鼻腔非霍奇金淋巴瘤的化学治疗及放射治疗
【摘要】 目的:探讨不同治疗方法对鼻腔非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)患者的预后影响。方法: 在59例原发于鼻腔NHL IE期患者中,化疗+放疗33例,放疗+化疗8例,单纯化疗10例,单纯放疗8例,化疗方案为CHOP。结果: 全组患者的1,3,5年生存率分别为712%,420%和385%,不同治疗方法的生存率差异无显著性(P=03943),但生存曲线显示,放化组优于其他组。临床分期显示,IE局限组患者1,3,5年生存率为842%、677%和620%,IE超腔组患者为500%、143%和143%,差异有显著性(P=00012)。首程化疗≥3个周期24例,首程放疗≥40Gy16例,完全缓解率(CR率)分别为250%和750%,差异无显著性(P=0002)。首程化疗2,3~4,5~6个周期的CR率分别为105%、250%和250%,差异无显著性(P=048),并发症发生率及治疗相关死亡率均以化放组为高(394%,152%),但差异无显著性(P=0202,P=0693)。结论: I期鼻腔NHL患者首选放疗,以尽早达到局部控制,再根据临床分期及恶性程度或国际预后指数(IPI)酌情给予更有效的化疗方案。
【关键词】 鼻肿瘤/药物疗法;鼻肿瘤/放射疗法;淋巴瘤,非霍奇金/药物疗法;淋巴瘤,非霍奇金/放射疗法;综合疗法;预后
Chemical and Radiation Treatment on NonHodgkins Lymphomas in Nasal Cavity
LIU Feng, DUAN Yun, LI Fei, et al
Xuanhua Steal Company Hospital,Xuanhua,075100,Hebei China
【ABSTRACT】 Objective: To investigate the effects of different treatments on the prognosis of patients with nonHodgkins lymphomas in nasal cavity. Methods: A retrospective study on 59 patients who suffered from stage IE primary nonHodgkins lymphomas in nasal cavity was presented. They were treated by radiotherapy and chemotherapy of CHOP regimen, in which 33patients received chemotherapy plus radiotherapy,8 patients received radiotherapy plus chemotherapy,10 patients received chemotherapy alone, and 8 patients received radiotherapy alone. Survival analysis was performed by KaplanMeier method, the difference between groups was evaluated by logrank test, and the comparison of rates was carried out by χ2 test. Results: The total survival rates for 1,3 and 5year were 712%, 420% and 385% respectively. There was no significant difference among the patients received different treatments (χ2=298,P=03943),but the patients received radiotherapy plus chemotherapy seemed to have a better survival rates than that of other patients. The 1, 3and5year survival rates were 842%, 677% and 620% for lesion limited in nasal cavity but were 500%, 143% and 143% for lesion extending into and involving in the adjacent structures (χ2=1046, P=00012), As the initial therapy, 24 patients who received chemotherapy more than 3 cycles, and 16 patients who received radiotherapy more than 40 Gy, the complete response (CR) rates were 250%, and 750% (χ2=9697, P=0002). Among 43 patients receiving chemotherapy, the CR rates for those who received 2, 34 and 56 cycles were 105%, 250% and 250% respectively (χ2=1467, P=048). Patients who received chemotherapy plus radiotherapy had higher rates of both complication and treatmentrelated mortality, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0202 and 0693). Conclusion: For stage I of nonHodgkins lymphomas in the nasal cavity, radiotherapy should be the first treatment to get early local control. Chemotherapy may be followed at the discretion of the pathological grade and clinical staging, or IPI.
