颅内原发绒毛膜上皮癌影像学诊断分析
[摘要] 目的 通过对影像学表现的分析提高对颅内绒毛膜上皮癌影像学诊断和认识水平。方法 3例经病理证实颅内原发绒毛膜上皮癌患者,鞍区1例为女性,松果体区2例均为男性;行CT和MRI头部扫描。 结果 鞍区占位CT显示鞍上池不规则团块状、边界清楚高密度病灶。MRI显示肿瘤向下延伸,垂体受压,鞍底塌陷;向上三脑室前部受压;向前颅窝底侵犯额叶底面;增强肿瘤呈不均匀轻度强化。松果体区占位CT显示呈不规则、分叶状、高低混杂密度影,结节状钙化位于肿瘤边缘;MRI显示松果体区不规则团块状、不均匀混杂T1、T2异常信号;第三脑室后部、中脑顶盖受压变形,幕上脑积水;病灶不均匀轻度强化。病理证实为颅内原发绒毛膜上皮癌。结论 颅内原发绒毛膜上皮癌影像学缺少特征性表现,但由于肿瘤血供丰富、容易侵蚀血管,增加了手术难度。术前若能根据肿瘤影像学表现并结合实验室检查得出较为正确诊断,为手术治疗方案确立和术中出血情况估计提供可靠帮助。
[关键词] 原发颅内绒毛膜上皮癌;生殖细胞肿瘤;松果体区肿瘤
CT and MRI diagnoses of primary intracranial choriocarcinoma
SUN Xuejin,SHEN Jin,DAI Jianping,et al.Department of MRI,the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College,Kunming 650032,China
[Abstract] Objective Primary intracranial choriocarcinoma is rare tumor. Through analyses of CT and MRI characteristics to improve the level of imaging diagnosis. Methods 3 cases approved were choriocarcinoma.One of them is a 14 yearold girl with disturbance of visual acuity one month,and acral growth,polydipsia and diuresis.2 cases are 16 yearold boys with headache and neoteny.CT and MRI routine scan the whole brain.Results The girl,CT scan demonstrated a hyperdense mass on the sella region.MRI scans exhibited the lesion down into hypophysial fossa,up to pressed foreside of third ventricle,ahead to basis of frontal lobe.Enhancement MRI demonstrated asymmetry and light enhancement.Two boys,CT demonstrated pineal region masses,heterogeneous density with calcification foci located on brim of tumor.MRI scan exhibited mass with heterogeneous signal.Rear of third ventricle and tectum were pressed and hydrocephalus.The masses were asymmetry,light enhancement.The results of pathological histology were primary intracranial choriocarcinoma. Conclusion Primary intracranial choriocarcinoma lacks its characteristic of CT and MRI.The tumor is abundance blood and easy erodes vessels,so increases risk of operation.Make good use of CT,MRI represents and lab examine is helpful for diagnosis and operation.
[Key words] primary intracranial choriocarcinoma;germinoma;pineal region tumor
