早期烧伤患者血清介导培养血管内皮细胞损伤
关键词: 烧伤;内皮细胞;中性核粒细胞
中图号:R644
摘 要:目的 探讨严重烧伤早期血管内皮细胞(EC)损伤机制. 方法 以培养脐静脉EC为模型,应用扫描电镜技术,3 H-TdR特异性释放实验,观察了终浓度为200mL·L-1 的早期烧伤患者血清(EBPS)介导PMN与EC相互作用后,EC及PMN的表面结构,PMN与EC粘附特性及EC3 H-TdR特异释放率的变化. 结果 正常人血清(NHS)调理的PMN为园形、规则,EBPS调理的PMN形态不规则.NHS对照组PMN与EC连接松散,EC与EC连接紧密,EBPS刺激EC与NHS调理的PMN相互作用,EC与EC连接出现微小间隙,EC表面突起增多,PMN形态不规则,主要粘附于EC间隙.NHS刺激的EC与EBPS调理的PMN相互作用后,PMN偏平状锚于EC表面.EBPS刺激的EC与EBPS调理的PMN相互作用,PMN形态不规则,表面微绒毛显著减少,EC从膜上分离脱落,EC3 H-TdR特异性释放率与对照组比较有显著差异(P<0.01). 结论 EBPS可激活EC和PMN,激活的EC与PMN相互作用,可引起EC损伤,EC损伤依赖PMN的参与,EBPS可能不是作为一种直接的损伤因素而是作为一种细胞激活剂参与了烧伤早期EC的损伤过程.
Mechanism of cultured endothelial cells damage in┐duced by early┐stage burn patient's serum
ZHU Xiong-Xiang,HU Da-Hai,TANG Chao-Wu,CHEN Bi,XU Min-Da,DONG Mao-Long
Department of Burn Surgery,Center of Plastic Surgery,Xijing Hospital,Fourth Military Medical University,Xi'an710033,China
Keywords:burn;endothelial cells;polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Abstract:AIM To investigate the mechanism of endothelial cells(EC)damage in early-stage of severely burned patients.METHODS Scanning electron microscope and
3 H-TdR spe-cific release assay were employed to observe the change of the cell's surfaces,and adhesion of EC and Polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMN),and the change of3 H-TdR specific re-lease rate of EC after PMN and EC were co-cultured with200mL·L-1 early-stage burn patient's serum(EBPS).RESULTS PMN showed round and regular shape after be-ing cultured with normal human serum(NHS),but irregular shape after being cultured with EBPS;the junction between EC and PMN became slacker and EC and EC became denser.When EC stimulated by EBPS was co-cultured with PMN modulated by NHS,at the junction among EC appeared mi-crospace,PMN showed irregular shape and PMN mostly at-tached to the microspace among EC.When EC stimulated by NHS was co-cultured with PMN modulated by EBPS,the junction between EC and PMN became denser and PMN an-chored to the surface of EC.When EC stimulated by EBPS was co-cultured with PMN modulated by EBPS,PMN showed irregular shape,microvilli on PMNs'surface reduced markedly,EC detached from the coverslip,and3 H-TdR spe-cific release rate of EC showed significant difference compared with control group(P<0.01).CONCLUSION EBPS could activate EC and PMN and induce damage to EC which may depend on interaction of PMN.EBPS might not be a direct factor but an activator which induces damage to EC.
引言
严重烧伤早期血管内皮细胞(EC)损伤、PMN与EC粘附、越血管迁移是烧伤早期过度炎症反应综合征及随后发生多器官功能损害发病的关键[1] .烧伤患者血清中炎症介质、循环中PMN在介导EC损伤过程中发挥了怎样的作用仍有待进一步阐明.我们以培养脐静脉EC模型,应用扫描电镜技术及3 H-TdR特异释放实验,观察了烧伤患者早期血清(EBPS)介导PMN与EC相互作用后,EC,PMN的表面结构、细胞连接、PMN与EC粘附及EC3 H-TdR特异性释放率的变化,探讨EBPS介导EC的损伤效应及机制,分析EBPS,PMN在EC损伤过程中所起的作用.
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料
NHS及EBPS制备:选择年龄20~35岁,烧伤体表面积30%~50%,无重度吸入性损伤的患者,伤后24~48h内无菌条件抽静脉血20mL,常温静置12h,血块收缩后,收集析出血清,1500r·min-1 ,离心10min,去除残余红细胞.健康献血者全血,同法制备NHS.
