外伤性迟发性颅内出血Glasgow昏迷分级与CT表现的相关分析
作者:柯祺 许灼新 周守国 姜镭
单位:柯祺(广东省佛山市中医院CT室,528000);许灼新(广东省佛山市中医院CT室,528000);周守国(广东省佛山市中医院CT室,528000);姜镭(广东省佛山市中医院CT室,528000)(创伤外科)
关键词:颅脑创伤;迟发性出血;昏迷;X线计算机;断层摄影术
摘 要摘 要:目的 探讨外伤性迟发性颅内出血Glasgow昏迷分级(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)与CT表现之间的关系。方法 收集313例颅脑外伤病例,入院即刻CT颅脑扫描,1~4天复查;分别在CT初查及复查时对伤者进行GCS评分,就CT表现与GCS评分作相关分析。结果 入院即刻CT检查发现全部病例均未见颅内出血,4天内CT复查发现44例(14.06%)迟发性颅内出血;迟发性颅内出血者GCS评分较未发生迟发性颅内出血者为低(P<0.01);发生迟发性颅内出血后,患者的GCS评分也较入院时的GCS评分为低(P<0.01);GCS评分与迟发性颅内出血的类型无关。结论 颅脑外伤后GCS评分值较低者发生迟发性颅内出血的机率较高,必须及时进行头颅CT复查明确有无迟发性颅内出血;迟发性颅内出血可加重颅脑神经功能损伤。
, http://www.100md.com
中图分类号:R 651.15 文献标识码:A
文章编号:1002-1949(2000)02-0071-02
CT appearances of traumatic delayed intracranial hemorrhage correlated with Glasgow coma scale
KE Qi(CT Section,Department of Radiology,Fuoshan Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine,Fuoshan,Guang Dong528000,China)
XU Zhuo-xin(CT Section,Department of Radiology,Fuoshan Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine,Fuoshan,Guang Dong528000,China)
, 百拇医药
ZHOU Shou-guo(CT Section,Department of Radiology,Fuoshan Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine,Fuoshan,Guang Dong528000,China)
Abstract:Objective To study whether CT appearances of traumatic delayed intracranial hemorrhage correlated with Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS).Methods 313 patients with craniocerebral trauma underwent head CT scanning,within 1~4 days all patients underwent head CT scanning again.Their GCS scores were evaluated both while first CT scanning and while second CT scanning.The correlation between CT appearances of patients and their GCS scores were studied.Results First head CT scanning did not found any intracranial hemorrhage.Second head CT scanning found out that 44(14.06%) cases among all patients presented delayed intracranial hemorrhage within 1~4 days.The GCS score of patient with delayed intracranial hemorrhage was less than that of patients without delayed intracranial hemorrhage(P<0.01).The GCS score of patient having occurred delayed intracranial hemorrhage was less than that of while entering hospital(P<0.01).The GCS score did not correlated with the type of delayed intracranial hemorrhage.Conclusions For patient whose GCS score was lower,the possibility of occurring delayed intracranial hemorrhage was higher.CT re-examination should be performed to reveal delayed intracranial hemorrhage in time.The delayed intracranial hemorrhage could increase the severity of neurologic dysfunction.