绒毛膜上皮癌主要发生在子宫、卵巢等女性生殖系统或男性睾丸,生殖器官以外的原发性绒毛膜癌主要发生于纵隔,颅内原发性绒毛膜上皮癌极为罕见。绒毛膜上皮癌是恶性程度极高的肿瘤[1,2],易发生远隔器官转移和复发,预后不良。因此,较早诊断可为治疗争取时间,改善预后。本文通过对3例颅内原发性绒毛膜上皮癌病例及相关文献的复习,目的在于提高影像学在颅内原发性绒毛膜上皮癌诊断和分析水平。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 经手术病理证实颅内原发绒毛膜上皮癌3例,男2例,女1例。女性患者14岁,主诉双颞侧偏盲1个月,有肢端肥大和多饮多尿症状。男性患者2例,均为16岁,头痛约3个月余,有性早熟临床表现。
1.2 方法 CT轴位扫描,层厚10 mm,层间距10 mm。MR轴位、矢状位和冠状位扫描,层厚5 mm,层间距3 mm。
2 结果
鞍区占位CT可见鞍上池内不规则团块状、边界清楚高密度占位病灶。MRI鞍上池及鞍内占位,大小约60 mm×40 mm×40 mm,T2WI肿瘤呈混杂长T2异常信号,可见极低信号影。T1WI鞍区占位向下延伸至鞍内,垂体受压变扁,鞍底稍塌陷;向上延伸三脑室前部受压;向前颅窝底面延伸,侵犯额叶底面后部可见低信号改变。增强T1WI病灶呈不均匀轻度强化,边缘清楚(图1)。松果体区占位2例,1例CT在三脑室后部可见不规则、分叶状、高低混杂密度影,有结节状钙化影位于肿瘤的边缘,三脑室后部受压,周围丘脑受压推移改变,幕上脑积水(图2)。另1例MRI示三脑室后部、松果体区不规则占位病灶,T1WI示三脑室后部不规则团块状占位性病变,呈不均匀高低混杂T1异常信号,其内可见极低信号影,病灶边界欠清晰;轴位T2WI呈高低混杂异常信号影;三脑室后部、中脑顶盖受压变形,左侧丘脑部分受侵犯及受压推移,可见短T2异常信号,为亚急性出血的高信号、慢性出血性所致的含铁血黄素沉积、钙化的低信号表现。三脑室前部、侧脑室扩大为幕上脑积水表现。注射对比剂后病灶呈不均匀轻度强化,边缘不光滑(图3)。3例病例经手术切除肿瘤,瘤体为暗红色,有钙化,肿瘤质脆,易出血,瘤体内少量陈旧性出血。 病理组织学诊断:3例均为颅内原发绒毛膜上皮癌。
3 讨论
绒毛膜上皮癌主要发生在子宫、卵巢等生殖器官,生殖器官以外的原发性绒毛膜上皮癌少见,多见于纵隔[3]。颅内原发性绒毛膜上皮癌是极为罕见的肿瘤,属于生殖细胞肿瘤的一种罕见类型[4],多与其他肿瘤细胞成分混合存在,以单一绒毛膜上皮癌细胞成分极少见[5,6],约占颅内肿瘤的0.23%[7,8],主要见于年龄小于20岁的儿童及青少年,偶有高龄患者[9]。颅内原发绒毛膜上皮癌发病率和病变部位有明显性别特征,松果体区均为男性,第三脑室男女发病之比为5∶3,鞍上男女发病之比为1∶2,鞍内均为女性。有发生于小脑[9]和幕上脑实质内[10]。临床以颅内压增高、头痛为主要表现,部分患者出现蛛网膜下腔和脑室内出血,常见内分泌功能障碍,主要表现为性早熟、糖尿病、全垂体功能减退症、肢端肥大和多饮多尿等[8],本文3例发生部位的性别特征与文献报道一致。
颅内原发绒毛膜上皮癌影像学表现:CT鞍区或松果体区肿块样占位病变,病灶内可见结节状或块状钙化,形态多不规则分叶状高低混杂密度影。MRI占位形态不规则,呈混杂T1、T2信号,肿块内可见出血或含铁血黄素沉积的影像学表现,注射对比剂后呈不均匀轻度强化[5,10]。鞍区病变主要与颅咽管瘤和垂体瘤鉴别,垂体瘤发病高峰为20~45岁,CT可见蝶鞍扩大,鞍内及鞍上池内圆形等密度或稍高密度影,边缘清楚,肿瘤内可见低密度囊变、坏死区,强化扫描病灶呈均匀或环形强化。MR肿瘤实性部分呈等或稍高、较均匀信号影,增强MR肿瘤强化。临床表现和实验室检查有助于鉴别诊断。鞍区病变与颅咽管瘤鉴别,后者男性多于女性。CT鞍上圆形或椭圆形低密度影,边缘光滑,囊内密度均匀,囊壁可见斑块样或蛋壳样高密度钙化影,增强CT囊壁或实性部分强化。MRI上多呈囊性或囊实性,典型者为大囊位于实性部分上方,实性部分在T2加权像上常为混杂信号,增强MRI实性部分及囊壁可有明显强化。松果体区病变主要与松果体细胞肿瘤鉴别,松果体细胞肿瘤好发于任何年龄,以中青年较多见,男女性别差异无显著性。CT见边缘清楚的卵圆形或圆形等密度或稍高密度影,松果体钙化常被肿瘤包埋,可明显均匀强化。MR肿瘤多为等T1或稍长T2信号,中度均匀强化[11]。
脑实质内肿瘤影像学上无特征表现,由于绒毛膜上皮癌对血管的侵蚀性常引起出血,因此对于有性早熟男性儿童,颅内有合并出血的肿瘤应想到绒毛膜上皮细胞癌可能[8]。
颅内原发性绒毛膜上皮癌易转移,主要转移到肺,也可以转移至肝脏、骨、肾脏和淋巴结。一旦发生转移或复发,预后很差[5~7,9~13]。因此,诊断分析时应想到生殖细胞肿瘤,实验室检查应包括HCG测定,绒毛膜上皮癌患者脑脊液、血液和尿中的HCG水平明显升高[5,8]。由于影像学上缺乏绒毛膜上皮细胞癌特征性表现,一旦发现鞍区、松果体区占位病变年轻患者,脑脊液和血清HCG增高,可以考虑颅内原发性绒毛膜上皮癌的诊断。绒毛膜上皮癌是恶性程度极高的肿瘤,对放射治疗较敏感,治疗上多采用综合方式,如手术次或全切出术后结合放射治疗和化疗,可有效延长患者生存时间[5,6,11,12]。
[参考文献]