【KEY WORDS】 Nasal neoplasm/drug therapy; Nasal neoplasm/radiotherapy; Lymphoma, nonHodgkin/drug therapy; Lymphoma, nonHodgkin/radiotherapy; Comprehensive treatment; Prognosis
鼻腔非霍奇金淋巴瘤(nonHodgkins lymphomas, NHL)在亚洲及南美洲较常见,其表现为鼻腔肿瘤坏死性改变、病情进展较快、对放射治疗较敏感、晚期预后差等特点\[1~3\]。既往将发生于鼻腔、硬腭、口咽等中线部位,以坏死性病变为主的一类疾病诊断为恶性肉芽肿,随着病理免疫组化的开展,最后确诊为鼻腔NHL\[1\]。为探讨对该病的合理治疗,我们对59例IE期鼻腔NHL患者,分别采用4种方法进行治疗,并对其预后因素进行分析和讨论。
1 资料与方法
11 一般资料 1992~1999年收治66例原发于鼻腔NHL IE期患者,其中资料完整者59例,男女之比为56∶1;中位年龄42(5~72)岁。全部患者均经乳酸脱氢酶、胸片、腹部B超检查,有52例行骨髓穿刺检查。国际预后指数(IPI)≤2者56例。发热>38℃者22例。根据文献\[2\]标准,病灶局限于鼻腔(IE局限组)31例;超出鼻腔直接侵犯邻近器官,无淋巴结受侵(IE超腔组)28例。临近器官受侵依次为面部、上腭、鼻根、上颌窦、筛窦、鼻咽、眼睑、内眦、口咽。大多数患者经过2次或2次以上活检确诊。病理分类:髓外浆细胞瘤(分化好)1例,弥漫型小裂细胞性6例,弥漫型小和大细胞混合性3例,弥漫型大细胞性20例,髓外浆细胞瘤(分化差)2例,弥漫型无裂细胞性2例,小无裂细胞性2例,淋巴母细胞性(曲核、非曲核)2例,多形细胞性7例,间变性大细胞性1例,其他未分类13例。44例做免疫组化分析,T细胞34例,B细胞10例。
12 治疗方法 单纯化疗(单化组)10例,单纯放疗(单放组)8例,放疗+化疗(放化组)8例,化疗+放疗(化放组)33例。化疗以标准的CHOP方案,放疗采用60Coγ射线或直线加速器高能X射线,设野方法根据肿瘤侵犯范围,原发灶采用单纯鼻前野或加双侧耳前野,中位剂量54Gy(30~65 Gy);颈部照射中位剂量45 Gy(35~50 Gy)。各组细胞类型及治疗情况见表1。表1 各组细胞类型、化疗周期、放疗剂量及预防照射情况
13 统计方法 生存率用KaplanMeier法计算,组间比较采用Log rank检验,率的比较采用χ2检验。全组随访率为967%。
2 结果
全部患者首程治疗:化疗≥3个周期24例,放疗≥40 Gy16例,完全缓解率(CR率)分别为250%和750%,差异有显著性(χ2=9697,P=0002)。首程化疗2,3~4,5~6个周期,其CR率分别为105%(2/9)、250%(4/16)和250%(2/8),差异无显著性(χ2=1467,P=048)。
全组患者1,3,5年生存率分别为712%、420%和385%。其中IE局限组患者的1,3,5年生存率分别为842%、677%和620%,IE超腔组患者的1,3,5年生存率分别为500%、143%和143%,差异有显著性(χ2=1046,P=00012)。B细胞组患者的生存率高于T细胞组,但差异无显著性(χ2=001,P=09425)。
单化组的1,3,5年生存率分别为700%、200%和200%,单放组分别为500%、375%和375%,放化组分别为875%、625%和500%,化放组分别为697%、448%和416%,差异无显著性(χ2=298,P=03943),但生存曲线显示,放化组优于其他组。单化组的并发症发生率为100%(1/10),单放组为375%(3/8),放化组为125%(1/8),化放组为394%(13/33)。单化组治疗相关死亡率为100%(1/10),单放组为125%(1/8),放化组为0,化放组为152%(5/33)。并发症发生率及治疗相关死亡率均以化放组为高,但差异无显著性(P=0202,P=0693)。
3 讨论
原发鼻腔NHL可来源于NK/T或B淋巴瘤细胞,亚洲及南美以NK/T细胞为主,B细胞少见\[1,3~5\]。本组大多数患者亦为T淋巴细胞性。来源于NK/T细胞的原发鼻腔NHL是一种独立的病理亚型,在新的WHO分类中称之为鼻和鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤,发生于结外的常见部位是面部中线结构,也可发生于皮肤、睾丸、胃肠道和软组织。临床表现为溃疡性、破坏性病变,1/2~2/3患者病理表现为血管中心性病变,管腔内血栓形成和阻塞,引起缺血性坏死。鼻腔NK/T细胞淋巴瘤是一种具有中度侵袭行为的淋巴瘤,局限性病变对放射治疗敏感,易局部复发或远处转移\[1,3~6\]。
据文献报道,鼻腔NHL患者以放疗为主,其5年生存率为48%~79%,放疗剂量50Gy,放疗尤其对IE局限期更好,5年生存率达90%左右。单纯放疗与加用CHOP方案化疗2~4周期,其疗效相当\[2,3,7\],但单纯放疗对IE超腔或Ⅱ期以上者有明显的不利影响\[6\]。影响该病预后的因素为:放疗近期疗效、肿瘤超腔和年龄\[8\]。多数文献报道,对病灶超腔的Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期患者,给予以CHOP为主的化疗2~4周期,加局部放疗,结果显示,放疗及综合治疗对总生存率改善无统计学意义\[2,3,5,8,9\],而对无病生存率改善有统计学意义\[5,6\]。有文献报道,IPI对预后有显著影响,建议以IPI≥2作为综合治疗指征\[6,9\]。
