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镓盐对骨质疏松骨细胞超微结构的影响
http://www.100md.com 庞 炜 ,王治伦 ,周 扬
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     摘要:目的 探讨镓盐对骨质疏松骨细胞超微结构的影响。方法 用8月龄雌性SD大鼠造模,骨质疏松组开腹切除双侧卵巢后缝合,对照组开腹切一小块脂肪后缝合。12周后,取胫骨上段骨组织,观察模型复制情况。嗣后随机分为3组:对照组与骨质疏松组正常饲养12周;硝酸镓治疗组给予硝酸镓治疗(1mg/kg),3次/周,腹腔注射。应用脱钙骨切片观察光镜下骨形态;制作透射电镜样本,在透射电镜下观察骨细胞形态及骨细胞内部结构情况。结果 对照组及硝酸镓治疗组骨细胞结构正常,细胞核染色质分布均匀,核为卵圆形;骨质疏松组部分骨细胞核呈固缩状,形态变长。对照组成骨细胞中细胞器较少,有胶原分泌;骨质疏松组成骨细胞中有大量内质网存在,有大量胶原分泌,硝酸镓治疗组成骨细胞可见有较多胶原分泌,细胞中存在大量内质网及线粒体。结论 镓盐对骨质疏松引起的骨细胞超微结构的损伤有改善作用。

    关键词:镓盐;骨质疏松;超微结构;骨细胞

    Study on the influence of Gallium on osteocyte ultrastructure in osteoporosis

    Pang Wei, Wang Zhilun, Zhou Yang

    (Department of Orthopaedics, 323 Hospital of PLA, Xian 710054; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710061, China)

    ABSTRACT: Objective To investigate the influence of Gallium on osteocyte ultrastructure in osteoporosis. Methods A total of 66 8month old rats were anesthetized. Oophorectomies were taken in the osteoporosis group, and in the control group a piece of fat were taken instead. 12 weeks later, 8 rats in each group were sacrificed and the tibias upside were used to observe the model duplication. After the model duplication succeeded, the residual rats were separated into 3 groups randomly: the control group, the osteoporosis group raised normally in 12 weeks and the gallium nitrate therapy group, which were injected 1mg/kg gallium nitrate in the abdomen 3 times per week. Microscope was used to observe the bone form of decalcification sections. Transmission electron microscope was used to observe osteocyte form and internal structure. Results The osteocyte structures of control group and gallium nitrate therapy group were normal. The chromatins distributed symmetrical and nucleuses were oviform. Pyknosis was found in some osteocytes in osteoporosis group. There's few organell in osteoblast in control group. Collagen excretion was found. A lot of endoplasmic reticulums and an abundant of collagen excretion were found in osteoblasts in osteoporosis group. A lot of endoplasmic reticulums and mitochondria were found in osteoblasts in gallium nitrate therapy group. An abundant of collagen excretion was found, but less than osteoporosis group. Conclusion Gallium can alleviate the damage of osteocyte ultrastructure elicited by osteoporosis.

    KEY WORDS: gallium; osteoporosis; ultrastructure; osteocyte

    骨组织由骨细胞,基质和无机盐组成。骨质疏松时骨强度降低,其主要原因之一是骨细胞代谢改变。镓在体内主要蓄积于骨组织和皮下,静脉注射镓盐后,迅速进入软组织和骨骼中,并抑制骨代谢。本实验旨在探讨镓盐对骨质疏松骨细胞超微结构的影响。

     1 材料与方法

    1.1 实验动物与分组 8月龄雌性SD大鼠66只(西安交通大学医学院实验动物中心提供,国家A级实验动物),体质量220-270g。随机分为对照组(23只)和骨质疏松模型复制组(43只)。

