Teaching of cultural diversity in medical schools in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland: cross sectional questionnaire survey
1 University of Leicester, Greenwood Institute of Child Health, Leicester LE3 0QU,2 East Kent Hospitals NHS Trust, Kent,3 University of Birmingham, Birmingham,4 University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne,5 St George's Medical School, London
Over the past decade, pressure to teach about cultural diversity in the medical undergraduate curriculum has increased.1 2 Tomorrow's doctors states that "students should have acquired respect for patients and colleagues that encompasses, without prejudice, diversity of background and opportunity, language, culture and way of life."1 In this study, we used ethnicity as an example of cultural diversity, but we acknowledge the importance of other factors. We aimed to identify the extent to which cultural diversity was being taught in medical schools in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.
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Participants, methods, and results
We devised a study specific questionnaire that asked a series of closed questions plus some open ended questions inviting free text responses. We sent this to contacts in all medical schools in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland (n = 31 at the time of the study). We followed up non-respondents by a further letter and emails. We entered data into SPSS and did a content analysis of the free text responses.
, http://www.100md.com
Thirty (97%) medical schools responded to the questionnaires; 32 questionnaires were returned, as two medical schools completed questionnaires for both their four year and five year programmes. The table shows the items to which yes/no responses were possible.
Responses to yes/no item questions (n=30/31; response rate=97%). Values are numbers (percentages)
Teaching and assessment methods
Fourteen (44%) schools used three or fewer teaching methods, and 11 (34%) used four or five methods. The most commonly used teaching methods were small group based teaching (21), discussions (16), lectures (16), problem based learning (11), community placements (9), and workshops (8).
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Ten (31%) respondents stated that their school used only one assessment method; six (19%) respondents used two methods, and five (16%) used three methods. Nine (28%) respondents stated that the question was not applicable. The most commonly used methods were short answer questions (8 schools), essays (7), objective structured clinical examinations (6), and projects (5). Other assessment methods were used by three or fewer schools.
Thirteen (41%) respondents stated that cultural diversity was integrated throughout the curriculum. Eight (25%) respondents stated that cultural diversity was taught in the first year; we received one (3%) positive response for each of years two, three, four, and five. Very positive or positive feedback was reported by 18 (56%) respondents.
, 百拇医药
Findings from the free text
We identified the following themes from the free text comments: staff related factors (how staff were valued, as well as their difficulties in managing the organisation and delivery of diversity teaching); students' perceptions and evaluation of courses; contents and organisation of the course (the time allocated, where the course was placed, and how teaching was organised); and delivery and outcomes of the course.
, 百拇医药
What is already known on this topic
Until recently, little attention has been paid to teaching medical students about cultural diversity
What this study adds
Teaching of cultural diversity is being developed but seems rather fragmented
Uncertainty remains as to what constitutes cultural diversity teaching
Comment
, 百拇医药
Some progress seems to have been made since the publication of a survey in 1995,3 in that 72% of schools now report some teaching in cultural diversity. However, the number of respondents reporting that their school is teaching cultural diversity compares unfavourably with the United States,4 albeit more favourably than Canada.5 Teaching of cultural diversity has been developed in the United Kingdom but seems rather fragmented. A great deal of uncertainty seems to exist about what constitutes diversity teaching.
, 百拇医药
This study has limitations in that it was a questionnaire survey and the terminology used may not have matched the terminology of the schools. The staff who returned the questionnaires might not have been best placed to complete them. Nevertheless, the survey presents a snapshot of the state of teaching of cultural diversity in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland in 2003. Further work is needed to embed teaching of cultural diversity within the medical undergraduate curriculum and to ensure that it is valued by staff and students.
, 百拇医药
This article was posted on bmj.com on 11 January 2005: http://bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/bmj.38338.661493.AE
We thank all the staff who completed the questionnaires.
Contributors: All the authors contributed to the design and writing of the paper. ND did the analysis, wrote the first draft, and is the guarantor.
Funding: None. Competing interests: None declared. Ethical approval: Not needed.
, http://www.100md.com
References
General Medical Council. Tomorrow's doctors. London: General Medical Council, 1993.
Gill PS, Green P. Learning for a multicultural society. Br J Gen Pract 1996;46: 704-5.
Robins S. Multicultural health care: current practice and future policy in medical education. London: British Medical Association, 1995.
Flores G, Gee D, Kastner B. The teaching of cultural issues in US and Canadian medical schools. Acad Med 2000;75: 451-5.