本研究结果显示,全组患者5年生存率为385%,明显低于文献报道\[3,7\],可能与首程治疗以化疗为主有关\[4\]。4个组别患者生存率以放化组优于其他组,但无统计学意义,可能与各组病例数相差大有关。IE超腔组患者生存率明显低于IE局限组,与文献报道一致\[2,3\]。提示鼻腔NHL确诊后,应尽快达到局部病灶完全控制,且首程治疗以放疗为好。2个以上的化疗周期之间,近期疗效无明显相关性,不宜盲目地增加化疗周期。
单放组患者的1,3,5年生存率低于放化组和化放组,原因可能是:(1)单放组中IE超腔例数多(6/8);(2)放疗靶区设计不够合理;(3)样本例数小,未能显示出统计学意义。化放组33例患者的近期和远期疗效未见有明显提高,而并发症和死于并发症病例增加,原因可能是:(1)肿瘤细胞化疗敏感性差,与多药耐药基因表达及p53基因突变、p16基因失活等因素有关\[1\];(2)病理显示以NK/T细胞淋巴瘤为主,多有血管中心性病变,用CHOP常规化疗疗效不佳\[5,6,9\],可能与血管腔内血栓形成和阻塞,使化疗药物难以作用于靶细胞有关;(3)由于化疗局部控制差,肿瘤浸润至邻近器官,导致超腔或引起硬、软腭穿孔,直接影响预后及生存质量。
综上所述,I期鼻腔HNL患者首先应该以放射治疗为主,以期尽早达到局部控制,再根据临床分期(IE超腔及Ⅱ期)及恶性程度或IPI,酌情给予更有效的化疗方案,将有助改善患者预后及生存质量。
参考文献
1 许良中,主编.现代恶性淋巴瘤病理学\[M\].第一版.上海:上海科技文献出版社,2002.163184
2 李晔雄,顾大中,黄一容,等.Ⅰ、Ⅱ期鼻腔非霍奇金淋巴瘤的预后和治疗\[J\].中华放射肿瘤学杂志,1994,3(2):97100
3 Li YX, Coucke PA, Li JY, et al. Primary nonHodgkins lymphoma of the nasal cavity; prognostic significance of paranasal extension and the role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy\[J\]. Cancer, 1998,83:449456
4 Cheung MM, Chan JK, Lau WH, et al. Early stage nasal NK/Tcell lymphoma: clinical outcome, prognostic factors, and the effect of treatment modality\[J\]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol phys, 2002,54:182190
5 Liang R, Todd D, Chan TK, et al. Treatment outcome and prognostic factors for primary nasal lymphoma\[J\]. J Clin Oncol, 1995,13:666670
6 Logsdon MD, Ha CS, Kavadi VS, et al. Lymphoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: improved outcome and altered prognostic factors with combined modality therapy\[J\]. Cancer,1997,80:477488
7 顾大中.非霍奇金淋巴瘤\[A\].见:殷蔚伯,谷铣之,主编.肿瘤放射治疗学\[M\].第三版.北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2002.737740
8 胡伟汉,陈明,骆福添,等.IE期鼻腔非霍奇金淋巴瘤预后的多因素分析\[J\].中华肿瘤杂志,2001,23(5):240243
9 勇威本,郑文,张运涛,等.中线鼻和鼻型自然杀伤/T细胞淋巴瘤的治疗探讨\[J\].中华医学杂志,2001,81(10):773775
(河北省宣化钢铁公司职工医院,河北 宣化 075100)
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【关键词】 鼻肿瘤/药物疗法;鼻肿瘤/放射疗法;淋巴瘤,非霍奇金/药物疗法;淋巴瘤,非霍奇金/放射疗法;综合疗法;预后
Chemical and Radiation Treatment on NonHodgkins Lymphomas in Nasal Cavity
LIU Feng, DUAN Yun, LI Fei, et al
Xuanhua Steal Company Hospital,Xuanhua,075100,Hebei China