1.2 方法
1.2.1 EC培养
参照Jaffe[2] 的方法略有改进,建立脐静脉EC模型,免疫细胞化学SABC法检测Ⅷ因子相关抗原鉴定EC.
1.2.2 PMN分离
percoll分离液配制:percoll原液48.5mL(密度为1.3g),85g·L-1 NaCl溶液5.38mL,8.5g·L-1 NaCl22.4mL混合,测比重为1.085,过滤除菌.10mL刻度离心管加percoll分离液3mL,肝素抗凝正常人静脉血与等量DMEM混匀,沿管壁缓慢叠加于分离液上,水平离心2500r·min-1 20min.吸去上层DMEM与血清,收集中层PMN于另一离心管中,加5倍DMEM1500r·min-1 洗涤细胞两次,胎盼蓝染色,血球计数板计数及测细胞活力,调整细胞密度为1×1010 ·L-1 .细胞活力>95%.取细胞悬液1滴涂片,瑞氏染色,光学显微镜分类,约80%为PMN,20%为单个核细胞,含部分血小板.
1.2.3 细胞培养与粘附实验
培养的EC待达95%融合时,2g·L-1 EDTA/胰蛋白酶消化,1500r·min-1 离心,200mL·L-1 小牛血清(FCS)DMEM重悬细胞,调整细胞密度为1×108 ·L-1 ,取直径为1cm的coverslip置24孔培养板,每孔加EC细胞悬液0.5mL,常规换液,待细胞完全融合成单层后加入200mL·L-1 NHS或200mL·L-1 EBPS继续培养12h,吸去培养上清,按以下分组加入0.5mL经200mL·L-1 NHS或200mL·L-1 EBPS37℃预刺激40min的PMN悬液,继续培养1h,去培养上清,每孔加37℃预温0.01moL·L-1 PBS1mL.轻轻晃动培养板,洗涤未粘附PMN,30g·L-1 戊二醛固定4℃过夜.
实验分组:①N.EC+N.PMN:200mL·L-1 NHS培养EC加200mL·L-1 NHS预刺激PMN.②N.EC+B.PMN:200mL·L-1 NHS培养EC加入200mL·L-1 EBPS预刺激PMN.③B.EC+N.PMN:200mL·L-1 EBPS培养EC加200mL· L-1 NHS预刺激PMN.④B.EC+B.PMN:200mL·L-1 EBPS培养EC加200mL·L-1 EBPS调理PMN.每组重复4孔.
扫描电镜观察:观察不同条件下EC表面突起,EC与EC间连接,PMN形状、表面微绒毛及伪足的改变,PMN与EC连接.每个样品随机观察10个视野(×500倍),计数每个视野PMN数.
1.2.4
3 H-TdR特异性释放实验 制备细胞密度为2×108 ·L-1 的EC悬液,200μL/孔接种96孔板,37℃50mL·L-1 CO2 培养48h,使细胞处于对数增殖期.换培养基,加入3 H-TdR20μL/孔(9.25×10 8 Bq)继续培养24h,去培养上清液,加37℃预温DMEM洗涤未标记3 H-TdR3次,按以下设计分别加不同刺激因子于已标记3 H-TdR的细胞孔中.①最大释放组:200mL·L-1 FCS DMEM200μL/孔培养11h,加入10mL·L-1 Triton-100100μL,继续培养1h.②对照组:200mL·L-1 FCS DMEM20μL/孔培养12h.③N.EC组:200mL·L-1 NHS DMEM20μL/孔培养12h.④B.EC组:200mL·L-1 EBPS DMEM20μL/孔培养12h.⑤N.EC+N.PMN:200mL·L-1 NHS DMEM20μL/孔培养11h,吸出培养基,加入200μL/孔经200mL·L-1 NHS预刺激PMN继续培养1h.⑥N.EC+B.PMN组:200mL·L-1 NHS DMEM20μL/孔培养11h,吸去培养基,加入200μL/孔经200mL·L-1 EBPS预刺激PMN继续培养1h.⑦B.EC+N.PMN组:200mL·L-1 EBPS DMEM20μL/孔培养11h,吸去培养基,加入200μL/孔经200mL·L-1 NHS预刺激PMN.⑧B.EC+B.PMN组:200mL·L-1 EBPS DMEM培养11h,吸去培养基,加入200μL/孔经200mL·L-1 EBPS预刺激PMN.⑨本底组:不加3 H-TdR常规培养.各组设计5个复孔,以2g·L-1 EDTA/胰蛋白酶100μL/孔消化30min,用细胞收集仪收获细胞于玻璃纤维滤纸上,红外线烤箱烘烤30min,移入液闪瓶中,加入0.5mL闪烁液,β液闪仪中测cpm.特异性释放率(%)=(1-实验组-本底组对照组-本底组)×100%统计学处理:PMN计数根据扫描电镜显示器面积及倍率换算成每mm2 计数,所有数据方差分析比较组间差异.
