关键词:心率变异;重复性;稳定性;过早心脏搏动;心肌梗死,急性
摘要 通过对47例急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者进行连续48 h心电记录,并重复长程心电图HRV时域及频域分析,以了解房性早搏(APB)、室性早搏(VPB)对HRV重复性和稳定性的影响。以APB与VPB之和达5次/h为界划分Ⅰ组(早搏<5次/h,n=32,24 h内APB 31.5±33.9次、VPB 11.3±20.2次)及Ⅱ组(早搏≥5次/h,n=15,24 h内APB 103.8±151.6次、VPB 153.1±257.2次),按常规方法进行HRV各指标比较分析。结果总体上两组HRV时域及频域指标均具有重复性。Ⅰ组反映高频心率波动的指标,如单位时间内连续的窦性RR间期差的均方根、单位时间内相邻窦性RR间期差值大于50 ms所占的百分比(PNN50 )、高频带(HF)(r分别为0.76,0.73,0.89),以及低频带与高频带比值(r=0.93)重复检测相关性明显较Ⅱ组高(r分别为0.34,0.59,0.64,0.30)。Ⅰ组除单位时间内连续5 min窦性RR间期标准差的均数、PNN50 外各时域指标相对误差(RE)均值(0.10~0.18)及频域指标RE均值(0.20~0.34)均低于Ⅱ组。Wilcoxon检验两组各项指标重复检测均无显著性差异。结论:AMI患者急性期HRV时域及频域分析均具有可重复性。然而,记录中含APB及VPB的数量可影响检测结果的重复性及稳定性。
Influence of the Quantity of Premature Heart Beats on Reproducibility
and Stability of Heart Rate Variability Analysis
Chen Baojing,Tong Bugao,Pu Shouyue,et al
(Department of Cardiovascular Disease,Zhongshan Hospital,Shanghai
Medical University,Shanghai,200032)
Abstract Time and frequency domain heart rate variability analysis (HRV) were determined in 2 successive 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiograms obtained from 47 of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients.The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of atrial and ventricular premature beats (APB,VPB) on the reproducibility and stability of HRV indices.Patients were divided into two groups according to the total number of APB and VPB less than 5/h during 24 h recording:GroupⅠ(<5/h,n=32,APB 31.5±33.9,VPB 11.3±20.2) and GroupⅡ(≥5/h,n=15,APB 103.8±151.6,VPB 153.1±257.2).Both of them had reproducible HRV measures in general.The two measures of high frequency variation indices such as rMSSD,PNN50 ,HF,and LF/HF were highly correlated in GroupⅠ(r=0.76,0.73,0.89 and 0.93) commparing with GroupⅡ(r=0.34,0.59,0.64 and 0.30).Apart from SDNNindex and PNN50 ,patients in GroupⅠhad more stable HRV than those in GroupⅡ(relative error=0.10 to 0.18 for time dimain indices;relative error=0.20 to 0.34 for frequency domain indices).The two measurements of all HRV indices showed no statistical difference by Wilcoxon test in both groups.It is concluded that both time and frequency domain HRV measures are reproducible in acute phase of AMI.The stability of HRV would be interfered by the presence of a large number of premature heart beats.