, 百拇医药
Key words:Craniocerebral trauma; Delayed hemorrhage; Coma; X-ray computer; Tomography▲
外伤性迟发性颅内出血伤者入院初次CT检查因没有出现颅内出血的征象,易为临床医生忽视可能发生的迟发性颅内出血。动态观察伤者神经功能损伤程度、及时进行CT复查明确有无迟发性颅内出血对于及时救治有着积极的临床指导作用。本文将迟发性颅内出血病例临床颅脑神经功能损伤程度与CT形态表现之间的相互关系作一初步分析,以期提高人们对此类颅脑外伤病变的认识水平,为及时有效诊治提供可靠的依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 病例资料 收集我院救治的急性颅脑外伤病例313例,男217例,女96例,平均年龄33.3岁。其中302例为交通事故致伤,11例为其他意外致伤。
1.2 CT扫描 采用Picker IQ Premier CT扫描机,取与Reid基线成15°从颅底至颅顶连续平扫,层厚10 mm,必要时作5 mm薄层扫描。入院即刻CT检查后住院观察并在1~4天内进行CT复查。
, 百拇医药
1.3 Glasgow昏迷分级评分 依据Glasgow昏迷分级(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)对伤者神经功能受损程度进行评分[1,2]。评分测定时间分别选择在入院即刻CT检查及CT复查时。
1.4 统计学方法 采用两样本均数比较的t检验及多个样本比较的秩和检验进行统计处理。
2 结果
全部病例CT初复查结果见附表。
附表 313例颅脑外伤病例CT初查及复查结果
CT表现
CT初查例数(%)
CT复查例数(%)
, 百拇医药
未见异常
304(92.04%)
260(83.07%)
单纯颅骨骨折
8(2.56%)
8(2.56%)
脑出血
0(0.00%)
21(6.71%)
硬膜外出血
0(0.00%)
5(1.60%)
, 百拇医药
硬膜下出血
0(0.00%)
11(3.51%)
蛛网膜下腔出血
0(0.00%)
1(0.32%)
混合性出血
0(0.00%)
6(1.92%)
颅骨骨折并气颅
1(0.32%)
1(0.32%)
, http://www.100md.com
44例(占14.06%)迟发性颅内出血病例入院即刻CT检查GCS评分为10.54±0.9618,269例未出现迟发性颅内出血的病例入院即刻CT检查时GCS评分为13.11±0.543,两者有明显差异(t=2.7147,P<0.01)。44例迟发性颅内出血病例入院即刻CT检查时GCS评分(10.54±0.9618)与复查CT时的GCS评分(8.81±1.1140)有明显差异(t=2.9401,P<0.01)。44例迟发性颅内出血病例中,脑实质出血、硬膜外出血、硬膜下出血三种不同类型的颅内出血病例入院即刻CT检查时各GCS评分之间的差异无显著性(H=4.7413,P>0.05);复查CT时各GCS评分之间也无明显差异(H=3.4997,P>0.05)。
3 讨论
文献报导颅脑外伤病例中有部分伤者伤后即刻CT检查无阳性发现[3,4],本组资料就证实了这一说法。有关颅脑外伤后迟发性颅内出血的发生率报导不一,本组资料中占14.06%,发生时间在伤后24~72小时之间。迟发性颅内出血的发生机制较为复杂,一部分病例在创伤早期颅内解剖形态改变轻微,微量出血由于CT分辨率所限无法显示。或由于外伤后脑组织挫伤,局部小血管内皮受损释放凝血活酶,激发凝血系统再激活血浆纤溶酶,引起血管内凝血后继发性出血[5,6]。另外伤后脑挫伤水肿进行脱水降颅压治疗,可减轻受压血管的压迫程度,发生血管充血及血管通透性加大,进而导致迟发性出血[7]。
, http://www.100md.com
Glasgow昏迷分级评定(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)依据伤者言语、运动能力及睁眼状态等对颅脑神经功能损伤的严重程度进行评分,GCS评分高低与颅脑神经功能受损程度具有相关性,这种定量评估的方法为国际上所通用[1,2]。本组资料分析结果表明伤后出现迟发性颅内出血的病例GCS评分低于伤后未出现迟发性颅内出血的病例,提示GCS评分较低者发生迟发性颅内出血的可能性较大。我们认为入院CT初查未能发现颅内出血而其GCS评分低于10的病例,应进行颅脑CT复查以排除迟发性颅内出血的可能。所以,伤员入院时头颅CT检查阴性者做好神经功能损伤程度的评估并适时进行CT复查,是救治迟发性颅内出血不可缺少的环节。
本组病例中44例迟发性颅内出血患者发生颅内出血后GCS评分较入院时的GCS评分为低,说明颅内出血的出现可加重神经功能损伤。颅内血除引起出血所在部位的神经损伤外,还会由于血肿占位效应及其周围水肿的出现引发邻近区域神经功能损伤。有资料表明颅内血肿的大小与颅脑神经功能损伤的程度有关,血肿体积越大神经功能受损程度越重[8]。因此,及时发现和治疗迟发性颅内出血将有助于减轻颅脑神经功能损伤的程度。
, 百拇医药
本组资料分析结果还表明,GCS指数与迟发性颅内出血的类型无相关性,不同类型的颅内出血可引起不同的神经功能损伤。颅内出血的类型与神经功能损伤之间的关系复杂,这方面的问题有待进一步探讨。■
参考文献:
[1]Teasdale G,Jennett B.Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness,A practical scale[J].Lancet,1974,2:81.