    1.2 骨质疏松模型复制 全部大鼠均在乌拉坦腹腔注射麻醉下,打开腹腔。对照组开腹后切一小块脂肪后缝合,骨质疏质模型组开腹后切除双侧卵巢后缝合,手术后保暖(死亡4只,均为骨质疏松模型组,死亡原因为术后感染)。4d后大鼠恢复,进入实验。以常规饲料(西安交通大学医学院实验动物中心配制)喂养12周。12周后,每组随机选8只大鼠处死,取胫骨上段骨组织,观察模型复制情况。

    1.3 治疗方法 模型复制成功后,将骨质疏松模型组再分为骨质疏松组(15只)和硝酸镓治疗组(16只)。硝酸镓治疗组给予1mg/kg硝酸镓,3次/周,腹腔注射。均正常饲养12周。

    1.4 取材 经腹腔静脉抽血处死,取动物双侧后肢骨分别用2.5%(体积分数)戊二醛和10%(体积分数)甲醛溶液固定。

    1.5 切片制备 制备常规脱钙骨病理切片。由西安交通大学电子显微镜室制作透射电镜切片。

     2 结果

    2.1 脱钙骨切片观察骨组织结果 骨质疏松组骨小梁宽度变窄,骨小梁间距变宽,骨小梁占视野面积比降低,骨皮质虽无显著差异,但亦见变窄趋势。低倍镜下观察对照组和硝酸镓治疗组骨小梁排列以纵向为主,连接成网,骨小梁间距小;而骨质疏松组骨小梁较细,排列稀疏,小梁间距增大,并且出现小梁的空缺区。可见髓腔有脂肪化。说明大鼠骨组织形成骨质疏松(图1)。

    2.2 透射电镜结果 对照组及硝酸镓治疗组骨细胞结构正常,细胞核染色质分布均匀,核为卵圆形;骨质疏松组部分骨细胞核呈固缩状,形态变长;对照组成骨细胞中细胞器较少,有胶原分泌;骨质疏松组成骨细胞中有大量内质网存在,有大量胶原分泌,且偶见成骨细胞溶解;硝酸镓治疗组成骨细胞可见有较多胶原分泌,细胞中存在大量内质网及线粒体(图2)。

    图1 各组大鼠股骨病理切片(略)

    Fig.1 The bone histomorphometric of the 3 groups

    The bone histomorphometric of control group(a): there are a plenty of trabeculars(HE 10×10)

    The bone histomorphometric of osteoporosis group(b): quite fewer trabeculars can be found (HE 10×10)

    The bone histomorphometric of gallium nitrate therapy group(c): trabeculars are fewer than those in control group, but more than those in osteoporosis group (HE 10×10)

    图2 各组电镜骨细胞和成骨细胞形态(略)

    Fig.2 The form of osteocyte and osteoblast of each group (×6000)

    The osteocyte of control(a): The cells are round in shape; chromatins distribute symmetrical

    The osteocyte of osteoporosis group(b): The cells are long and pyknosis can be found

    The osteocyte of gallium nitrate therapy group(c): The cells are round in shapechromatins distribute symmetrical and there is much cytoplasm

    The osteoblast of control(d): Theres few organells; collagen fibers can be found

    The osteoblast of osteoporosis group(e): A part of cell membrane dissolved; an abundant of collagen fibers can be found outside of cell

    The osteoblast of gallium nitrate therapy group(f): A lot of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulums can be found in cytoplasm; collagen fibers can be found outside of cell

    3 讨论

    摘除成熟大鼠双侧卵巢建立绝经后骨质疏松模型是目前研究常用的方法,该模型与人类绝经后骨质疏松的特征基本相似\[1\]。但一般成熟大鼠仅仅切除卵巢还不易引起骨质疏松,因此一些研究者常伴有其他处理,如同时给予低钙饮食、皮质激素等加速骨质疏松的发展。但如此制备模型,病因因素较为复杂,对研究工作不利。有些研究者选用动物年龄较小(仅2-4月龄),模型动物的基本生理条件仅能代表年轻的机体状态。本研究选用8月龄大鼠,此时动物约处于中年期,已趋向类似老年或绝经后骨质疏松患者的机体状态,亦符合美国FDA选择动物模型的规定。本研究切除大鼠卵巢12周后,骨组织出现了类似人类卵巢功能衰退的表现,认为骨质疏松造模成功。雌激素缺乏可致骨代谢呈负平衡状况,引起破骨细胞吸收作用增强\[2\]。治疗后骨量丢失可有很大的缓解,但仍无法完全阻止骨量的丢失,本研究进一步证实了这一点。