Azad N, Power B, Dollin J, Chery S. Cultural sensitivity training in Canadian medical schools. Acad Med 2002;77: 222-8., 百拇医药(Nisha Dogra, Sue Conning,)
Over the past decade, pressure to teach about cultural diversity in the medical undergraduate curriculum has increased.1 2 Tomorrow's doctors states that "students should have acquired respect for patients and colleagues that encompasses, without prejudice, diversity of background and opportunity, language, culture and way of life."1 In this study, we used ethnicity as an example of cultural diversity, but we acknowledge the importance of other factors. We aimed to identify the extent to which cultural diversity was being taught in medical schools in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.
, http://www.100md.com
Participants, methods, and results
We devised a study specific questionnaire that asked a series of closed questions plus some open ended questions inviting free text responses. We sent this to contacts in all medical schools in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland (n = 31 at the time of the study). We followed up non-respondents by a further letter and emails. We entered data into SPSS and did a content analysis of the free text responses.
, http://www.100md.com
Thirty (97%) medical schools responded to the questionnaires; 32 questionnaires were returned, as two medical schools completed questionnaires for both their four year and five year programmes. The table shows the items to which yes/no responses were possible.
Responses to yes/no item questions (n=30/31; response rate=97%). Values are numbers (percentages)
Teaching and assessment methods
Fourteen (44%) schools used three or fewer teaching methods, and 11 (34%) used four or five methods. The most commonly used teaching methods were small group based teaching (21), discussions (16), lectures (16), problem based learning (11), community placements (9), and workshops (8).
, http://www.100md.com
Ten (31%) respondents stated that their school used only one assessment method; six (19%) respondents used two methods, and five (16%) used three methods. Nine (28%) respondents stated that the question was not applicable. The most commonly used methods were short answer questions (8 schools), essays (7), objective structured clinical examinations (6), and projects (5). Other assessment methods were used by three or fewer schools.
Thirteen (41%) respondents stated that cultural diversity was integrated throughout the curriculum. Eight (25%) respondents stated that cultural diversity was taught in the first year; we received one (3%) positive response for each of years two, three, four, and five. Very positive or positive feedback was reported by 18 (56%) respondents.
, 百拇医药
Findings from the free text
We identified the following themes from the free text comments: staff related factors (how staff were valued, as well as their difficulties in managing the organisation and delivery of diversity teaching); students' perceptions and evaluation of courses; contents and organisation of the course (the time allocated, where the course was placed, and how teaching was organised); and delivery and outcomes of the course.
, 百拇医药
What is already known on this topic
Until recently, little attention has been paid to teaching medical students about cultural diversity
What this study adds
Teaching of cultural diversity is being developed but seems rather fragmented
Uncertainty remains as to what constitutes cultural diversity teaching
Comment
, 百拇医药
Some progress seems to have been made since the publication of a survey in 1995,3 in that 72% of schools now report some teaching in cultural diversity. However, the number of respondents reporting that their school is teaching cultural diversity compares unfavourably with the United States,4 albeit more favourably than Canada.5 Teaching of cultural diversity has been developed in the United Kingdom but seems rather fragmented. A great deal of uncertainty seems to exist about what constitutes diversity teaching.
, 百拇医药
This study has limitations in that it was a questionnaire survey and the terminology used may not have matched the terminology of the schools. The staff who returned the questionnaires might not have been best placed to complete them. Nevertheless, the survey presents a snapshot of the state of teaching of cultural diversity in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland in 2003. Further work is needed to embed teaching of cultural diversity within the medical undergraduate curriculum and to ensure that it is valued by staff and students.
, 百拇医药
This article was posted on bmj.com on 11 January 2005: http://bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/bmj.38338.661493.AE
We thank all the staff who completed the questionnaires.
Contributors: All the authors contributed to the design and writing of the paper. ND did the analysis, wrote the first draft, and is the guarantor.
Funding: None. Competing interests: None declared. Ethical approval: Not needed.
, http://www.100md.com
References
General Medical Council. Tomorrow's doctors. London: General Medical Council, 1993.
Gill PS, Green P. Learning for a multicultural society. Br J Gen Pract 1996;46: 704-5.
Robins S. Multicultural health care: current practice and future policy in medical education. London: British Medical Association, 1995.
Flores G, Gee D, Kastner B. The teaching of cultural issues in US and Canadian medical schools. Acad Med 2000;75: 451-5.
Azad N, Power B, Dollin J, Chery S. Cultural sensitivity training in Canadian medical schools. Acad Med 2002;77: 222-8., 百拇医药(Nisha Dogra, Sue Conning,)