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头颈部非霍奇金淋巴瘤的CT表现
http://www.100md.com 《中华口腔医学杂志》 1999年第4期
     作者:王平仲 余强 石慧敏 罗济程

    单位:200011 上海第二医科大学口腔医学院

    关键词:淋巴瘤;非霍奇金氏;体层摄影术;X线计算机;头颈部肿瘤

    New Page 2 【摘要】 目的 评价头颈部非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin lymphoma,NHL)的CT表现特点,为临床诊疗提供可靠依据。方法 将36例NHL病灶分为颈淋巴结内组和淋巴结外组,并观察其CT形态、密度和边缘。结果 结外NHL病变共39灶(31例),依次见于Waldeyer环(11灶)、上颌(8灶)、颌面间隙(7灶)、腮腺(6灶)和头颈其他部(7灶)。病变形态有肿块和粘膜异常增厚之分。结内NHL病变共累及16侧颈区淋巴结。结外NHL伴结内NHL者共10侧颈区。结论 头颈部结外NHL的CT表现特点为多发边缘不光滑的软组织实性肿块;颈淋巴结内NHL多有坏死和边缘77增强,淋巴结融合肿块则于单发结内NHL中多见。
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    CT findings of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the head and neck

    WANG Pingzhong, YU Qiang, SHI Huimin, et al. School of Stomatology, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai 200011

    【Abstract】 Objective To evaluate the characteristic CT findings of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in head and neck. Methods Thirty-six patients with the head and neck NHL consisted of 23 males and 13 females, median 49.2 years. All cases were categorized into two groups: extranodal and nodal NHL lesions. Results The extranodal NHL disease included 39 lesions (31 cases), and, the frequent head and neck sites of such lesions were Waldeyer's ring (n=11), maxilla (n= 8), maxillofacial spaces (n=7), salivery gland (n=6), and others (n= 7). 30 lesions were soft tissue mass; 9 were mucosal thickening abnormality (including Waldeyer's ring in 6 lesions, maxilla in 2 lesions, and nasal cavity in one lesion). The majority of such extranodal NHL diseases were demonstrated on CT as non-necrosis (33 lesions) and uneven margin (26 lesions). Sixteen lymph node NHL lesions were composed of 6 NHL confined to neck lymph nodes and 10 combinations of nodal and extranodal NHL diseases. 5/6 of the former had the condition with rim enhancement, necrosis and confluent nodal mass. Of ten of the latter, 7 had the necrostic lesion with rim enhancement, and 3 had the lesion with confluent nodal mass. Conclusion Multiple maxillofacial extranodal sites of soft tissue mass with the presence of non-necrosis and uneven margin should be considered as the characteristic sign of NHL disease in the head and neck. Most nodal NHL may have the lesion with necrosis and rim enhancement, and the confluent mass is commonly seen in NHL confined to the neck lymph nodes.
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    【Key words】 Lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's Tomography, X-ray computed Head and neck neoplasms

    恶性淋巴瘤是头颈部常见的恶性肿瘤之一。有人认为本病为头颈部第二常见恶性肿瘤[1],其中非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin lymphoma,NHL)在头颈部的发生率远高于霍奇金病(Hodgkin disease,HD)。有关本病在颌面颈部的CT表现已有文献报道[1-6]。本研究目的在于通过评价36例头颈部NHL 的CT表现,加深对其影像表现的认识,为临床诊疗提供依据。

    材料与方法

    共收集头颈部NHL的CT资料36例,男性23例,女性13例,年龄:2~77岁,平均年龄49.2岁。所有病例均经手术和活检病理证实。检查所用CT机为Somatom CRF和ART两种。所有病例均行横断面扫描,部分尚行冠状面扫描,行增强扫描(Bolus 法和静脉点滴法联合使用)者27例。扫描层厚2~10 mm。
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    根据病变的发生部位,将36例中所有病灶分为颈淋巴结内和结外两组,并对每个病灶的CT形态、密度和边缘进行了观察,其中对颈淋巴结情况的评价只在行增强扫描的27例中进行。

    结果

    36例头颈部NHL中,属结外者31例39灶,单发于颈淋巴结内的NHL为5例6侧颈区,头颈部结外NHL伴颈淋巴结内NHL者为8例10侧颈区。

    1.头颈部结外NHL的CT表现:31例39灶结外NHL中,5例为多灶病例。其中同一病例具有2个病灶者3例,具有3个和4个病灶者各1例。结外NHL病灶在CT图像上有两种形态表现:软组织肿块(图1,2)和软组织粘膜异常增厚(图3)。病灶密度也有软组织实性和出现液化坏死之分。结外31例39灶NHL的头颈部发生部位、形态、密度和边缘表现见表1。

    表1 头颈部结外NHL的CT表现(例) 病变部位
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    病灶

    数

    形态

    密度

    边缘

    粘膜

    增厚

    肿

    块

    实

    性

    坏

    死

    光
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    滑

    不

    光滑

    Waldeyer环

    11

    6

    5

    10

    1

    1

    10

    上颌

    8

    2
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    6

    8

    0

    4

    4

    颌面间隙

    7

    0

    7

    3

    4

    3

    4

    腮腺
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    6

    0

    6

    6

    0

    2

    4

    下颌骨

    2

    0

    2

    2

    0

    2
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    0

    牙龈

    1

    0

    1

    1

    0

    0

    1

    颏部

    1

    0

    1

    1
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    0

    0

    1

    鼻腔

    2

    1

    1

    1

    1

    0

    2

    甲状腺

    1

    0
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    1

    1

    0

    1

    0

    合计

    39

    9

    30

    33

    6

    13

    26

    注:颌面间隙包括颞下、咽旁、嚼肌、翼颌、颊和眶下间隙;NHL:非霍奇金淋巴瘤 2.颈淋巴结内NHL的CT表现:
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    (1) 单发于颈淋巴结内的NHL(5例6侧,图4):6侧颈淋巴结内NHL均呈增大的软组织肿块(直径2~6cm),其中除1侧颈部淋巴结为实性增大,边缘无增强外,其余5侧颈部淋巴结均显示有坏死液化灶形成,边缘环形增强和淋巴结融合成块。

