肝癌切除术后转移过程中炎性递质的作用
白莉, 毛高平,曹传平, 张映辉, 中国人民解放军空军总医院 北京市 100036
白莉, 女,河北人, 汉族,1996年北京协和医科大学肿瘤医院博士毕业,主任医师,主要从事肝癌的基础与临床研究.
通讯作者:白莉,100036, 北京市海淀区阜成路30号,中国人民解放军空军总医院消化内科. bai_li@hotmail.com
电话: 010-66986729-6231
收稿日期:2005-04-15 接受日期:2005-05-14
Effects of inflammatory cytokines on metastasis ofliver cancer after apparently curative operation
, 百拇医药
Li Bai, Gao-Ping Mao, Chuan-Ping Cao, Ying-Hui Zhang
Li Bai, Gao-PingMao, Chuan-Ping Cao, Ying-Hui Zhang, Department of Digestive Diseases,General Air Force Hospital, Beijing 100036, China
Correspondence to: Dr. Li Bai, Department of Digestive Diseases,General Air Force Hospital, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100036, China. bai_li@hotmail.com
Received: 2005-04-15 Accepted:2005-05-14
, 百拇医药
Abstract
AIM: To explore the effects of relevant inflammatory cytokines on themetastasis of liver cancer after apparently curative operation.
METHODS: A mouse model for metastasis of experimental liver cancerwas established by inoculation of hepatoma 22 (H22)cells into subserous layer of spleen. Partial hepatectomy (PH) or shamoperation (SH) was performed at various periods of spleen inoculation, andmetastasis was observed at the 11thday. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumornecrosis factor-a(TNF-a),interleukin-1b (IL-1b),interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), weremeasured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
, http://www.100md.com
RESULTS: The metastatic tumors were significantly increased in PHmice as compared with those in SH mice (stage IV: 16/40 vs 4/38, P= 0.00 087) and the mRNA expression of TNF-a,IL-1b, IL-6 andVCAM-1 were markedly higher. The peak of TNF-a,IL-1b, IL-6 andVCAM-1 expression were observed 96, 72, 48 and 72 hours after inoculation,respectively. Among them, TNF-aexpression was found rapidly increased 4 hours after PH, and then linearlyincreased till 96 hours. The concentrations of IL-1band IL-6 fell quickly to normal level after peaks. The peak expression ofVCAM-1 appeared twice (at 4 and 72 h) after PH, which was 3-6 times higherthan normal level.
, http://www.100md.com
CONCLUSION: The levels of inflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-a,are positively related to the metastasis, and they may promote themetastasis of liver cancer.
Key Words: Liver cancer; Metastasis; Inflammatory cytokines;Partial hepatectomy
Bai L, Mao GP, Cao CP, Zhang YH. Effects of inflammatory cytokines onmetastasis of liver cancer after apparently curative operation. ShijieHuaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005;13(13):1507-1509
, http://www.100md.com
摘要目的:探讨炎性细胞因子在肝癌术后复发过程中的影响.
方法:615小鼠脾包膜下接种肝癌H22腹水瘤细胞,同时进行2/3肝切除(PH)或假手术(Sham),术后不同时间采集肝脏标本提取mRNA,测定肝组织中TNF-a,IL-1b,IL-6和VCAM-1的表达水平.为观测肝内肿瘤转移程度,动物被饲养11d,断颈处死,计数肝脏表面瘤结节数量.
结果:PH组与假手术组比较,接受肝切除的动物肝内转移瘤明显增多,两组间比较具有显著性差异(P= 0.00 087).肝组织内TNF-a、IL-1b、IL-6和VCAM-1mRNA的表达明显增高,其峰值分别在96、72、48和72h.其中TNF-amRNA 在PH后4h迅速升高,在术后4 d内升高呈线性关系.IL-1b在术后72 h 达到峰值后迅速降至正常水平.IL-6mRNA 表达的峰值时间为PH后48 h,下降至正常水平的时间也较迅速.VCAM-1mRNA的表达在正常组织含量甚微,几乎观测不到,但在术后升高有两个峰值,分别为4和72h,可达到正常水平3-6倍.
, 百拇医药
结论:炎性细胞因子,尤其是TNF-a的表达与转移瘤有明显的正相关,可能对肿瘤转移有一定的增强效果.