1 Graziano SL,Paolozzi FP,Rudolph AR,et al.Mixed germcell tumor of the pineal region.J Neurosurg,1987,66:300-304.
2 Horowitz MB,Hall WA.Central nervous system germinomas.Arch Neurol,1991,48:652-657.
3 Kawakami Y,Yamada O,Tabuchi K,et al.Primary intracranial choriocarcinoma.J Neurosurg,1980,53(3):369-374.
4 Biernat W.2000 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the nervous system.Pol J Pathol,2000,51(3):107-114.
5 Pendl,Gerhard.Management of pineal region tumors.Neurosurgery Quarterly,2002,12(4):279-298.
6 Sugimoto,Keiji,Nakahara,et al.Bilateral metachronous germinoma of the basal ganglia occurring long after total removal of a mature pineal teratoma:case report.Neurosurgry Online,2002,50(3):613-617.
7 Yamagami T,Handa H,Takeuchi J,et al.Choriocarcinoma arising from the pituitary fossa with extracranial metastasis:a review of the literature.Surg Neurol,1983,19(5):469-480.
8 Chan HS,Humphreys RP,Hendrick EB,et al.Primary intracranial choriocarcinoma:a report of two cases and a review of the literature.Neurosurgery,1984,15(4):540-545.
9 侯富林.脑原发性绒毛膜上皮癌一例.Chin J Pathol,1997,26(4):370.
10 马勇,许士明,徐金法.原发性颅内绒毛膜上皮细胞癌并出血1例报告.医学影像学杂志,2001,11(2):136.
11 Chen,Mau Nan,Nakazawa,et al.A case of primary intracranial choriocarcinoma with a carotidcavernous fistula.Neurological Surgery,1993,21(11):1031-1034.
12 Kohyama,Shinya,Uematsu,et al.An experience of stereotactic radiation therapy for primary intracranial choriocarcinoma.Tumori,2001,87(3):162-165.
13 石木兰.肿瘤影像学.北京:科学出版社,2003,2-35.
作者单位: 1 650032 云南昆明,昆明医学院第一附属医院医学影像中心
2 100050 北京,首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院
(编辑:杨 熠), 百拇医药(孙学进,沈 进,戴建平,田伟, 庞瑞麟,包颜明)
[关键词] 原发颅内绒毛膜上皮癌;生殖细胞肿瘤;松果体区肿瘤
CT and MRI diagnoses of primary intracranial choriocarcinoma
SUN Xuejin,SHEN Jin,DAI Jianping,et al.Department of MRI,the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College,Kunming 650032,China
[Abstract] Objective Primary intracranial choriocarcinoma is rare tumor. Through analyses of CT and MRI characteristics to improve the level of imaging diagnosis. Methods 3 cases approved were choriocarcinoma.One of them is a 14 yearold girl with disturbance of visual acuity one month,and acral growth,polydipsia and diuresis.2 cases are 16 yearold boys with headache and neoteny.CT and MRI routine scan the whole brain.Results The girl,CT scan demonstrated a hyperdense mass on the sella region.MRI scans exhibited the lesion down into hypophysial fossa,up to pressed foreside of third ventricle,ahead to basis of frontal lobe.Enhancement MRI demonstrated asymmetry and light enhancement.Two boys,CT demonstrated pineal region masses,heterogeneous density with calcification foci located on brim of tumor.MRI scan exhibited mass with heterogeneous signal.Rear of third ventricle and tectum were pressed and hydrocephalus.The masses were asymmetry,light enhancement.The results of pathological histology were primary intracranial choriocarcinoma. Conclusion Primary intracranial choriocarcinoma lacks its characteristic of CT and MRI.The tumor is abundance blood and easy erodes vessels,so increases risk of operation.Make good use of CT,MRI represents and lab examine is helpful for diagnosis and operation.