2 结果
2.1 EBPS对EC PMN表面结构及细胞连接的影响
NHS预刺激PMN为圆形、规则(Fig1).EBPS预刺激PMN形态不规则,表面微绒毛丰富,有伪足形成(Fig2),N.EC+N.PMN组:PMN与EC连接松散,EC与EC连接紧密(Fig3).B.EC+N.PMN组:EC与EC连接出现微小间隙,EC表面突起增多,PMN形态不规则,但微红毛较少,PMN主要粘附于EC间隙(Fig4).N.EC+B.PMN组:PMN变为扁平状锚于EC表面,连接紧密,微绒毛呈辐射状,而EC与EC连接紧密(Fig5).B.EC+B.PMN组:PMN形态不规则,表面微绒毛显著减少,EC从Cov-erslip分离(Fig6).提示可能有EC及PMN损伤.
图1 NHS预刺激PMN为圆形、规则(略)
Fig1 PMN showed round and regular shape after cultured with NHS
图2 EBPS预刺激PMN形态不规则,表面微绒毛丰富(略)
Fig2 PMN showed irregular shape after cultured with EBPS
图3 PMN与EC连接松散,EC与EC连接紧密(略)
Fig3 Junction between EC and PMN became slacker,and between EC and EC became denser
图4 EC与EC连接出现微小间隙,EC表面突起增多,PMN主要粘附于EC间隙(略)
Fig4 Junction among EC appeared microspace,PMN mostly attached to the microspace
图5 PMN变为扁平状锚于EC表面,EC间连接紧密(略)
Fig5 PMN anchored to the surface of EC;the junction among EC became denser
图6 PMN形态不规则,但其表面微绒毛显著减少,EC从Coverslip分离(略)
Fig6 PMN showed irregular shape,microvilli on PMNs'surface reduced markedly,EC detached from the coverslip
2.2 EBPS对EC粘附PMN数量的影响
EBPS刺激PMN或EC均能增加PMN的粘附,N.EC+B.PMN组[(464±30)/mm2 ],B.EC+N.PMN组[(501±49)/mm2 ]与正常血清对照N.EC+N.PMN组[(234±15)/mm2 ]及B.EC+B.PMN组[(186±36)mm2 ]比较差异非常显著(P<0.01).
2.3 不同因素对培养EC3 H┐TdR特异性释放率的影响
不同刺激因子对EC细胞3 H-TdR含量及特异性释放率有影响,其影响程度大致可分为3个等级,NHS或EBPS作用最小,且两个血清组间差异很小,EC,PMN均经EBPS刺激后相互作用,对细胞内3 H-TdR含量及特异性释放影响最大,与其他各组比较,差异非常显著(P<0.01,Tab1).
3 讨论
烧伤后血液中会产生许多对机体有害的物质,这些物质通过不同途径引起EC,PMN激活或损伤.Gao等[3] 报道30%Ⅲ°烧伤大鼠血清刺激培养EC单层对Hank's液通透性、白蛋白滤过流量、滤过系数均明显增加.表明烧伤早期血清可引起血管内膜的通透性增加.烧伤早期血清引起EC连接出现微小间隙和通透性增加是否是EC直接损伤的结果?细胞因子作用于培养的EC可引起PECAM-1,P-se-lectin,E-selectin和α-肌动蛋白表达增加[4,5] ,α-肌动蛋白可增加EC变形能力,PECAM-1,P-selectin,E-selectin可诱导EC连接出现间隙,从而导致血管内皮通透性变化,但这种通透性的改变是可逆性,并不是EC损伤所致[6] .烧伤早期血清致血管内皮通透性增加是EC直接损伤还是激活,仍无直接证据.烧伤早期血浆中多种炎症介质含量上升,毛细血管通透性、组织中含水量和组织中PMN浸润量均增加.毛细血管通透性增加,PMN与血管内膜粘附,越血管迁移和向组织中浸润在烧伤早期组织损伤中起了起始和关键作用[1] .但PMN越血管迁移的机制、炎症介质、激活的EC,PMN在组织损伤过程中各自所发挥的作用及其相互影响仍有待进一步阐明.