关键词:肝癌; 转移;炎性细胞因子;肝部分切除
白莉, 毛高平,曹传平, 张映辉. 肝癌切除术后转移过程中炎性递质的作用.世界华人消化杂志 2005;13(13):1507-15091 (PDF)小鼠PH前后不同时间肝组织内TNF-a,IL-1b,IL-6和VCAM-1mRNA表达.
3 讨论
肝炎活性、病毒负荷以及肝功能储备是HCC术后复发的独立危险因素.伴随肝炎和肝硬化的HCC术后复发率明显升高.肝脏部分切除或肝移植对机体是一种创伤过程.作为一种防御反应,可引起肝脏本身的炎性反应以及全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS).无论是病毒感染引起还是手术创伤所致的的肝脏炎症反应,与肝脏肿瘤的发生及手术后的复发有着密切的关系.TNF-a,IL-1b,IL-6和VCAM-1等在这其中起到一定的作用.研究认为,炎性细胞能产生众多有助于肿瘤生长和存活的物质,其中就包括诱导NF-kB产生的活性物质.这一观点目前正成为一个快速发展的热点研究领域.TNF-a可以诱导内皮细胞黏附分子包括血管细胞黏附分子-1(VCAM-1)、E-选择素(E-selectin)、胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)的表达.这些黏附分子在肿瘤转移的早期起到促进肿瘤细胞黏附于血管壁及向组织浸润的作用.另外,TNF-a激活肝细胞内细胞核因子-kappaB(NF-kB).这种蛋白质不仅能加速细胞变异,导致癌细胞的“疯狂”生长,而且还能协助这种变异细胞“逃离”最初的肿瘤,转移到身体的其他部位[7].IL-1的致瘤作用可能与刺激COX-2的表达有关.COX-2的主要功能是将花生四烯酸转化为PGE2.他的表达受有丝分裂原、细胞因子、生长因子和肿瘤促进因子的诱导,其中包括IL-1、TNF-a.研究发现,在多种实体瘤的原发病灶、复发、转移病灶均可检测到COX-2的过表达.COX-2刺激上皮细胞增殖,抑制细胞凋亡,刺激血管生长,增强细胞浸润,介导免疫抑制和增加突变剂的产生等,在乳腺、前列腺、膀胱、肺、食管、胰腺癌等癌发生方面发挥了重要作用[4-6].最近Kondoet al[8]的研究表明,在手术后的HCC患者中,癌旁组织中的COX-2的过表达与活动性炎症反应有关,并且与较短的无瘤生存期相关,提示COX-2的表达对术后HCC的复发具有促进作用.IL-6是肝脏急性应答反应的重要递质,是一种多功能性细胞因子,参与肝脏产生急性期反应蛋白,一般由TNF-a或IL-1刺激组织分泌.因此,IL-6的肝脏肿瘤发生及发展方面是通过诱导TNF-a和IL-1的释放起作用的.在TNF-a,IL-1和IL-6术后的分泌水平分析,在经历了手术创伤引发的炎性反应后,是否炎性递质也可能为促发肿瘤转移或复发因素,有关的研究报道甚少.在我们前期的动物实验中,部分肝切除前后不同时间接种瘤细胞后观察,发现未手术或假手术动物的肿瘤转移程度明显轻于肝部分切除动物.这提示我们,创伤后的炎性反应,尤其是炎性因子在肿瘤复发转移过程中有一定的作用.炎性因子的作用不仅影响肝脏的功能,同时对残留在肝组织内的微卫星病灶的迅速生长、血流中癌细胞的着床均起一定的作用.我们还发现,血流中的癌细胞在术后72h左右已被发现黏附于血管壁,并穿透管壁向组织内浸润,成为复发病灶[3].“炎症-癌症”有着密切的联系[9].大约20%的人类癌症的发生和发展是由炎症诱发或促进的[7].如慢性活动性肝炎、胆汁郁积性肝炎将发展为肝癌就是其中的例证.非类固醇类抗炎药COX-2抑制剂可降低了某些人类癌症的发病率也是例证.近年提出肝癌治疗的微创观念,用射频、介入、微波、冷冻等方法取代肝切除治疗肝癌,通过大大减轻了对肝脏,尤其是肝炎或肝硬化后肝脏的损伤,降低手术因素引起的术后近期内肿瘤的复发.