[2]裘法祖,主编.外科学.第四版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1996.260.
[3]Livingston DH,Loder PA,Koziol J,et al.The use of CT scanning to triage patients requiring admission following minimal head injury[J].J Trauma,1991,31:483.
, http://www.100md.com
[4]Stein SC,Ross SE.The value of computed tomographic scans in patient with low-risk head injuries[J].Neurosurgery,1990,26:638.
[5]Saaoke Y,Simon G,Hamiltion WJ.MR imaging of head trauma:review of the distribution and radiopathologic features of traumatic lesions[J].No Shinkei Geka,1997,25:337.
[6]Alvarze ST,Moss AA.Computed tomography of shearing injuries of the cerebral white matter[J].Stroke,1995,26:1531.
[7]张献辉,张建良.颅内迟发血肿的CT诊断[J].实用放射学杂志,1996,12:566.
[8]Daniel KK,Christopher C,Robert HW,et al.Traumatic brain injuries:predictive usefulness of CT[J].Radiology,1992,182:277.
收稿日期:1999-10-20
修回日期:1999-11-13, 百拇医药
单位:柯祺(广东省佛山市中医院CT室,528000);许灼新(广东省佛山市中医院CT室,528000);周守国(广东省佛山市中医院CT室,528000);姜镭(广东省佛山市中医院CT室,528000)(创伤外科)
关键词:颅脑创伤;迟发性出血;昏迷;X线计算机;断层摄影术
摘 要摘 要:目的 探讨外伤性迟发性颅内出血Glasgow昏迷分级(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)与CT表现之间的关系。方法 收集313例颅脑外伤病例,入院即刻CT颅脑扫描,1~4天复查;分别在CT初查及复查时对伤者进行GCS评分,就CT表现与GCS评分作相关分析。结果 入院即刻CT检查发现全部病例均未见颅内出血,4天内CT复查发现44例(14.06%)迟发性颅内出血;迟发性颅内出血者GCS评分较未发生迟发性颅内出血者为低(P<0.01);发生迟发性颅内出血后,患者的GCS评分也较入院时的GCS评分为低(P<0.01);GCS评分与迟发性颅内出血的类型无关。结论 颅脑外伤后GCS评分值较低者发生迟发性颅内出血的机率较高,必须及时进行头颅CT复查明确有无迟发性颅内出血;迟发性颅内出血可加重颅脑神经功能损伤。
, http://www.100md.com
中图分类号:R 651.15 文献标识码:A
文章编号:1002-1949(2000)02-0071-02
CT appearances of traumatic delayed intracranial hemorrhage correlated with Glasgow coma scale
KE Qi(CT Section,Department of Radiology,Fuoshan Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine,Fuoshan,Guang Dong528000,China)
XU Zhuo-xin(CT Section,Department of Radiology,Fuoshan Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine,Fuoshan,Guang Dong528000,China)
, 百拇医药
ZHOU Shou-guo(CT Section,Department of Radiology,Fuoshan Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine,Fuoshan,Guang Dong528000,China)
Abstract:Objective To study whether CT appearances of traumatic delayed intracranial hemorrhage correlated with Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS).Methods 313 patients with craniocerebral trauma underwent head CT scanning,within 1~4 days all patients underwent head CT scanning again.Their GCS scores were evaluated both while first CT scanning and while second CT scanning.The correlation between CT appearances of patients and their GCS scores were studied.Results First head CT scanning did not found any intracranial hemorrhage.Second head CT scanning found out that 44(14.06%) cases among all patients presented delayed intracranial hemorrhage within 1~4 days.The GCS score of patient with delayed intracranial hemorrhage was less than that of patients without delayed intracranial hemorrhage(P<0.01).The GCS score of patient having occurred delayed intracranial hemorrhage was less than that of while entering hospital(P<0.01).The GCS score did not correlated with the type of delayed intracranial hemorrhage.Conclusions For patient whose GCS score was lower,the possibility of occurring delayed intracranial hemorrhage was higher.CT re-examination should be performed to reveal delayed intracranial hemorrhage in time.The delayed intracranial hemorrhage could increase the severity of neurologic dysfunction.