    镓在体内主要蓄积于骨组织和皮下,静脉注射镓盐后,迅速进入软组织和骨骼中,6个月后,在骨中含量恒定。体内外实验已提示镓直接抑制骨溶解,阻止骨钙的释放。

    骨组织细胞在骨质疏松时起重要作用。对雌激素缺乏引起的骨质疏松、骨丢失的原因是因破骨细胞产生骨吸收增加,还是成骨细胞功能下降或数量减少而导致新骨形成减少或两者兼有,目前还存在争议\[3\],但在骨质疏松时成骨细胞功能活跃有较多的报道,同时骨质疏松时碱性磷酸酶增高也证明这一点,但关于成骨细胞数量是否减少尚未见报道。骨质疏松时,成骨作用改变也可能使总体成骨细胞数量减少,成骨细胞功能活跃造成的综合结果。骨细胞是由成骨细胞分泌骨有机质包埋自身后形成的,它在骨代谢中亦起一定作用,骨细胞在骨陷窝内通过许多骨小管与其他骨细胞和成骨细胞相连,早期骨细胞质中存在内质网等细胞器,表示功能旺盛,老化后细胞器减少,核呈固缩状。本实验结果显示,去除卵巢大鼠成骨细胞内细胞器增多,功能活跃,但骨细胞呈核固缩的老化态,其机理尚不清楚。而硝酸镓治疗组未发现骨细胞核固缩,可能由于骨中镓盐激活骨细胞所致。而对照组中成骨细胞功能不活跃。在本实验各组中均可见到破骨细胞的存在。电镜下观察,去卵巢后大鼠成骨细胞中细胞器大量增加亦证明这一点。应用硝酸镓治疗后,显示其影响了成骨细胞的活性\[4\]。镓盐还可增加Ⅰ型胶原稳态mRNA水平\[5\]。同时硝酸镓对移植大鼠头盖骨中胶原合成增多及3H脯氨酸参入胶原转换成羟脯氨酸(Hopro)量也增大。由上述镓盐对骨超微结构影响的观察,显示镓对骨骼的强骨作用。

     参考文献:

    \[1\]陈槐卿,李良,郑虎. 绝经后骨质疏松的动物模型 \[J\]. 中国骨质疏松杂志,1998, 4(2):8284.

    \[2\]Suda I. Modulation of osteoclast differentiation \[J\]. Endocrine Review, 1992,13(1):6680.

    \[3\]Wronski TJ,Dann LM, Horner SL. Time course of vertebral osteopenia in orariectomized rat \[J\]. Bone, 1989,10(4):295301.

    \[4\]Wakley GK, Garand J, Brown D, et al. Effects of gallium on bone in the rat \[J\]. J Bone Miner Res, 1992:7(1):1119.

    \[5\]Bockman RS, Guidon PT Jr, Pan LC, et al. Gallium nitrate increase type I collagen and fibronectin mRNA and collagen levels in bone and fibroblast cells \[J\]. J Cell Biochem, 1993, 52(4):396403.

    (编辑 邱 芬)

    基金项目:兰州军区医药卫生科研基金项目(No.LXH2011)

    通讯作者:王治伦. Email: wzlun@mail.xjtu.edu.cn

    作者简介:庞炜(1963),男(汉族), 副主任医师,外科学博士.

    (解放军第三二三医院骨科,陕西西安 710054;

    西安交通大学环境与疾病相关基因教育部重点实验室,陕西西安 710061)

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