    (2)头颈部结外NHL伴结内NHL病变(图3):31例结外NHL中,行增强CT扫描者共22例(44侧颈部),其中14侧颈部未见淋巴结显示,20侧颈部仅见直径小于1cm的淋巴结(无坏死液化和边缘增强表现)。另外10侧颈区淋巴结显示有异常CT表现,其CT征象及其同结外NHL病变部位的关系见表2。

    讨论

    1.头颈部NHL的发生部位: 一般认为头颈部NHL最好发的部位是Waldeyer环[2,3],其次是副鼻窦区,尤其是上颌窦(骨)区[4]。本组结果基本与之相符。另外,文献上提及的NHL好发部位还有涎
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    表2 头颈部结外伴结内NHL病变的CT表现 结外NHL

    部位

    例

    数

    异常颈

    区(侧)

    颈部淋巴结异常CT表现(例)

    直径

    >1.5cm

    坏死

    液化

    融合

    边缘
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    增强

    Waldeyer环

    4

    6

    5

    4

    3

    4

    腮腺

    2

    2

    0

    2

    0
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    2

    甲状腺

    1

    1

    1

    0

    0

    0

    上下颌骨

    1

    1

    0

    1

    0
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    1

    合计

    8

    10

    6

    7

    3

    7

    注:NHL非霍奇金淋巴瘤腺[2,5]、鼻腔、眼眶、甲状腺和颌骨等[4],但较少提及颌面间隙区。本组显示,发生在颌面间隙区的NHL病灶并不少见。此区NHL有时因其所在位置较深,临床上不易观察。CT扫描能清晰显示此区病变范围及其同邻近组织的关系,进而更好地帮助临床诊治和治疗后评价。此外,与国外学者[6]观点一致的是本病的特征性CT表现是其多发性,即同一病例可以有多个部位单独出现NHL病灶,这对诊断和治疗具有重要的提示意义。
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    2.头颈部淋巴结外NHL的CT表现:

    (1) 病灶部位不同,形态表现各异:本组结果已显示头颈部淋巴结结外NHL的形态表现主要有两种,即粘膜异常增厚和软组织肿块形成,前者主要见于Waldeyer环区,且可破坏正常的鼻咽和口咽结构,使之与正常组织分界不清。发生在上颌窦的NHL,有时也可表现为平行于窦壁的粘膜异常增厚,尽管其相对少见。肿块是头颈部结外NHL的主要CT形态表现,和其他病理类型的肿块相比,此形态并无特征性。

    (2) 病灶密度和边缘:头颈部结外NHL病变大多表现为软组织实性密度,仅在少数肿块中显示有坏死液化的CT征象,且这种坏死液化表现与病变大小无关。结外NHL病灶边缘有光滑和不光滑之分,且后者多见。边缘光滑的NHL病灶主要出现在上、下颌骨和颌面间隙区,可能和骨与肌肉阻碍NHL病灶的发展有关。

    3.颈淋巴结内NHL的CT表现:单发于颈淋巴结内的NHL病变的直径往往较大(本组均大于2 cm),病灶多有坏死液化和边缘增强表现。无论直径大小,颈淋巴结间的相互融合较多见。在头颈部结外NHL伴发结内NHL的病例中,以Waldeyer环和腮腺区NHL伴颈淋巴结内NHL最为多见(分别为6/10和2/10)。这和DePena等[4]描述的情况基本一致。和上述单发于颈淋巴结内的NHL相比,此类病灶直径往往不大,淋巴结群融合成块也相对少见。与颌面部鳞癌颈部转移性淋巴结的CT表现一样,直径小于1 cm的结内NHL病灶可有液化坏死和边缘增强的CT表现。据此鉴别两者是不可靠的。
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    头颈部NHL有以下CT表现特点:①NHL病灶具有多发性;②结外NHL病灶除在部分Waldeyer环和上颌区表现为粘膜异常增厚外,其余多为软组织实性肿块;③结内NHL病灶多以坏死液化、边缘增强和直径大于1.5cm的CT表现为主。病变可以单发或与结外NHL并发, 只是前者常见颈淋巴结群的融合成块,后者则少有此表现。

    参考文献

    [1] Kondo M, Hashimoto T, Shiga H, et al. Computed tomography of sinonasal non-Hodgkin lymphoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 1984,8:216-219.

    [2] Cobleigh MA, Kennedy JL. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the upper aerodigestive tract and salivary glands. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 1986,19:685-710.
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    [3] Conley SF, Staszak C, Clamon GH, et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the head and neck:the University of Iowa experience. Laryngoscope, 1987,97:291-300.

    [4] DePena CA, Tassel P Van, Lee YY. Lymphoma of the head and neck. Radiol Clin North Am, 1990,28:723-743.

    [5] Shikhani A, Samara M, Allam C, et al. Primary lymphoma in the salivary glands: report of five cases and review of the literature. Laryngoscope, 1987,97:1438-1442.

    [6] Chisin R, Weber AL. Imaging of lymphoma manifestations in the extracranial head and neck region. Leuk Lymphoma, 1994,12:177-189.

    收稿:1998-10-27

    修回:1999-04-12, http://www.100md.com