, 百拇医药
4 参考文献1 Figueras J, Ibanez L, Ramos E, Jaurrieta E, Ortiz-de-Urbina J,Pardo F, Mir J, Loinaz C, Herrera L, Lopez-Cillero P,Santoyo J. Selection criteria for livertransplantation in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis:results of
a multicenter study. Liver Transpl 2001;7:877-883
2 吴孟超. 原发性肝癌的诊断和治疗进展.中华外科杂志 1998;36:515-518
, http://www.100md.com 3 白莉,黄洁, 黄志强.肝癌术后复发的影响因素研究.中华实验外科 1998;15:345-346
4 Hull MA, Fenwick SW, Chapple KS, Scott N, Toogood GJ, Lodge JP.Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in colorectal cancer
liver metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2000;18:21-27
5 Singh B, Lucci A. Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 in breast cancer. JSurg Res 2002;108:173-179
6 Yao M, Kargman S, Lam EC, Kelly CR, Zheng Y, Luk P, Kwong E, EvansJF, Wolfe MM. Inhibition of
, 百拇医药
cyclooxygenase-2 by rofecoble attenuates the growth and metastasicpotential of colorectal carcinoma in mice.
Cancer Res 2003;63:586-592
7 Pikarsky E, Porat RM, Stein I, Abramovitch R, Amit S, Kasem S,Gutkovich-Pyest E, Urieli-Shoval S, Galun E,Ben-Neriah Y. NF-kB functions as a tumour promoter in inflammation-associated cancer. Nature 2004;431:461-466
8 Kondo M, Yamamoto H, Nagano H, Okami J, Ito Y, Shimizu J, Eguchi H,Miyamoto A, Dono K, Umeshita K, Matsuura N,Wakasa K, Nakamori S, Sakon M, Monden M. Increased expression of COX-2in nontumor liver tissue is associated
with shorter disease free survival in patients with hepatocellularcarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:4005-4012
9 Marx J. Cancer research. Inflammation and cancer: the link growsstronger. Science 2004;306:966-968
编辑 潘伯荣 审读 张海宁, 百拇医药( 白 莉, 毛高平, 曹传平, 张映辉)
白莉, 女,河北人, 汉族,1996年北京协和医科大学肿瘤医院博士毕业,主任医师,主要从事肝癌的基础与临床研究.
通讯作者:白莉,100036, 北京市海淀区阜成路30号,中国人民解放军空军总医院消化内科. bai_li@hotmail.com
电话: 010-66986729-6231
收稿日期:2005-04-15 接受日期:2005-05-14
Effects of inflammatory cytokines on metastasis ofliver cancer after apparently curative operation
, 百拇医药
Li Bai, Gao-Ping Mao, Chuan-Ping Cao, Ying-Hui Zhang
Li Bai, Gao-PingMao, Chuan-Ping Cao, Ying-Hui Zhang, Department of Digestive Diseases,General Air Force Hospital, Beijing 100036, China
Correspondence to: Dr. Li Bai, Department of Digestive Diseases,General Air Force Hospital, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100036, China. bai_li@hotmail.com
Received: 2005-04-15 Accepted:2005-05-14
, 百拇医药
Abstract
AIM: To explore the effects of relevant inflammatory cytokines on themetastasis of liver cancer after apparently curative operation.
METHODS: A mouse model for metastasis of experimental liver cancerwas established by inoculation of hepatoma 22 (H22)cells into subserous layer of spleen. Partial hepatectomy (PH) or shamoperation (SH) was performed at various periods of spleen inoculation, andmetastasis was observed at the 11thday. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumornecrosis factor-a(TNF-a),interleukin-1b (IL-1b),interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), weremeasured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
, http://www.100md.com
RESULTS: The metastatic tumors were significantly increased in PHmice as compared with those in SH mice (stage IV: 16/40 vs 4/38, P= 0.00 087) and the mRNA expression of TNF-a,IL-1b, IL-6 andVCAM-1 were markedly higher. The peak of TNF-a,IL-1b, IL-6 andVCAM-1 expression were observed 96, 72, 48 and 72 hours after inoculation,respectively. Among them, TNF-aexpression was found rapidly increased 4 hours after PH, and then linearlyincreased till 96 hours. The concentrations of IL-1band IL-6 fell quickly to normal level after peaks. The peak expression ofVCAM-1 appeared twice (at 4 and 72 h) after PH, which was 3-6 times higherthan normal level.
