clinical relevance of this study. Fifth, although many other atherogenic adhesion molecules and cytokines/chemokines other than MCP-1 also play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and may also be involved in the regional susceptibility to atherosclerosis, the mRNA and protein expressions of those molecules were not examined in the present study. All these points remain to be examined in future studies.
In summary, the present study demonstrates that the reduced MCP-1 protein expression in the carotid artery (and possibly in other muscular arteries) may reflect one aspect of the mechanisms for regional difference in atheroma formation between the aorta and the carotid artery in WHHL. The elucidation of the detailed mechanisms involved may be important to establish a new strategy to treat or prevent atherosclerotic vascular diseases.t, 百拇医药
Acknowledgmentst, 百拇医药
This work was supported in part by the grants from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan (10357006, 12032215, 12470158, 12877114, 13307024, 13557068, 13670724) and the Mitsui Life Social Welfare Foundation, Tokyo, Japan. The authors wish to thank Dr Mukaida (Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Japan) and Dr Matsushima (Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan) for generous gift of their anti-rabbit MCP-1 antibody and a rabbit MCP-1 cDNA.
Received July 12, 2002; accepted December 2, 2002.zz?, 百拇医药
Referenceszz?, 百拇医药
Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 115–126.zz?, 百拇医药
Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002; 105: 1135–1143.zz?, 百拇医药
Shiomi M, Ito T, Tsukada T, Yata T, Ueda M. Cell compositions of coronary and aortic atherosclerotic lesions in WHHL rabbits differ: an immunohistochemical study. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994; 14: 931–937.zz?, 百拇医药
Luster AD. Chemokines: chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338: 436–445.zz?, 百拇医药
Cushing SD, Berliner JA, Valente AJ, Territo MC, Navab M, Parhami F, Gerrity R, Schwartz CJ, Fogelman AM. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein induces monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990; 87: 5134–5138.zz?, 百拇医药
Yla-Herttuala S, Lipton BA, Rosenfeld ME, Sarkioja T, Yoshimura T, Leonard EJ, Witztum JL, Steinberg D. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in macrophage-rich areas of human and rabbit atherosclerotic lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991; 88: 5252–5256.
Dawson TC, Kuziel WA, Osahar TA, Maeda N. Absence of CC chemokine receptor-2 reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis. 1999; 143: 205–211.k@ta/;, http://www.100md.com
Gosling J, Slaymaker S, Gu L, Tseng S, Zlot CH, Young SG, Rollins BJ, Charo IF. MCP-1 deficiency reduces susceptibility to atherosclerosis in mice that overexpress human apolipoprotein B. J Clin Invest. 1999; 103: 773–778.k@ta/;, http://www.100md.com
Ni WH, Egashira K, Kitamoto S, Kataoka C, Koyanagi M, Inoue S, Imaizumi K, Akiyama C, Nishida K, Takeshita A. New anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene therapy inhibits atherosclerosis in ApoE-knockout mice. Circulation. 2001; 103: 2096–2101.k@ta/;, http://www.100md.com
Taguchi H, Faraci FM, Kitazono T, Heistad DD. Relaxation of the carotid artery to hypoxia is impaired in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995; 15: 1641–1645.k@ta/;, http://www.100md.com
Yokoyama M, Akita H, Mizutani T, Fukuzaki H, Watanabe Y. Hyperreactivity of coronary arterial smooth muscles in response to ergonovine from rabbits with hereditary hyperlipidemia. Circ Res. 1983; 53: 63–71.
