Effect of testing for human papillomavirus as a triage during screening for cervical cancer: observational before and after study
1 Cancer Screening Evaluation Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG,2 Health Economics Research Centre, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF,3 Unit of Health Care Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF,4 NHS Cancer Screening Programmes, Sheffield S10 3TH,5 University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 0JH
Abstract
Objective To assess the effect of introducing testing for human papillomavirus combined with liquid based cytology in women with low grade cytological abnormalities.
, http://www.100md.com
Design Observational before and after study.
Setting Three cervical screening laboratories, England.
Participants 5654 women aged 20-64 with low grade cytological abnormalities found at routine cervical screening in a pilot; 5254 similar women in the period before the pilot.
Interventions Human papillomavirus testing combined with liquid based cytology in the management of women with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear results compared with conventional smear tests, with immediate referral to colposcopy of women positive for human papillomavirus.
, 百拇医药
Results 57.9% (3187/5506) of women tested in the pilot were positive for human papillomavirus. The rate of repeat smears fell by 74%, but the rate of referral to colposcopy for low grade cytological abnormalities more than doubled. The estimated negative predictive value of human papillomavirus testing varied between 93.8% and 99.7%.
Conclusion The addition of testing for human papillomavirus in women with low grade cytological abnormalities resulted in a reduction in the rate of repeat smears, but an increase in rates of referral to colposcopy.
, http://www.100md.com
Introduction
Oncogenic human papillomavirus has been detected in almost all invasive cancers; its prevalence in precancerous lesions varies from about 80% to 95%. Triaging women with low grade cytological abnormalities on the basis of their human papillomavirus status would reduce requirements for repeat cytology and could improve utilisation of colposcopy1; the introduction of liquid based cytology increases the feasibility of DNA testing for human papillomavirus.
, 百拇医药
Methods
The Department of Health commissioned pilot studies in which three cytopathology laboratories in England converted to using liquid based cytology combined with testing for human papillomavirus of women with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear results for a 12 month period.
Results
A total of 5654 women aged 20-64 in the NHS cervical screening programme had borderline (n = 3797) or mildly dyskaryotic (n = 1857) smear results; 45.6% (1680/3681) and 82.6% (1507/1825) of those women tested, respectively, were positive for human papillomavirus. Respective results by age groups were 64.4% (1239) and 89.0% (1188) for women aged 20-34 years, 29.0% (353) and 69.4% (259) for those aged 35-49 years, and 16.2% (88) and 51.3% (60) for those aged 50-64 years.
, 百拇医药
Women who tested positive for human papillomavirus were referred for immediate colposcopy. Women who tested negative were referred for colposcopy if at six months cytology showed mild dyskaryosis or worse or they tested positive for human papillomavirus. As the protocol led to increased referral for colposcopy, two centres revised the protocol after six and eight months and referred younger women (20-34 years) positive for the virus only if at six months they remained positive or cytology showed mild dyskaryosis or worse. At six months, 64% (253/396) remained positive and 73.5% met the criteria for referral.
, http://www.100md.com
For comparison we collected data on 5245 women of a similar age distribution with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic smear results in the 12 months before the pilot, when policy would have been to refer for colposcopy only after, respectively, two or one further abnormal smear results.
Estimated default rates for repeat smears for women negative for human papillomavirus were 19.4% (403/2075) compared with 15.7% for women with low grade abnormalities in the period before the pilot, whereas the estimated default rate for colposcopy in women positive for human papillomavirus and referred directly was 11.2% (264/2358).
, http://www.100md.com
In the initial protocol period the rate of repeat smears per woman fell by 70% for borderline smear results from 1.40 to 0.42 (rate ratio 0.30, 95% confidence interval 0.28 to 0.32) and by 87% for mildly dyskaryotic smear results, from 1.18 to 0.15 (0.13, 0.11 to 0.15). The rates of referral for colposcopy for these two categories increased from 15% to 44% (2.92, 2.64 to 3.24) and from 37% to 80% (2.15, 1.93 to 2.40), respectively (table).
Rates of repeat smears and referral to colposcopy for women with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic smear results according to age group
, http://www.100md.com
Assuming that no high grade disease is present in those women who remained negative for human papillomavirus at six months (or were not retested) and were not referred for colposcopy, the negative predictive value of the human papillomavirus test for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse was estimated as 99.4% for women with borderline smear results and 96.5% for those with mildly dyskaryotic smear results.
Discussion
, http://www.100md.com
Although rates of repeat smears were reduced after triaging women on the basis of their human papillomavirus status, colposcopy referral rates were increased. Rates of referral to colposcopy after a borderline smear result may have been underestimated for the period before the pilot period. One study reported long term colposcopy and biopsy rates of 42% in a similar group of women.2
The estimated negative predictive value of testing for human papillomavirus was high and in line with other studies.3 Detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 2 and 3 increased during the initial protocol period, although this may simply represent more efficient diagnosis of prevalent disease. With the lower screening threshold raised to the age of 25, triage on the basis of human papillomavirus testing for borderline smear results may detect an increased amount of prevalent CIN-2 and CIN-3.