表1 不同因素对培养EC3 H-TdR特异性释放率的影响(略)
Tab1 Effect of difference factors on3 H-TdR specific release rate of cultured EC
本结果显示,经烧伤早期血清孵育12h,EC表面突起增加,EC连接出现间隙,能促进与正常PMN粘附,PMN粘附镶嵌于EC间隙,经烧伤早期血清预刺激的PMN,其形态由园形变为不规则,表面微绒毛的数量和长度显著增加,PMN的众多微绒毛及伪足与EC表面突起结合锚于EC表面,在电镜样品处理过程中,微绒毛、伪足部分断裂,但其断端仍牢固附着EC表面,也间接说明其结合的牢固性.以EBPS刺激EC或PMN,均能显著增加PMN的粘附数量(P<0.01).而两种细胞均经EBPS刺激后,EC表面突起减少,EC从培养膜表面分离,PMN微绒毛脱落,粘附细胞数减少,说明存在EC和PMN的损伤.
以DNA合成的前体物质3 H-TdR标记细胞 DNA,不同损伤因素作用后,检测细胞内3 H-TdR含量和特异性释放率,能直接反映细胞DNA损伤和细胞膜的通透性改变.3 H-TdR释放实验已广泛应用于淋巴细胞杀伤功能的检测,肿瘤细胞的药物敏感性实验和对药物疗效的评价.我们的实验结果提示,烧伤早期血清和正常人血清培养12h,细胞内3 H-TdR含量无明显差异,特异性释放率很低.烧伤早期血清培养EC或以烧伤早期血清调理PMN后,EC与PMN相互作用其细胞3 H-TdR含量下降,特异性释放率增强,与对照组比较,虽然无统计学意义,但可以看出其损伤有加重的趋势,以烧伤早期血清培养EC与经烧伤血清预刺激的PMN相互作用,其细胞内3 H-TdR含量进一步下降,特异性释放率增加,与对照组比较有显著差异(P<0.01).培养EC的损伤依赖于PMN的存在,烧伤早期血清作为一种细胞激活因素参与和加强了PMN的损伤效应,结合烧伤早期血清具有促进培养EC的增殖作用这一结果[7] ,提示烧伤血清不是作为一种直接的损伤因素,而是作为一种细胞激活剂参与了烧伤早期血管内皮细胞损伤的发病过程.烧伤血清能诱导EC粘附分子的表达和PMN产生氧自由的能力[8,9] ,动物实验也显示,烧伤早期PMN粘附分子CD11 /CD18 表达增强[10] ,以单克隆抗体封闭CD11 /CD18 能部分阻断PMN与EC粘附[11] .说明EC粘附分子及其分布于PMN上的相应配体在PMN与EC粘附过程中均具重要作用,我们的实验也进一步证实这一论点,虽然扫描电镜下观察到的EC表面突起及PMN微绒毛是否就是粘附分子仍有待证实,但至少说明它们在细胞粘附过程中发挥了重要作用.
PMN与EC粘附和越血管迁移不是毒性过程,不引起内皮通透性增加和EC损伤,如慢性肉芽肿患者,其PMN不能产生氧自由基,但同样能通过微血管内膜在炎症部位聚集[12] .但在内皮周围趋化因子作用下,PMN与EC粘附迁移,可以引起PMN与EC相互激活,被激活的PMN可以发生“呼吸爆发”释放氧自由和蛋白酶,造成血管内皮细胞损伤,通透性增加[11] ,被激活的EC可释放血小板活化因子(PAF),NO,IL-6,IL-8前列腺素I2 ,进一步介导EC损伤.内皮细胞脱落,血管基底膜暴露[13] ,可以进一步启动凝血过程,引起广泛的微血栓,造成组织缺氧和损害.
以上结果提示:烧伤早期血清能诱导EC表面突起增加,EC连接出现微小间隙,诱导PMN表面增加微绒毛数量和长度,促进EC与PMN的粘附.激活的PMN与EC相互作用,可引起EC与PMN的损伤.培养EC的损伤依赖于PMN的存在,烧伤早期血清作为一种细胞激活因素参与和加强了PMN的损伤效应.烧伤血清不是作为一种直接的损伤因素,而是作为一种细胞激活剂参与了烧伤早期血管内皮细胞损伤的发病过程.