[Key words] primary intracranial choriocarcinoma;germinoma;pineal region tumor
绒毛膜上皮癌主要发生在子宫、卵巢等女性生殖系统或男性睾丸,生殖器官以外的原发性绒毛膜癌主要发生于纵隔,颅内原发性绒毛膜上皮癌极为罕见。绒毛膜上皮癌是恶性程度极高的肿瘤[1,2],易发生远隔器官转移和复发,预后不良。因此,较早诊断可为治疗争取时间,改善预后。本文通过对3例颅内原发性绒毛膜上皮癌病例及相关文献的复习,目的在于提高影像学在颅内原发性绒毛膜上皮癌诊断和分析水平。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 经手术病理证实颅内原发绒毛膜上皮癌3例,男2例,女1例。女性患者14岁,主诉双颞侧偏盲1个月,有肢端肥大和多饮多尿症状。男性患者2例,均为16岁,头痛约3个月余,有性早熟临床表现。
1.2 方法 CT轴位扫描,层厚10 mm,层间距10 mm。MR轴位、矢状位和冠状位扫描,层厚5 mm,层间距3 mm。
2 结果
鞍区占位CT可见鞍上池内不规则团块状、边界清楚高密度占位病灶。MRI鞍上池及鞍内占位,大小约60 mm×40 mm×40 mm,T2WI肿瘤呈混杂长T2异常信号,可见极低信号影。T1WI鞍区占位向下延伸至鞍内,垂体受压变扁,鞍底稍塌陷;向上延伸三脑室前部受压;向前颅窝底面延伸,侵犯额叶底面后部可见低信号改变。增强T1WI病灶呈不均匀轻度强化,边缘清楚(图1)。松果体区占位2例,1例CT在三脑室后部可见不规则、分叶状、高低混杂密度影,有结节状钙化影位于肿瘤的边缘,三脑室后部受压,周围丘脑受压推移改变,幕上脑积水(图2)。另1例MRI示三脑室后部、松果体区不规则占位病灶,T1WI示三脑室后部不规则团块状占位性病变,呈不均匀高低混杂T1异常信号,其内可见极低信号影,病灶边界欠清晰;轴位T2WI呈高低混杂异常信号影;三脑室后部、中脑顶盖受压变形,左侧丘脑部分受侵犯及受压推移,可见短T2异常信号,为亚急性出血的高信号、慢性出血性所致的含铁血黄素沉积、钙化的低信号表现。三脑室前部、侧脑室扩大为幕上脑积水表现。注射对比剂后病灶呈不均匀轻度强化,边缘不光滑(图3)。3例病例经手术切除肿瘤,瘤体为暗红色,有钙化,肿瘤质脆,易出血,瘤体内少量陈旧性出血。 病理组织学诊断:3例均为颅内原发绒毛膜上皮癌。
3 讨论
绒毛膜上皮癌主要发生在子宫、卵巢等生殖器官,生殖器官以外的原发性绒毛膜上皮癌少见,多见于纵隔[3]。颅内原发性绒毛膜上皮癌是极为罕见的肿瘤,属于生殖细胞肿瘤的一种罕见类型[4],多与其他肿瘤细胞成分混合存在,以单一绒毛膜上皮癌细胞成分极少见[5,6],约占颅内肿瘤的0.23%[7,8],主要见于年龄小于20岁的儿童及青少年,偶有高龄患者[9]。颅内原发绒毛膜上皮癌发病率和病变部位有明显性别特征,松果体区均为男性,第三脑室男女发病之比为5∶3,鞍上男女发病之比为1∶2,鞍内均为女性。有发生于小脑[9]和幕上脑实质内[10]。临床以颅内压增高、头痛为主要表现,部分患者出现蛛网膜下腔和脑室内出血,常见内分泌功能障碍,主要表现为性早熟、糖尿病、全垂体功能减退症、肢端肥大和多饮多尿等[8],本文3例发生部位的性别特征与文献报道一致。
颅内原发绒毛膜上皮癌影像学表现:CT鞍区或松果体区肿块样占位病变,病灶内可见结节状或块状钙化,形态多不规则分叶状高低混杂密度影。MRI占位形态不规则,呈混杂T1、T2信号,肿块内可见出血或含铁血黄素沉积的影像学表现,注射对比剂后呈不均匀轻度强化[5,10]。鞍区病变主要与颅咽管瘤和垂体瘤鉴别,垂体瘤发病高峰为20~45岁,CT可见蝶鞍扩大,鞍内及鞍上池内圆形等密度或稍高密度影,边缘清楚,肿瘤内可见低密度囊变、坏死区,强化扫描病灶呈均匀或环形强化。MR肿瘤实性部分呈等或稍高、较均匀信号影,增强MR肿瘤强化。临床表现和实验室检查有助于鉴别诊断。鞍区病变与颅咽管瘤鉴别,后者男性多于女性。CT鞍上圆形或椭圆形低密度影,边缘光滑,囊内密度均匀,囊壁可见斑块样或蛋壳样高密度钙化影,增强CT囊壁或实性部分强化。MRI上多呈囊性或囊实性,典型者为大囊位于实性部分上方,实性部分在T2加权像上常为混杂信号,增强MRI实性部分及囊壁可有明显强化。松果体区病变主要与松果体细胞肿瘤鉴别,松果体细胞肿瘤好发于任何年龄,以中青年较多见,男女性别差异无显著性。CT见边缘清楚的卵圆形或圆形等密度或稍高密度影,松果体钙化常被肿瘤包埋,可明显均匀强化。MR肿瘤多为等T1或稍长T2信号,中度均匀强化[11]。