, http://www.100md.com
Results from other studies have been used to suggest different strategies for human papillomavirus testing or triage.4 5 The significant increase in referral rates for colposcopy observed in the present study means that if triage on the basis of human papillomavirus testing is to be implemented, appropriate management strategies need to be developed and introduced in a controlled manner.
What is already known on this topic
Testing for human papillomavirus could improve the management of women with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic smear results
, 百拇医药
Human papillomavirus testing for borderline cytology and colposcopy for women positive for human papillomavirus has greater sensitivity to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2 and 3 than repeat cytology
What this study adds
Triaging women on the basis of testing for human papillomavirus is feasible during cervical screening
Such testing in pilot studies in England led to reduced rates of repeat smears but increased referrals for colposcopy
, 百拇医药
Members of the pilot studies group are on bmj.com
This article was posted on bmj.com on 6 January 2006: http://bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/bmj.38701.440961.7C
Editorial by Schiffman and Castle and p 79
This study forms part of the independent evaluation of the liquid based cytology/human papillomavirus cervical screening pilot studies commissioned by the Policy Research Programme at the Department of Health. The evaluation was carried out by research teams at the Cancer Screening Evaluation Unit, Institute of Cancer Research (SM, E Henstock), the Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford (AG, RL), and the Psychology and Genetics Research Group, King's College London (T Marteau, E Maissi). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health.
, http://www.100md.com
Contributors: SM led the evaluation team and is the guarantor. AG and RL participated in the evaluation. MV and JP contributed to the design of the study. HK contributed to the design of the study and chaired the steering group for the pilot studies.
Funding: Department of Health Policy Research Programme.
Competing interests: None declared.
Ethical approval: Not required.
, 百拇医药
References
Cuzick J, Sasieni P, Davies P. A systematic review of the role of human papilloma virus testing (HPV) in the cervical screening programme. Health Technol Assess 1999; 1-196.
Rana DN, Marshall J, Desai M, et al. Five-year follow-up of women with borderline and mildly dyskaryotic cervical smears. Cytopathology 2004;15: 263-70.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Human papillomaviruses. In: IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Lyon: IARC Science Publications, 1995.
Cuzick J, Szarewski A, Cubie H, et al. Management of women who test positive for high-risk types of human papillomavirus: the HART study. Lancet 2003;362: 1871-6.
Schiffman M, Solomon D. Findings to date from the ASCUS-LSIL triage study (ALTS). Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003;127: 946-9., 百拇医药(Sue Moss, Alastair Gray, )
Abstract
Objective To assess the effect of introducing testing for human papillomavirus combined with liquid based cytology in women with low grade cytological abnormalities.
, http://www.100md.com
Design Observational before and after study.
Setting Three cervical screening laboratories, England.
Participants 5654 women aged 20-64 with low grade cytological abnormalities found at routine cervical screening in a pilot; 5254 similar women in the period before the pilot.
Interventions Human papillomavirus testing combined with liquid based cytology in the management of women with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear results compared with conventional smear tests, with immediate referral to colposcopy of women positive for human papillomavirus.
, 百拇医药
Results 57.9% (3187/5506) of women tested in the pilot were positive for human papillomavirus. The rate of repeat smears fell by 74%, but the rate of referral to colposcopy for low grade cytological abnormalities more than doubled. The estimated negative predictive value of human papillomavirus testing varied between 93.8% and 99.7%.
Conclusion The addition of testing for human papillomavirus in women with low grade cytological abnormalities resulted in a reduction in the rate of repeat smears, but an increase in rates of referral to colposcopy.
, http://www.100md.com
Introduction
Oncogenic human papillomavirus has been detected in almost all invasive cancers; its prevalence in precancerous lesions varies from about 80% to 95%. Triaging women with low grade cytological abnormalities on the basis of their human papillomavirus status would reduce requirements for repeat cytology and could improve utilisation of colposcopy1; the introduction of liquid based cytology increases the feasibility of DNA testing for human papillomavirus.
, 百拇医药
Methods
The Department of Health commissioned pilot studies in which three cytopathology laboratories in England converted to using liquid based cytology combined with testing for human papillomavirus of women with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic cervical smear results for a 12 month period.
Results
A total of 5654 women aged 20-64 in the NHS cervical screening programme had borderline (n = 3797) or mildly dyskaryotic (n = 1857) smear results; 45.6% (1680/3681) and 82.6% (1507/1825) of those women tested, respectively, were positive for human papillomavirus. Respective results by age groups were 64.4% (1239) and 89.0% (1188) for women aged 20-34 years, 29.0% (353) and 69.4% (259) for those aged 35-49 years, and 16.2% (88) and 51.3% (60) for those aged 50-64 years.