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第四军医大学西京医院整形外科中心烧伤外科,陕西西安710033
编辑 袁天峰, 百拇医药(朱雄翔,胡大海,汤朝武,陈 璧,徐明达,董茂龙)
中图号:R644
摘 要:目的 探讨严重烧伤早期血管内皮细胞(EC)损伤机制. 方法 以培养脐静脉EC为模型,应用扫描电镜技术,3 H-TdR特异性释放实验,观察了终浓度为200mL·L-1 的早期烧伤患者血清(EBPS)介导PMN与EC相互作用后,EC及PMN的表面结构,PMN与EC粘附特性及EC3 H-TdR特异释放率的变化. 结果 正常人血清(NHS)调理的PMN为园形、规则,EBPS调理的PMN形态不规则.NHS对照组PMN与EC连接松散,EC与EC连接紧密,EBPS刺激EC与NHS调理的PMN相互作用,EC与EC连接出现微小间隙,EC表面突起增多,PMN形态不规则,主要粘附于EC间隙.NHS刺激的EC与EBPS调理的PMN相互作用后,PMN偏平状锚于EC表面.EBPS刺激的EC与EBPS调理的PMN相互作用,PMN形态不规则,表面微绒毛显著减少,EC从膜上分离脱落,EC3 H-TdR特异性释放率与对照组比较有显著差异(P<0.01). 结论 EBPS可激活EC和PMN,激活的EC与PMN相互作用,可引起EC损伤,EC损伤依赖PMN的参与,EBPS可能不是作为一种直接的损伤因素而是作为一种细胞激活剂参与了烧伤早期EC的损伤过程.
Mechanism of cultured endothelial cells damage in┐duced by early┐stage burn patient's serum
ZHU Xiong-Xiang,HU Da-Hai,TANG Chao-Wu,CHEN Bi,XU Min-Da,DONG Mao-Long
Department of Burn Surgery,Center of Plastic Surgery,Xijing Hospital,Fourth Military Medical University,Xi'an710033,China
Keywords:burn;endothelial cells;polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Abstract:AIM To investigate the mechanism of endothelial cells(EC)damage in early-stage of severely burned patients.METHODS Scanning electron microscope and
3 H-TdR spe-cific release assay were employed to observe the change of the cell's surfaces,and adhesion of EC and Polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMN),and the change of3 H-TdR specific re-lease rate of EC after PMN and EC were co-cultured with200mL·L-1 early-stage burn patient's serum(EBPS).RESULTS PMN showed round and regular shape after be-ing cultured with normal human serum(NHS),but irregular shape after being cultured with EBPS;the junction between EC and PMN became slacker and EC and EC became denser.When EC stimulated by EBPS was co-cultured with PMN modulated by NHS,at the junction among EC appeared mi-crospace,PMN showed irregular shape and PMN mostly at-tached to the microspace among EC.When EC stimulated by NHS was co-cultured with PMN modulated by EBPS,the junction between EC and PMN became denser and PMN an-chored to the surface of EC.When EC stimulated by EBPS was co-cultured with PMN modulated by EBPS,PMN showed irregular shape,microvilli on PMNs'surface reduced markedly,EC detached from the coverslip,and3 H-TdR spe-cific release rate of EC showed significant difference compared with control group(P<0.01).CONCLUSION EBPS could activate EC and PMN and induce damage to EC which may depend on interaction of PMN.EBPS might not be a direct factor but an activator which induces damage to EC.
引言
严重烧伤早期血管内皮细胞(EC)损伤、PMN与EC粘附、越血管迁移是烧伤早期过度炎症反应综合征及随后发生多器官功能损害发病的关键[1] .烧伤患者血清中炎症介质、循环中PMN在介导EC损伤过程中发挥了怎样的作用仍有待进一步阐明.我们以培养脐静脉EC模型,应用扫描电镜技术及3 H-TdR特异释放实验,观察了烧伤患者早期血清(EBPS)介导PMN与EC相互作用后,EC,PMN的表面结构、细胞连接、PMN与EC粘附及EC3 H-TdR特异性释放率的变化,探讨EBPS介导EC的损伤效应及机制,分析EBPS,PMN在EC损伤过程中所起的作用.
1 材料和方法
1.1 材料
NHS及EBPS制备:选择年龄20~35岁,烧伤体表面积30%~50%,无重度吸入性损伤的患者,伤后24~48h内无菌条件抽静脉血20mL,常温静置12h,血块收缩后,收集析出血清,1500r·min-1 ,离心10min,去除残余红细胞.健康献血者全血,同法制备NHS.