【ABSTRACT】 Objective: To investigate the effects of different treatments on the prognosis of patients with nonHodgkins lymphomas in nasal cavity. Methods: A retrospective study on 59 patients who suffered from stage IE primary nonHodgkins lymphomas in nasal cavity was presented. They were treated by radiotherapy and chemotherapy of CHOP regimen, in which 33patients received chemotherapy plus radiotherapy,8 patients received radiotherapy plus chemotherapy,10 patients received chemotherapy alone, and 8 patients received radiotherapy alone. Survival analysis was performed by KaplanMeier method, the difference between groups was evaluated by logrank test, and the comparison of rates was carried out by χ2 test. Results: The total survival rates for 1,3 and 5year were 712%, 420% and 385% respectively. There was no significant difference among the patients received different treatments (χ2=298,P=03943),but the patients received radiotherapy plus chemotherapy seemed to have a better survival rates than that of other patients. The 1, 3and5year survival rates were 842%, 677% and 620% for lesion limited in nasal cavity but were 500%, 143% and 143% for lesion extending into and involving in the adjacent structures (χ2=1046, P=00012), As the initial therapy, 24 patients who received chemotherapy more than 3 cycles, and 16 patients who received radiotherapy more than 40 Gy, the complete response (CR) rates were 250%, and 750% (χ2=9697, P=0002). Among 43 patients receiving chemotherapy, the CR rates for those who received 2, 34 and 56 cycles were 105%, 250% and 250% respectively (χ2=1467, P=048). Patients who received chemotherapy plus radiotherapy had higher rates of both complication and treatmentrelated mortality, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0202 and 0693). Conclusion: For stage I of nonHodgkins lymphomas in the nasal cavity, radiotherapy should be the first treatment to get early local control. Chemotherapy may be followed at the discretion of the pathological grade and clinical staging, or IPI.
【KEY WORDS】 Nasal neoplasm/drug therapy; Nasal neoplasm/radiotherapy; Lymphoma, nonHodgkin/drug therapy; Lymphoma, nonHodgkin/radiotherapy; Comprehensive treatment; Prognosis
鼻腔非霍奇金淋巴瘤(nonHodgkins lymphomas, NHL)在亚洲及南美洲较常见,其表现为鼻腔肿瘤坏死性改变、病情进展较快、对放射治疗较敏感、晚期预后差等特点\[1~3\]。既往将发生于鼻腔、硬腭、口咽等中线部位,以坏死性病变为主的一类疾病诊断为恶性肉芽肿,随着病理免疫组化的开展,最后确诊为鼻腔NHL\[1\]。为探讨对该病的合理治疗,我们对59例IE期鼻腔NHL患者,分别采用4种方法进行治疗,并对其预后因素进行分析和讨论。
1 资料与方法
11 一般资料 1992~1999年收治66例原发于鼻腔NHL IE期患者,其中资料完整者59例,男女之比为56∶1;中位年龄42(5~72)岁。全部患者均经乳酸脱氢酶、胸片、腹部B超检查,有52例行骨髓穿刺检查。国际预后指数(IPI)≤2者56例。发热>38℃者22例。根据文献\[2\]标准,病灶局限于鼻腔(IE局限组)31例;超出鼻腔直接侵犯邻近器官,无淋巴结受侵(IE超腔组)28例。临近器官受侵依次为面部、上腭、鼻根、上颌窦、筛窦、鼻咽、眼睑、内眦、口咽。大多数患者经过2次或2次以上活检确诊。病理分类:髓外浆细胞瘤(分化好)1例,弥漫型小裂细胞性6例,弥漫型小和大细胞混合性3例,弥漫型大细胞性20例,髓外浆细胞瘤(分化差)2例,弥漫型无裂细胞性2例,小无裂细胞性2例,淋巴母细胞性(曲核、非曲核)2例,多形细胞性7例,间变性大细胞性1例,其他未分类13例。44例做免疫组化分析,T细胞34例,B细胞10例。