, 百拇医药
Key words:Craniocerebral trauma; Delayed hemorrhage; Coma; X-ray computer; Tomography▲
外伤性迟发性颅内出血伤者入院初次CT检查因没有出现颅内出血的征象,易为临床医生忽视可能发生的迟发性颅内出血。动态观察伤者神经功能损伤程度、及时进行CT复查明确有无迟发性颅内出血对于及时救治有着积极的临床指导作用。本文将迟发性颅内出血病例临床颅脑神经功能损伤程度与CT形态表现之间的相互关系作一初步分析,以期提高人们对此类颅脑外伤病变的认识水平,为及时有效诊治提供可靠的依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 病例资料 收集我院救治的急性颅脑外伤病例313例,男217例,女96例,平均年龄33.3岁。其中302例为交通事故致伤,11例为其他意外致伤。
1.2 CT扫描 采用Picker IQ Premier CT扫描机,取与Reid基线成15°从颅底至颅顶连续平扫,层厚10 mm,必要时作5 mm薄层扫描。入院即刻CT检查后住院观察并在1~4天内进行CT复查。
, 百拇医药
1.3 Glasgow昏迷分级评分 依据Glasgow昏迷分级(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)对伤者神经功能受损程度进行评分[1,2]。评分测定时间分别选择在入院即刻CT检查及CT复查时。
1.4 统计学方法 采用两样本均数比较的t检验及多个样本比较的秩和检验进行统计处理。
2 结果
全部病例CT初复查结果见附表。
附表 313例颅脑外伤病例CT初查及复查结果
CT表现
CT初查例数(%)
CT复查例数(%)
, 百拇医药
未见异常
304(92.04%)
260(83.07%)
单纯颅骨骨折
8(2.56%)
8(2.56%)
脑出血
0(0.00%)
21(6.71%)
硬膜外出血
0(0.00%)
5(1.60%)
, 百拇医药
硬膜下出血
0(0.00%)
11(3.51%)
蛛网膜下腔出血
0(0.00%)
1(0.32%)
混合性出血
0(0.00%)
6(1.92%)
颅骨骨折并气颅
1(0.32%)
1(0.32%)
, http://www.100md.com
44例(占14.06%)迟发性颅内出血病例入院即刻CT检查GCS评分为10.54±0.9618,269例未出现迟发性颅内出血的病例入院即刻CT检查时GCS评分为13.11±0.543,两者有明显差异(t=2.7147,P<0.01)。44例迟发性颅内出血病例入院即刻CT检查时GCS评分(10.54±0.9618)与复查CT时的GCS评分(8.81±1.1140)有明显差异(t=2.9401,P<0.01)。44例迟发性颅内出血病例中,脑实质出血、硬膜外出血、硬膜下出血三种不同类型的颅内出血病例入院即刻CT检查时各GCS评分之间的差异无显著性(H=4.7413,P>0.05);复查CT时各GCS评分之间也无明显差异(H=3.4997,P>0.05)。
3 讨论
文献报导颅脑外伤病例中有部分伤者伤后即刻CT检查无阳性发现[3,4],本组资料就证实了这一说法。有关颅脑外伤后迟发性颅内出血的发生率报导不一,本组资料中占14.06%,发生时间在伤后24~72小时之间。迟发性颅内出血的发生机制较为复杂,一部分病例在创伤早期颅内解剖形态改变轻微,微量出血由于CT分辨率所限无法显示。或由于外伤后脑组织挫伤,局部小血管内皮受损释放凝血活酶,激发凝血系统再激活血浆纤溶酶,引起血管内凝血后继发性出血[5,6]。另外伤后脑挫伤水肿进行脱水降颅压治疗,可减轻受压血管的压迫程度,发生血管充血及血管通透性加大,进而导致迟发性出血[7]。
, http://www.100md.com