1.2 方法
1.2.1 EC培养
参照Jaffe[2] 的方法略有改进,建立脐静脉EC模型,免疫细胞化学SABC法检测Ⅷ因子相关抗原鉴定EC.
1.2.2 PMN分离
percoll分离液配制:percoll原液48.5mL(密度为1.3g),85g·L-1 NaCl溶液5.38mL,8.5g·L-1 NaCl22.4mL混合,测比重为1.085,过滤除菌.10mL刻度离心管加percoll分离液3mL,肝素抗凝正常人静脉血与等量DMEM混匀,沿管壁缓慢叠加于分离液上,水平离心2500r·min-1 20min.吸去上层DMEM与血清,收集中层PMN于另一离心管中,加5倍DMEM1500r·min-1 洗涤细胞两次,胎盼蓝染色,血球计数板计数及测细胞活力,调整细胞密度为1×1010 ·L-1 .细胞活力>95%.取细胞悬液1滴涂片,瑞氏染色,光学显微镜分类,约80%为PMN,20%为单个核细胞,含部分血小板.
1.2.3 细胞培养与粘附实验
培养的EC待达95%融合时,2g·L-1 EDTA/胰蛋白酶消化,1500r·min-1 离心,200mL·L-1 小牛血清(FCS)DMEM重悬细胞,调整细胞密度为1×108 ·L-1 ,取直径为1cm的coverslip置24孔培养板,每孔加EC细胞悬液0.5mL,常规换液,待细胞完全融合成单层后加入200mL·L-1 NHS或200mL·L-1 EBPS继续培养12h,吸去培养上清,按以下分组加入0.5mL经200mL·L-1 NHS或200mL·L-1 EBPS37℃预刺激40min的PMN悬液,继续培养1h,去培养上清,每孔加37℃预温0.01moL·L-1 PBS1mL.轻轻晃动培养板,洗涤未粘附PMN,30g·L-1 戊二醛固定4℃过夜.
实验分组:①N.EC+N.PMN:200mL·L-1 NHS培养EC加200mL·L-1 NHS预刺激PMN.②N.EC+B.PMN:200mL·L-1 NHS培养EC加入200mL·L-1 EBPS预刺激PMN.③B.EC+N.PMN:200mL·L-1 EBPS培养EC加200mL· L-1 NHS预刺激PMN.④B.EC+B.PMN:200mL·L-1 EBPS培养EC加200mL·L-1 EBPS调理PMN.每组重复4孔.
扫描电镜观察:观察不同条件下EC表面突起,EC与EC间连接,PMN形状、表面微绒毛及伪足的改变,PMN与EC连接.每个样品随机观察10个视野(×500倍),计数每个视野PMN数.
1.2.4
3 H-TdR特异性释放实验 制备细胞密度为2×108 ·L-1 的EC悬液,200μL/孔接种96孔板,37℃50mL·L-1 CO2 培养48h,使细胞处于对数增殖期.换培养基,加入3 H-TdR20μL/孔(9.25×10 8 Bq)继续培养24h,去培养上清液,加37℃预温DMEM洗涤未标记3 H-TdR3次,按以下设计分别加不同刺激因子于已标记3 H-TdR的细胞孔中.①最大释放组:200mL·L-1 FCS DMEM200μL/孔培养11h,加入10mL·L-1 Triton-100100μL,继续培养1h.②对照组:200mL·L-1 FCS DMEM20μL/孔培养12h.③N.EC组:200mL·L-1 NHS DMEM20μL/孔培养12h.④B.EC组:200mL·L-1 EBPS DMEM20μL/孔培养12h.⑤N.EC+N.PMN:200mL·L-1 NHS DMEM20μL/孔培养11h,吸出培养基,加入200μL/孔经200mL·L-1 NHS预刺激PMN继续培养1h.⑥N.EC+B.PMN组:200mL·L-1 NHS DMEM20μL/孔培养11h,吸去培养基,加入200μL/孔经200mL·L-1 EBPS预刺激PMN继续培养1h.⑦B.EC+N.PMN组:200mL·L-1 EBPS DMEM20μL/孔培养11h,吸去培养基,加入200μL/孔经200mL·L-1 NHS预刺激PMN.⑧B.EC+B.PMN组:200mL·L-1 EBPS DMEM培养11h,吸去培养基,加入200μL/孔经200mL·L-1 EBPS预刺激PMN.⑨本底组:不加3 H-TdR常规培养.各组设计5个复孔,以2g·L-1 EDTA/胰蛋白酶100μL/孔消化30min,用细胞收集仪收获细胞于玻璃纤维滤纸上,红外线烤箱烘烤30min,移入液闪瓶中,加入0.5mL闪烁液,β液闪仪中测cpm.特异性释放率(%)=(1-实验组-本底组对照组-本底组)×100%统计学处理:PMN计数根据扫描电镜显示器面积及倍率换算成每mm2 计数,所有数据方差分析比较组间差异.