, http://www.100md.com
CONCLUSION: The levels of inflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-a,are positively related to the metastasis, and they may promote themetastasis of liver cancer.
Key Words: Liver cancer; Metastasis; Inflammatory cytokines;Partial hepatectomy
Bai L, Mao GP, Cao CP, Zhang YH. Effects of inflammatory cytokines onmetastasis of liver cancer after apparently curative operation. ShijieHuaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005;13(13):1507-1509
, http://www.100md.com
摘要目的:探讨炎性细胞因子在肝癌术后复发过程中的影响.
方法:615小鼠脾包膜下接种肝癌H22腹水瘤细胞,同时进行2/3肝切除(PH)或假手术(Sham),术后不同时间采集肝脏标本提取mRNA,测定肝组织中TNF-a,IL-1b,IL-6和VCAM-1的表达水平.为观测肝内肿瘤转移程度,动物被饲养11d,断颈处死,计数肝脏表面瘤结节数量.
结果:PH组与假手术组比较,接受肝切除的动物肝内转移瘤明显增多,两组间比较具有显著性差异(P= 0.00 087).肝组织内TNF-a、IL-1b、IL-6和VCAM-1mRNA的表达明显增高,其峰值分别在96、72、48和72h.其中TNF-amRNA 在PH后4h迅速升高,在术后4 d内升高呈线性关系.IL-1b在术后72 h 达到峰值后迅速降至正常水平.IL-6mRNA 表达的峰值时间为PH后48 h,下降至正常水平的时间也较迅速.VCAM-1mRNA的表达在正常组织含量甚微,几乎观测不到,但在术后升高有两个峰值,分别为4和72h,可达到正常水平3-6倍.
, 百拇医药
结论:炎性细胞因子,尤其是TNF-a的表达与转移瘤有明显的正相关,可能对肿瘤转移有一定的增强效果.
关键词:肝癌; 转移;炎性细胞因子;肝部分切除
白莉, 毛高平,曹传平, 张映辉. 肝癌切除术后转移过程中炎性递质的作用.世界华人消化杂志 2005;13(13):1507-15091 (PDF)小鼠PH前后不同时间肝组织内TNF-a,IL-1b,IL-6和VCAM-1mRNA表达.
3 讨论
肝炎活性、病毒负荷以及肝功能储备是HCC术后复发的独立危险因素.伴随肝炎和肝硬化的HCC术后复发率明显升高.肝脏部分切除或肝移植对机体是一种创伤过程.作为一种防御反应,可引起肝脏本身的炎性反应以及全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS).无论是病毒感染引起还是手术创伤所致的的肝脏炎症反应,与肝脏肿瘤的发生及手术后的复发有着密切的关系.TNF-a,IL-1b,IL-6和VCAM-1等在这其中起到一定的作用.研究认为,炎性细胞能产生众多有助于肿瘤生长和存活的物质,其中就包括诱导NF-kB产生的活性物质.这一观点目前正成为一个快速发展的热点研究领域.TNF-a可以诱导内皮细胞黏附分子包括血管细胞黏附分子-1(VCAM-1)、E-选择素(E-selectin)、胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)的表达.这些黏附分子在肿瘤转移的早期起到促进肿瘤细胞黏附于血管壁及向组织浸润的作用.另外,TNF-a激活肝细胞内细胞核因子-kappaB(NF-kB).这种蛋白质不仅能加速细胞变异,导致癌细胞的“疯狂”生长,而且还能协助这种变异细胞“逃离”最初的肿瘤,转移到身体的其他部位[7].IL-1的致瘤作用可能与刺激COX-2的表达有关.COX-2的主要功能是将花生四烯酸转化为PGE2.他的表达受有丝分裂原、细胞因子、生长因子和肿瘤促进因子的诱导,其中包括IL-1、TNF-a.研究发现,在多种实体瘤的原发病灶、复发、转移病灶均可检测到COX-2的过表达.COX-2刺激上皮细胞增殖,抑制细胞凋亡,刺激血管生长,增强细胞浸润,介导免疫抑制和增加突变剂的产生等,在乳腺、前列腺、膀胱、肺、食管、胰腺癌等癌发生方面发挥了重要作用[4-6].最近Kondoet al[8]的研究表明,在手术后的HCC患者中,癌旁组织中的COX-2的过表达与活动性炎症反应有关,并且与较短的无瘤生存期相关,提示COX-2的表达对术后HCC的复发具有促进作用.IL-6是肝脏急性应答反应的重要递质,是一种多功能性细胞因子,参与肝脏产生急性期反应蛋白,一般由TNF-a或IL-1刺激组织分泌.因此,IL-6的肝脏肿瘤发生及发展方面是通过诱导TNF-a和IL-1的释放起作用的.