Matsukawa A, Miyazaki S, Maeda T, Tanase S, Feng L, Ohkawara S, Yoshinaga M, Yoshimura T. Production and regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in lipopolysaccharide- or monosodium urate crystal-induced arthritis in rabbits: roles of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, and interleukin-8. Lab Invest. 1998; 78: 973–985.a6-1vv2, http://www.100md.com
Yoshimura T, Yuhki N. Neutrophil attractant/activation protein-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in rabbit. cDNA cloning and their expression in spleen cells. J Immunol. 1991; 146: 3483–3488.a6-1vv2, http://www.100md.com
Bretherton KN, Day AJ, Skinner SL. Hypertension-accelerated atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 1977; 27: 79–87.a6-1vv2, http://www.100md.com
Schwenke DC, Carew TE. Initiation of atherosclerotic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits, II: selective retention of LDL vs selective increases in LDL permeability in susceptible sites of arteries. Arteriosclerosis. 1989; 9: 908–918.a6-1vv2, http://www.100md.com
Schwenke DC, Carew TE. Quantification in vivo of increased LDL content and rate of LDL degradation in normal rabbit aorta occurring at sites susceptible to early atherosclerotic lesions. Circ Res. 1988; 62: 699–710.
Fujimoto T, Singer SJ. Immunocytochemical studies of endothelial cells in vivo, I: the presence of desmin only, or of desmin plus vimentin, or vimentin only, in the endothelial cells of different capillaries of the adult chicken. J Cell Biol. 1986; 103: 2775–2786.m[q+h+0, 百拇医药
Gerszten RE, Garcia-Zepeda EA, Lim YC, Yoshida M, Ding HA, Gimbrone MA Jr, Luster AD, Luscinskas FW, Rosenzweig A. MCP-1 and IL-8 trigger firm adhesion of monocytes to vascular endothelium under flow conditions. Nature. 1999; 398: 718–723.m[q+h+0, 百拇医药
Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM. Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20: 1262–1275.m[q+h+0, 百拇医药
Hernandez-Presa MA, Bustos C, Ortego M, Tunon J, Ortega L, Egido J. ACE inhibitor quinapril reduces the arterial expression of NF-{kappa} B-dependent proinflammatory factors but not of collagen I in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol. 1998; 153: 1825–1837.m[q+h+0, 百拇医药
Chen YL, Chang YJ, Jiang MJ. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 gene and protein expression in atherogenesis of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Atherosclerosis. 1999; 143: 115–123.
Fruebis J, Gonzalez V, Silvestre M, Palinski W. Effect of probucol treatment on gene expression of VCAM-1, MCP-1, and M-CSF in the aortic wall of LDL receptor-deficient rabbits during early atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997; 17: 1289–1302.l2fmhu\, http://www.100md.com
Reckless J, Rubin EM, Verstuyft JB, Metcalfe JC, Grainger DJ. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 but not tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} is correlated with monocyte infiltration in mouse lipid lesions. Circulation. 1999; 23: 2310–2316.l2fmhu\, http://www.100md.com
Lu B, Rutledge BJ, Gu L, Fiorillo J, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL, North R, Gerard C, Rollins BJ. Abnormalities in monocyte recruitment and cytokine expression in monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-deficient mice. J Exp Med. 1998; 187: 601–608.l2fmhu\, http://www.100md.com
Eto Y, Shimokawa H, Tanaka E, Morishige K, Fuchigami M, Ishiwata Y, Matsushima K, Takeshita A. Long-term treatment with propagermanium suppresses atherosclerosis in WHHL rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. In press.l2fmhu\, http://www.100md.com
Cushing SD, Berliner JA, Valente AJ, Territo MC, Navab M, Parhami F, Gerrity R, Schwartz CJ, Fogelman AM. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein induces monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990; 87: 5134–5138.l2fmhu\, http://www.100md.com
Nelken NA, Coughlin SR, Gordon D, Wilcox JN. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human atheromatous plaques. J Clin Invest. 1991; 88: 1121–1127.l2fmhu\, http://www.100md.com
Yu X, Dluz S, Graves DT, Zhang L, Antoniades HN, Hollander W, Prusty S, Valente AJ, Schwartz CJ, Sonenshein GE. Elevated expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 by vascular smooth muscle cells in hypercholesterolemic primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992; 89: 6953–6957.(Eriko Tanaka Hiroaki Shimokawa Hitoshi Kamiuneten Yasuhiro Eto Yasuharu Matsumoto Kunio Morishige Ge)