2 结果
2.1 EBPS对EC PMN表面结构及细胞连接的影响
NHS预刺激PMN为圆形、规则(Fig1).EBPS预刺激PMN形态不规则,表面微绒毛丰富,有伪足形成(Fig2),N.EC+N.PMN组:PMN与EC连接松散,EC与EC连接紧密(Fig3).B.EC+N.PMN组:EC与EC连接出现微小间隙,EC表面突起增多,PMN形态不规则,但微红毛较少,PMN主要粘附于EC间隙(Fig4).N.EC+B.PMN组:PMN变为扁平状锚于EC表面,连接紧密,微绒毛呈辐射状,而EC与EC连接紧密(Fig5).B.EC+B.PMN组:PMN形态不规则,表面微绒毛显著减少,EC从Cov-erslip分离(Fig6).提示可能有EC及PMN损伤.
图1 NHS预刺激PMN为圆形、规则(略)
Fig1 PMN showed round and regular shape after cultured with NHS
图2 EBPS预刺激PMN形态不规则,表面微绒毛丰富(略)
Fig2 PMN showed irregular shape after cultured with EBPS
图3 PMN与EC连接松散,EC与EC连接紧密(略)
Fig3 Junction between EC and PMN became slacker,and between EC and EC became denser
图4 EC与EC连接出现微小间隙,EC表面突起增多,PMN主要粘附于EC间隙(略)
Fig4 Junction among EC appeared microspace,PMN mostly attached to the microspace
图5 PMN变为扁平状锚于EC表面,EC间连接紧密(略)
Fig5 PMN anchored to the surface of EC;the junction among EC became denser
图6 PMN形态不规则,但其表面微绒毛显著减少,EC从Coverslip分离(略)
Fig6 PMN showed irregular shape,microvilli on PMNs'surface reduced markedly,EC detached from the coverslip
2.2 EBPS对EC粘附PMN数量的影响
EBPS刺激PMN或EC均能增加PMN的粘附,N.EC+B.PMN组[(464±30)/mm2 ],B.EC+N.PMN组[(501±49)/mm2 ]与正常血清对照N.EC+N.PMN组[(234±15)/mm2 ]及B.EC+B.PMN组[(186±36)mm2 ]比较差异非常显著(P<0.01).
2.3 不同因素对培养EC3 H┐TdR特异性释放率的影响
不同刺激因子对EC细胞3 H-TdR含量及特异性释放率有影响,其影响程度大致可分为3个等级,NHS或EBPS作用最小,且两个血清组间差异很小,EC,PMN均经EBPS刺激后相互作用,对细胞内3 H-TdR含量及特异性释放影响最大,与其他各组比较,差异非常显著(P<0.01,Tab1).
3 讨论
烧伤后血液中会产生许多对机体有害的物质,这些物质通过不同途径引起EC,PMN激活或损伤.Gao等[3] 报道30%Ⅲ°烧伤大鼠血清刺激培养EC单层对Hank's液通透性、白蛋白滤过流量、滤过系数均明显增加.表明烧伤早期血清可引起血管内膜的通透性增加.烧伤早期血清引起EC连接出现微小间隙和通透性增加是否是EC直接损伤的结果?细胞因子作用于培养的EC可引起PECAM-1,P-se-lectin,E-selectin和α-肌动蛋白表达增加[4,5] ,α-肌动蛋白可增加EC变形能力,PECAM-1,P-selectin,E-selectin可诱导EC连接出现间隙,从而导致血管内皮通透性变化,但这种通透性的改变是可逆性,并不是EC损伤所致[6] .烧伤早期血清致血管内皮通透性增加是EC直接损伤还是激活,仍无直接证据.烧伤早期血浆中多种炎症介质含量上升,毛细血管通透性、组织中含水量和组织中PMN浸润量均增加.毛细血管通透性增加,PMN与血管内膜粘附,越血管迁移和向组织中浸润在烧伤早期组织损伤中起了起始和关键作用[1] .但PMN越血管迁移的机制、炎症介质、激活的EC,PMN在组织损伤过程中各自所发挥的作用及其相互影响仍有待进一步阐明.