在TNF-a,IL-1和IL-6术后的分泌水平分析,在经历了手术创伤引发的炎性反应后,是否炎性递质也可能为促发肿瘤转移或复发因素,有关的研究报道甚少.在我们前期的动物实验中,部分肝切除前后不同时间接种瘤细胞后观察,发现未手术或假手术动物的肿瘤转移程度明显轻于肝部分切除动物.这提示我们,创伤后的炎性反应,尤其是炎性因子在肿瘤复发转移过程中有一定的作用.炎性因子的作用不仅影响肝脏的功能,同时对残留在肝组织内的微卫星病灶的迅速生长、血流中癌细胞的着床均起一定的作用.我们还发现,血流中的癌细胞在术后72h左右已被发现黏附于血管壁,并穿透管壁向组织内浸润,成为复发病灶[3].“炎症-癌症”有着密切的联系[9].大约20%的人类癌症的发生和发展是由炎症诱发或促进的[7].如慢性活动性肝炎、胆汁郁积性肝炎将发展为肝癌就是其中的例证.非类固醇类抗炎药COX-2抑制剂可降低了某些人类癌症的发病率也是例证.近年提出肝癌治疗的微创观念,用射频、介入、微波、冷冻等方法取代肝切除治疗肝癌,通过大大减轻了对肝脏,尤其是肝炎或肝硬化后肝脏的损伤,降低手术因素引起的术后近期内肿瘤的复发.
, 百拇医药
4 参考文献1 Figueras J, Ibanez L, Ramos E, Jaurrieta E, Ortiz-de-Urbina J,Pardo F, Mir J, Loinaz C, Herrera L, Lopez-Cillero P,Santoyo J. Selection criteria for livertransplantation in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis:results of
a multicenter study. Liver Transpl 2001;7:877-883
2 吴孟超. 原发性肝癌的诊断和治疗进展.中华外科杂志 1998;36:515-518
, http://www.100md.com 3 白莉,黄洁, 黄志强.肝癌术后复发的影响因素研究.中华实验外科 1998;15:345-346
4 Hull MA, Fenwick SW, Chapple KS, Scott N, Toogood GJ, Lodge JP.Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in colorectal cancer
liver metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2000;18:21-27
5 Singh B, Lucci A. Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 in breast cancer. JSurg Res 2002;108:173-179
6 Yao M, Kargman S, Lam EC, Kelly CR, Zheng Y, Luk P, Kwong E, EvansJF, Wolfe MM. Inhibition of
, 百拇医药
cyclooxygenase-2 by rofecoble attenuates the growth and metastasicpotential of colorectal carcinoma in mice.
Cancer Res 2003;63:586-592
7 Pikarsky E, Porat RM, Stein I, Abramovitch R, Amit S, Kasem S,Gutkovich-Pyest E, Urieli-Shoval S, Galun E,Ben-Neriah Y. NF-kB functions as a tumour promoter in inflammation-associated cancer. Nature 2004;431:461-466
8 Kondo M, Yamamoto H, Nagano H, Okami J, Ito Y, Shimizu J, Eguchi H,Miyamoto A, Dono K, Umeshita K, Matsuura N,Wakasa K, Nakamori S, Sakon M, Monden M. Increased expression of COX-2in nontumor liver tissue is associated
with shorter disease free survival in patients with hepatocellularcarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:4005-4012
9 Marx J. Cancer research. Inflammation and cancer: the link growsstronger. Science 2004;306:966-968
编辑 潘伯荣 审读 张海宁, 百拇医药( 白 莉, 毛高平, 曹传平, 张映辉)