Key words Heart rate variability Reproducibility Stability Premature heart beat Myocardial infarction,acute
心率变异(HRV)研究是通过分析连续的窦性心动周期的变异程度及规律来反映植物神经系统功能状态的方法。急性心肌梗死(AMI)常导致不同程度的植物神经功能紊乱。本研究探讨房性、室性早搏对AMI患者HRV检测重复性及稳定性的影响。
1 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象 1993年5月~1995年12月收入我院心脏监护病房的47例AMI患者,男39例、女8例,年龄65.9±10.4(43~82)岁。平均距AMI初发病时间4.63±1.76(2~10)天。所有患者均有典型AMI心电图动态改变及心肌酶(磷酸肌酸激酶及同功酶、谷草转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶及同功酶)增高。常规心电图为窦性心律。梗死部位为前间壁11例(23%)、前壁7例(15%)、广泛前壁13例(28%)、下壁及后壁16例(34%)。46例(98%)患者表现病理性Q波。Killip分级Ⅰ级者43例(92%)、Ⅱ级3例、Ⅲ级1例。其中已接受溶栓治疗者22例、β受体阻断剂18例、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂21例、洋地黄4例、钙拮抗剂1例。患者于记录期间多数绝对卧床,病情相对稳定,维持量用药保持不变。以房性早搏(APB)与室性早搏(VPB)之和达5次/h为界,将患者分为Ⅰ组(早搏<5次/h,n=32,24 h内总计APB 31.5±33.9次、VPB 11.3±20.2次)及Ⅱ组(早搏≥5次/h,n=15,24 h内APB 103.8±151.6次、VPB 153.1±257.2次)。24 h内APB与VPB总数低于总心动次数的2%(最高为24 h 1 403次),无房室阻滞及其他复杂心律失常的发生。
1.2 信号采集及分析 给患者安装GP两通道磁带式心电记录盒接受连续48 h Holter心电图记录,采用美国GP-9000型动态心电图分析系统对磁带记录进行常规心律失常和HRV时域及频域分析。计算机屏幕显示回放的MV2 、MV5 通道心电信号记录准确,无明显干扰或大量伪差,RR间隔测量准确,有效记录时间不少于22 h。然后由计算机自动去除信号中的早搏和各种伪差后进行HRV时域及频域分析。时域分析指标:SDNN(ms):单位时间内连续的窦性RR间期的标准差;SDANN(ms):单位时间内连续5 min窦性RR间期均数的标准差;SDNNindex(ms):单位时间内连续5 min窦性RR间期标准差的均数;rMSSD(ms):单位时间内连续的窦性RR间期差的均方根;PNN50 :单位时间内相邻窦性RR间期差值大于50 ms所占的百分比。频域分析采用FFT方法,指标有总功率(TP,ms2 )、极低频带(VLF,ms2 )、低频带(LF,ms2 )、高频带(HF,ms2 )以及LF与HF的比值(LF/HF)。TP、VLF、LF、HF谱能量分布范围分别为0~0.5,0.0033~0.04,0.04~0.15,0.15~0.40 Hz。
1.3 统计学分析 HRV时域及频域指标均呈偏态分布。首先利用Minitab统计软件计算患者第一天(D1 )和第二天(D2 )HRV各指标重复检测值及Spearman相关系数,并进行显著性检验。用相对误差(Relative error,设同一指标第一天检测值为A,第二天检测值为B,相对误差RE=A-B/[(A+B)/2])表示个体HRV检测稳定性,为了详细描述各指标的波动程度,除列出RE均数(mean)外还计算其中位数(median)、75%位数(Q3 )及最大值(max)。对各指标RE进行Wilcoxon检验(H0 :Median=0),P<0.05表明重复检测具有显著性差异。各参数实测值均以±s表示。
2 结果
两组患者HRV各指标比较分析结果见表1,2。总体上两组HRV时域及频域指标均具有可重复性。Ⅰ组反映高频心率波动的指标如rMSSD、PNN50 、HF,以及LF/HF重复检测相关性明显较Ⅱ组高,Ⅰ组除SDNNindex、PNN50 外各时域指标RE均数(0.10~0.18)及频域指标RE均数(0.20~0.34)均低于Ⅱ组。Ⅰ组rMSSD及HF的RE均数(0.18,0.34)明显小于Ⅱ组(0.30,0.51)。Wilcoxon检验两组各项指标重复检测均无显著性差异。
表1 Ⅰ组患者长程心电图时域及频域指标重复检测结果(n=32)
参 数 | D1 | D2 | r | RE | P (W test) | |||
mean | median | Q3 | max | |||||
SDNN (ms) | 68±21 | 70±12 | 0.859* | 0.099 | 0.073 | 0.138 | 0.480 | 0.537 |
SDANN (ms) | 58±19 | 59±20 | 0.822* | 0.143 | 0.102 | 0.209 | 0.491 | 0.579 |
SDNNindex (ms) | 32±9 | 34±11 | 0.822* | 0.127 | 0.092 | 0.173 | 0.753 | 0.139 |