表1 不同因素对培养EC3 H-TdR特异性释放率的影响(略)
Tab1 Effect of difference factors on3 H-TdR specific release rate of cultured EC
本结果显示,经烧伤早期血清孵育12h,EC表面突起增加,EC连接出现间隙,能促进与正常PMN粘附,PMN粘附镶嵌于EC间隙,经烧伤早期血清预刺激的PMN,其形态由园形变为不规则,表面微绒毛的数量和长度显著增加,PMN的众多微绒毛及伪足与EC表面突起结合锚于EC表面,在电镜样品处理过程中,微绒毛、伪足部分断裂,但其断端仍牢固附着EC表面,也间接说明其结合的牢固性.以EBPS刺激EC或PMN,均能显著增加PMN的粘附数量(P<0.01).而两种细胞均经EBPS刺激后,EC表面突起减少,EC从培养膜表面分离,PMN微绒毛脱落,粘附细胞数减少,说明存在EC和PMN的损伤.
以DNA合成的前体物质3 H-TdR标记细胞 DNA,不同损伤因素作用后,检测细胞内3 H-TdR含量和特异性释放率,能直接反映细胞DNA损伤和细胞膜的通透性改变.3 H-TdR释放实验已广泛应用于淋巴细胞杀伤功能的检测,肿瘤细胞的药物敏感性实验和对药物疗效的评价.我们的实验结果提示,烧伤早期血清和正常人血清培养12h,细胞内3 H-TdR含量无明显差异,特异性释放率很低.烧伤早期血清培养EC或以烧伤早期血清调理PMN后,EC与PMN相互作用其细胞3 H-TdR含量下降,特异性释放率增强,与对照组比较,虽然无统计学意义,但可以看出其损伤有加重的趋势,以烧伤早期血清培养EC与经烧伤血清预刺激的PMN相互作用,其细胞内3 H-TdR含量进一步下降,特异性释放率增加,与对照组比较有显著差异(P<0.01).培养EC的损伤依赖于PMN的存在,烧伤早期血清作为一种细胞激活因素参与和加强了PMN的损伤效应,结合烧伤早期血清具有促进培养EC的增殖作用这一结果[7] ,提示烧伤血清不是作为一种直接的损伤因素,而是作为一种细胞激活剂参与了烧伤早期血管内皮细胞损伤的发病过程.烧伤血清能诱导EC粘附分子的表达和PMN产生氧自由的能力[8,9] ,动物实验也显示,烧伤早期PMN粘附分子CD11 /CD18 表达增强[10] ,以单克隆抗体封闭CD11 /CD18 能部分阻断PMN与EC粘附[11] .说明EC粘附分子及其分布于PMN上的相应配体在PMN与EC粘附过程中均具重要作用,我们的实验也进一步证实这一论点,虽然扫描电镜下观察到的EC表面突起及PMN微绒毛是否就是粘附分子仍有待证实,但至少说明它们在细胞粘附过程中发挥了重要作用.
PMN与EC粘附和越血管迁移不是毒性过程,不引起内皮通透性增加和EC损伤,如慢性肉芽肿患者,其PMN不能产生氧自由基,但同样能通过微血管内膜在炎症部位聚集[12] .但在内皮周围趋化因子作用下,PMN与EC粘附迁移,可以引起PMN与EC相互激活,被激活的PMN可以发生“呼吸爆发”释放氧自由和蛋白酶,造成血管内皮细胞损伤,通透性增加[11] ,被激活的EC可释放血小板活化因子(PAF),NO,IL-6,IL-8前列腺素I2 ,进一步介导EC损伤.内皮细胞脱落,血管基底膜暴露[13] ,可以进一步启动凝血过程,引起广泛的微血栓,造成组织缺氧和损害.
以上结果提示:烧伤早期血清能诱导EC表面突起增加,EC连接出现微小间隙,诱导PMN表面增加微绒毛数量和长度,促进EC与PMN的粘附.激活的PMN与EC相互作用,可引起EC与PMN的损伤.培养EC的损伤依赖于PMN的存在,烧伤早期血清作为一种细胞激活因素参与和加强了PMN的损伤效应.烧伤血清不是作为一种直接的损伤因素,而是作为一种细胞激活剂参与了烧伤早期血管内皮细胞损伤的发病过程.
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第四军医大学西京医院整形外科中心烧伤外科,陕西西安710033
编辑 袁天峰, 百拇医药(朱雄翔,胡大海,汤朝武,陈 璧,徐明达,董茂龙)