Glasgow昏迷分级评定(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)依据伤者言语、运动能力及睁眼状态等对颅脑神经功能损伤的严重程度进行评分,GCS评分高低与颅脑神经功能受损程度具有相关性,这种定量评估的方法为国际上所通用[1,2]。本组资料分析结果表明伤后出现迟发性颅内出血的病例GCS评分低于伤后未出现迟发性颅内出血的病例,提示GCS评分较低者发生迟发性颅内出血的可能性较大。我们认为入院CT初查未能发现颅内出血而其GCS评分低于10的病例,应进行颅脑CT复查以排除迟发性颅内出血的可能。所以,伤员入院时头颅CT检查阴性者做好神经功能损伤程度的评估并适时进行CT复查,是救治迟发性颅内出血不可缺少的环节。
本组病例中44例迟发性颅内出血患者发生颅内出血后GCS评分较入院时的GCS评分为低,说明颅内出血的出现可加重神经功能损伤。颅内血除引起出血所在部位的神经损伤外,还会由于血肿占位效应及其周围水肿的出现引发邻近区域神经功能损伤。有资料表明颅内血肿的大小与颅脑神经功能损伤的程度有关,血肿体积越大神经功能受损程度越重[8]。因此,及时发现和治疗迟发性颅内出血将有助于减轻颅脑神经功能损伤的程度。
, 百拇医药
本组资料分析结果还表明,GCS指数与迟发性颅内出血的类型无相关性,不同类型的颅内出血可引起不同的神经功能损伤。颅内出血的类型与神经功能损伤之间的关系复杂,这方面的问题有待进一步探讨。■
参考文献:
[1]Teasdale G,Jennett B.Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness,A practical scale[J].Lancet,1974,2:81.
[2]裘法祖,主编.外科学.第四版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1996.260.
[3]Livingston DH,Loder PA,Koziol J,et al.The use of CT scanning to triage patients requiring admission following minimal head injury[J].J Trauma,1991,31:483.
, http://www.100md.com
[4]Stein SC,Ross SE.The value of computed tomographic scans in patient with low-risk head injuries[J].Neurosurgery,1990,26:638.
[5]Saaoke Y,Simon G,Hamiltion WJ.MR imaging of head trauma:review of the distribution and radiopathologic features of traumatic lesions[J].No Shinkei Geka,1997,25:337.
[6]Alvarze ST,Moss AA.Computed tomography of shearing injuries of the cerebral white matter[J].Stroke,1995,26:1531.
[7]张献辉,张建良.颅内迟发血肿的CT诊断[J].实用放射学杂志,1996,12:566.
[8]Daniel KK,Christopher C,Robert HW,et al.Traumatic brain injuries:predictive usefulness of CT[J].Radiology,1992,182:277.
收稿日期:1999-10-20
修回日期:1999-11-13, 百拇医药