rMSSD (ms) | 21±9 | 23±9 | 0.758* | 0.181 | 0.146 | 0.300 | 0.700 | 0.064 |
PNN50 (%) | 3±5 | 4±5 | 0.728* | 0.665 | 0.412 | 1.150 | 2.000 | 0.082 |
TP (ms2 ) | 1 157±692 | 1 294±790 | 0.917* | 0.200 | 0.176 | 0.265 | 0.847 | 0.200 |
VLF (ms2 ) | 864±547 | 922±611 | 0.823* | 0.244 | 0.116 | 0.379 | 1.646 | 0.347 |
LF (ms2 ) | 194±142 | 222±168 | 0.938* | 0.211 | 0.150 | 0.294 | 0.921 | 0.102 |
HF (m2 ) | 85±47 | 106±81 | 0.892* | 0.344 | 0.320 | 0.510 | 0.718 | 0.142 |
LF/HF | 2.53±1.62 | 2.45±1.55 | 0.930* | 0.205 | 0.202 | 0.297 | 0.530 | 0.556 |
注:* P<0.05
表2 Ⅱ组患者长程心电图时域及频域指标重复检测结果(n=15)
参 数 | D1 | D2 | r | RE | P (W test) | |||
mean | median | Q3 | max | |||||
SDNN (ms) | 67±21 | 69±22 | 0.891* | 0.133 | 0.170 | 0.205 | 0.292 | 0.616 |
SDANN (ms) | 56±18 | 58±20 | 0.825* | 0.179 | 0.060 | 0.254 | 0.435 | 0.616 |
SDNNindex (ms) | 33±12 | 33±11 | 0.879* | 0.110 | 0.204 | 0.182 | 0.350 | 0.780 |
rMSSD (ms) | 23±10 | 21±8 | 0.340* | 0.298 | 0.222 | 0.313 | 1.111 | 1.000 |
PNN50 (%) | 4±7 | 3±4 | 0.595* | 0.598 | 0.242 | 1.143 | 2.000 | 0.944 |
TP (ms2 ) | 978±758 | 1063±726 | 0.943* | 0.257 | 0.182 | 0.347 | 0.688 | 0.201 |
VLF (ms2 ) | 667±541 | 752±518 | 0.975* | 0.281 | 0.205 | 0.440 | 0.754 | 0.057 |
LF (ms2 ) | 165±132 | 180±143 | 0.957* | 0.237 | 0.195 | 0.348 | 0.671 | 0.379 |
HF (m2 ) | 116±134 | 110±114 | 0.639* | 0.508 | 0.344 | 0.895 | 1.451 | 0.932 |
LF/HF | 1.74±1.01 | 2.13±1.48 | 0.304* | 0.448 | 0.262 | 0.656 | 1.608 | 0.977 |
注:* P<0.05
3 讨论
我们注意到虽然国内外关于AMI患者急性期及恢复期HRV研究很多,而且已经将其作为一项随访和衡量药物疗效的指标[1~3] 。但关于AMI患者HRV检测的重复性研究还很不全面。作为一项良好的检测指标要求其在一定时间和条件下保持稳定,要求具有较高的可重复性。目前HRV限于分析窦性心动,因此任何异位心动均可使分析结果产生偏差[4,5] 。AMI患者中各种房性及室性心律失常均常见,甚至更多见于病情较重的高危患者。对计算机及人工识别的早搏可采用插入信号进行校正,但此方法导致LF增加[6] ;亦可去除早搏或连同含早搏的信号片段,然而这种方法又不可避免地使信息量丢失,同样降低检测结果的准确性[7] 。
本研究采用了将早搏去除的方法,以24 h房性、室性早搏之和等于120次(5次/h)为分界线将AMI患者分为两组进行分析,结果显示两组时域及频域指标重复检测结果均具有较高的相关性及可重复性。Bigger等[8] 曾对40例心肌梗死后室性心律失常患者进行连续48 h HRV研究,发现这类患者HRV检测重复性(Introclass correlation coeffecient,ICC)与正常人同样很好,其所选患者24 h VPB数量(237±283)与本研究房性、室性早搏数量相仿。笔者发现两组间反映高频心率变异的指标rMSSD、PNN50 和HF重复检测的相关性差别较明显,可能与早搏发生时间上的不均衡导致对相应时段神经活性影响以及分析过程中去除早搏造成相应时段信号丢失等因素有关。Ⅱ组重复检测的波动性增大,尤其表现在频域指标的RE均大于Ⅰ组,两组间反映高频心率变异的指标rMSSD、HF稳定性差异明显。可见早搏数量对HRV重复性及稳定性均有影响。推测以目前方法对含大量异位心动的资料进行分析还可能进一步导致结果失真及重复性降低。
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(1998-05-22收稿)
, 百拇医药(陈宝京* 童步高△ 浦寿月△ 陈灏珠△)