, 百拇医药
Women who tested positive for human papillomavirus were referred for immediate colposcopy. Women who tested negative were referred for colposcopy if at six months cytology showed mild dyskaryosis or worse or they tested positive for human papillomavirus. As the protocol led to increased referral for colposcopy, two centres revised the protocol after six and eight months and referred younger women (20-34 years) positive for the virus only if at six months they remained positive or cytology showed mild dyskaryosis or worse. At six months, 64% (253/396) remained positive and 73.5% met the criteria for referral.
, http://www.100md.com
For comparison we collected data on 5245 women of a similar age distribution with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic smear results in the 12 months before the pilot, when policy would have been to refer for colposcopy only after, respectively, two or one further abnormal smear results.
Estimated default rates for repeat smears for women negative for human papillomavirus were 19.4% (403/2075) compared with 15.7% for women with low grade abnormalities in the period before the pilot, whereas the estimated default rate for colposcopy in women positive for human papillomavirus and referred directly was 11.2% (264/2358).
, http://www.100md.com
In the initial protocol period the rate of repeat smears per woman fell by 70% for borderline smear results from 1.40 to 0.42 (rate ratio 0.30, 95% confidence interval 0.28 to 0.32) and by 87% for mildly dyskaryotic smear results, from 1.18 to 0.15 (0.13, 0.11 to 0.15). The rates of referral for colposcopy for these two categories increased from 15% to 44% (2.92, 2.64 to 3.24) and from 37% to 80% (2.15, 1.93 to 2.40), respectively (table).
Rates of repeat smears and referral to colposcopy for women with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic smear results according to age group
, http://www.100md.com
Assuming that no high grade disease is present in those women who remained negative for human papillomavirus at six months (or were not retested) and were not referred for colposcopy, the negative predictive value of the human papillomavirus test for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse was estimated as 99.4% for women with borderline smear results and 96.5% for those with mildly dyskaryotic smear results.
Discussion
, http://www.100md.com
Although rates of repeat smears were reduced after triaging women on the basis of their human papillomavirus status, colposcopy referral rates were increased. Rates of referral to colposcopy after a borderline smear result may have been underestimated for the period before the pilot period. One study reported long term colposcopy and biopsy rates of 42% in a similar group of women.2
The estimated negative predictive value of testing for human papillomavirus was high and in line with other studies.3 Detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 2 and 3 increased during the initial protocol period, although this may simply represent more efficient diagnosis of prevalent disease. With the lower screening threshold raised to the age of 25, triage on the basis of human papillomavirus testing for borderline smear results may detect an increased amount of prevalent CIN-2 and CIN-3.
, http://www.100md.com
Results from other studies have been used to suggest different strategies for human papillomavirus testing or triage.4 5 The significant increase in referral rates for colposcopy observed in the present study means that if triage on the basis of human papillomavirus testing is to be implemented, appropriate management strategies need to be developed and introduced in a controlled manner.
What is already known on this topic
Testing for human papillomavirus could improve the management of women with borderline or mildly dyskaryotic smear results
, 百拇医药
Human papillomavirus testing for borderline cytology and colposcopy for women positive for human papillomavirus has greater sensitivity to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2 and 3 than repeat cytology
What this study adds
Triaging women on the basis of testing for human papillomavirus is feasible during cervical screening
Such testing in pilot studies in England led to reduced rates of repeat smears but increased referrals for colposcopy
, 百拇医药
Members of the pilot studies group are on bmj.com
This article was posted on bmj.com on 6 January 2006: http://bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/bmj.38701.440961.7C
Editorial by Schiffman and Castle and p 79
This study forms part of the independent evaluation of the liquid based cytology/human papillomavirus cervical screening pilot studies commissioned by the Policy Research Programme at the Department of Health. The evaluation was carried out by research teams at the Cancer Screening Evaluation Unit, Institute of Cancer Research (SM, E Henstock), the Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford (AG, RL), and the Psychology and Genetics Research Group, King's College London (T Marteau, E Maissi). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health.
, http://www.100md.com
Contributors: SM led the evaluation team and is the guarantor. AG and RL participated in the evaluation. MV and JP contributed to the design of the study. HK contributed to the design of the study and chaired the steering group for the pilot studies.
Funding: Department of Health Policy Research Programme.
Competing interests: None declared.
Ethical approval: Not required.
, 百拇医药
References
Cuzick J, Sasieni P, Davies P. A systematic review of the role of human papilloma virus testing (HPV) in the cervical screening programme. Health Technol Assess 1999; 1-196.
Rana DN, Marshall J, Desai M, et al. Five-year follow-up of women with borderline and mildly dyskaryotic cervical smears. Cytopathology 2004;15: 263-70.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Human papillomaviruses. In: IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Lyon: IARC Science Publications, 1995.
Cuzick J, Szarewski A, Cubie H, et al. Management of women who test positive for high-risk types of human papillomavirus: the HART study. Lancet 2003;362: 1871-6.
Schiffman M, Solomon D. Findings to date from the ASCUS-LSIL triage study (ALTS). Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003;127: 946-9., 百拇医药(Sue Moss, Alastair Gray, )