脑实质内肿瘤影像学上无特征表现,由于绒毛膜上皮癌对血管的侵蚀性常引起出血,因此对于有性早熟男性儿童,颅内有合并出血的肿瘤应想到绒毛膜上皮细胞癌可能[8]。
颅内原发性绒毛膜上皮癌易转移,主要转移到肺,也可以转移至肝脏、骨、肾脏和淋巴结。一旦发生转移或复发,预后很差[5~7,9~13]。因此,诊断分析时应想到生殖细胞肿瘤,实验室检查应包括HCG测定,绒毛膜上皮癌患者脑脊液、血液和尿中的HCG水平明显升高[5,8]。由于影像学上缺乏绒毛膜上皮细胞癌特征性表现,一旦发现鞍区、松果体区占位病变年轻患者,脑脊液和血清HCG增高,可以考虑颅内原发性绒毛膜上皮癌的诊断。绒毛膜上皮癌是恶性程度极高的肿瘤,对放射治疗较敏感,治疗上多采用综合方式,如手术次或全切出术后结合放射治疗和化疗,可有效延长患者生存时间[5,6,11,12]。
[参考文献]
1 Graziano SL,Paolozzi FP,Rudolph AR,et al.Mixed germcell tumor of the pineal region.J Neurosurg,1987,66:300-304.
2 Horowitz MB,Hall WA.Central nervous system germinomas.Arch Neurol,1991,48:652-657.
3 Kawakami Y,Yamada O,Tabuchi K,et al.Primary intracranial choriocarcinoma.J Neurosurg,1980,53(3):369-374.
4 Biernat W.2000 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the nervous system.Pol J Pathol,2000,51(3):107-114.
5 Pendl,Gerhard.Management of pineal region tumors.Neurosurgery Quarterly,2002,12(4):279-298.
6 Sugimoto,Keiji,Nakahara,et al.Bilateral metachronous germinoma of the basal ganglia occurring long after total removal of a mature pineal teratoma:case report.Neurosurgry Online,2002,50(3):613-617.
7 Yamagami T,Handa H,Takeuchi J,et al.Choriocarcinoma arising from the pituitary fossa with extracranial metastasis:a review of the literature.Surg Neurol,1983,19(5):469-480.
8 Chan HS,Humphreys RP,Hendrick EB,et al.Primary intracranial choriocarcinoma:a report of two cases and a review of the literature.Neurosurgery,1984,15(4):540-545.
9 侯富林.脑原发性绒毛膜上皮癌一例.Chin J Pathol,1997,26(4):370.
10 马勇,许士明,徐金法.原发性颅内绒毛膜上皮细胞癌并出血1例报告.医学影像学杂志,2001,11(2):136.
11 Chen,Mau Nan,Nakazawa,et al.A case of primary intracranial choriocarcinoma with a carotidcavernous fistula.Neurological Surgery,1993,21(11):1031-1034.
12 Kohyama,Shinya,Uematsu,et al.An experience of stereotactic radiation therapy for primary intracranial choriocarcinoma.Tumori,2001,87(3):162-165.
13 石木兰.肿瘤影像学.北京:科学出版社,2003,2-35.
作者单位: 1 650032 云南昆明,昆明医学院第一附属医院医学影像中心
2 100050 北京,首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院
(编辑:杨 熠), 百拇医药(孙学进,沈 进,戴建平,田伟, 庞瑞麟,包颜明)