12 治疗方法 单纯化疗(单化组)10例,单纯放疗(单放组)8例,放疗+化疗(放化组)8例,化疗+放疗(化放组)33例。化疗以标准的CHOP方案,放疗采用60Coγ射线或直线加速器高能X射线,设野方法根据肿瘤侵犯范围,原发灶采用单纯鼻前野或加双侧耳前野,中位剂量54Gy(30~65 Gy);颈部照射中位剂量45 Gy(35~50 Gy)。各组细胞类型及治疗情况见表1。表1 各组细胞类型、化疗周期、放疗剂量及预防照射情况
13 统计方法 生存率用KaplanMeier法计算,组间比较采用Log rank检验,率的比较采用χ2检验。全组随访率为967%。
2 结果
全部患者首程治疗:化疗≥3个周期24例,放疗≥40 Gy16例,完全缓解率(CR率)分别为250%和750%,差异有显著性(χ2=9697,P=0002)。首程化疗2,3~4,5~6个周期,其CR率分别为105%(2/9)、250%(4/16)和250%(2/8),差异无显著性(χ2=1467,P=048)。
全组患者1,3,5年生存率分别为712%、420%和385%。其中IE局限组患者的1,3,5年生存率分别为842%、677%和620%,IE超腔组患者的1,3,5年生存率分别为500%、143%和143%,差异有显著性(χ2=1046,P=00012)。B细胞组患者的生存率高于T细胞组,但差异无显著性(χ2=001,P=09425)。
单化组的1,3,5年生存率分别为700%、200%和200%,单放组分别为500%、375%和375%,放化组分别为875%、625%和500%,化放组分别为697%、448%和416%,差异无显著性(χ2=298,P=03943),但生存曲线显示,放化组优于其他组。单化组的并发症发生率为100%(1/10),单放组为375%(3/8),放化组为125%(1/8),化放组为394%(13/33)。单化组治疗相关死亡率为100%(1/10),单放组为125%(1/8),放化组为0,化放组为152%(5/33)。并发症发生率及治疗相关死亡率均以化放组为高,但差异无显著性(P=0202,P=0693)。
3 讨论
原发鼻腔NHL可来源于NK/T或B淋巴瘤细胞,亚洲及南美以NK/T细胞为主,B细胞少见\[1,3~5\]。本组大多数患者亦为T淋巴细胞性。来源于NK/T细胞的原发鼻腔NHL是一种独立的病理亚型,在新的WHO分类中称之为鼻和鼻型NK/T细胞淋巴瘤,发生于结外的常见部位是面部中线结构,也可发生于皮肤、睾丸、胃肠道和软组织。临床表现为溃疡性、破坏性病变,1/2~2/3患者病理表现为血管中心性病变,管腔内血栓形成和阻塞,引起缺血性坏死。鼻腔NK/T细胞淋巴瘤是一种具有中度侵袭行为的淋巴瘤,局限性病变对放射治疗敏感,易局部复发或远处转移\[1,3~6\]。
据文献报道,鼻腔NHL患者以放疗为主,其5年生存率为48%~79%,放疗剂量50Gy,放疗尤其对IE局限期更好,5年生存率达90%左右。单纯放疗与加用CHOP方案化疗2~4周期,其疗效相当\[2,3,7\],但单纯放疗对IE超腔或Ⅱ期以上者有明显的不利影响\[6\]。影响该病预后的因素为:放疗近期疗效、肿瘤超腔和年龄\[8\]。多数文献报道,对病灶超腔的Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期患者,给予以CHOP为主的化疗2~4周期,加局部放疗,结果显示,放疗及综合治疗对总生存率改善无统计学意义\[2,3,5,8,9\],而对无病生存率改善有统计学意义\[5,6\]。有文献报道,IPI对预后有显著影响,建议以IPI≥2作为综合治疗指征\[6,9\]。
本研究结果显示,全组患者5年生存率为385%,明显低于文献报道\[3,7\],可能与首程治疗以化疗为主有关\[4\]。4个组别患者生存率以放化组优于其他组,但无统计学意义,可能与各组病例数相差大有关。IE超腔组患者生存率明显低于IE局限组,与文献报道一致\[2,3\]。提示鼻腔NHL确诊后,应尽快达到局部病灶完全控制,且首程治疗以放疗为好。2个以上的化疗周期之间,近期疗效无明显相关性,不宜盲目地增加化疗周期。
单放组患者的1,3,5年生存率低于放化组和化放组,原因可能是:(1)单放组中IE超腔例数多(6/8);(2)放疗靶区设计不够合理;(3)样本例数小,未能显示出统计学意义。化放组33例患者的近期和远期疗效未见有明显提高,而并发症和死于并发症病例增加,原因可能是:(1)肿瘤细胞化疗敏感性差,与多药耐药基因表达及p53基因突变、p16基因失活等因素有关\[1\];(2)病理显示以NK/T细胞淋巴瘤为主,多有血管中心性病变,用CHOP常规化疗疗效不佳\[5,6,9\],可能与血管腔内血栓形成和阻塞,使化疗药物难以作用于靶细胞有关;(3)由于化疗局部控制差,肿瘤浸润至邻近器官,导致超腔或引起硬、软腭穿孔,直接影响预后及生存质量。
综上所述,I期鼻腔HNL患者首先应该以放射治疗为主,以期尽早达到局部控制,再根据临床分期(IE超腔及Ⅱ期)及恶性程度或IPI,酌情给予更有效的化疗方案,将有助改善患者预后及生存质量。
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