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胸腺肽对肠梗阻细菌移位的影响
http://www.100md.com 《中国现代医学杂志》 2000年第7期
     作者:房林 薛崇德 周以明

    单位:房林(上海铁道大学医学院附属铁路医院外科上海 200072);薛崇德 周以明(上海医科大学附属小儿科外科 上海2000032)

    关键词:细菌移位;肠梗阻;胸腺肽

    中国现代医学杂志000714 目的:通过对大鼠机械性肠梗阻模型细菌移位的实验研究,了解应用胸 腺肽后,大鼠肠梗阻所致细菌移位的改变情况,探索减少细菌移位的可能药物。方法:雄性 SD大鼠30只,随机分为假手术组,肠梗阻组和胸腺肽组。检测肝脏和肠系 膜淋巴细菌移位情况、血浆内毒素水平和进行回肠病理学检查等。结果:细胞移位率和细菌 移位数水平,肠梗阻组和假手术组相比,明显升高,胸腺肽组和肠梗阻组相比明显减少;血 浆内毒素水平,胸腺肽组与肠梗阻组相比明显下降,病理结果显示:假手术组肠粘膜基本正 常。肠梗阻粘膜上皮脱落,绒毛坏死,粘膜下水肿,炎症细胞浸润。胸腺肽组粘膜上皮偶见 脱落,粘膜下稍水肿,未见绒毛坏死。结论:单纯性机械性肠梗阻可造成细菌移位。予胸腺 肽可减少细菌移位,降低内毒素血症,减轻肠粘膜损害,为减少细菌移位的可能药物。
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    分类号 R574.2

    EFFECTS OF THYMOSIN ON BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION CAUSED

    BY MECHANICAL INTESTINALOBSTRUCTION IN RATS

    Fang Lin

    (Department of Surgery, Shanghai Railway Hospital, Shanghai Railway University 20 0072)

    Xue Chongde, Zhou Yiming

    (Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital, Shanghai Medical Universit y, Shanghai 200032)
, 百拇医药
    [Abstract] Objective: Bacterial translocation has been impl icated as an importan t source of sepsis in many patients. Prevention and treatment of bacterial trans lation can improve the prognosis of the patients. The aim of these experiments w as to study Thymosin on bacterial translocation in rats with mechanial intestina l obstruction. Methods: Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups randomisely. Group one, sham-operated group, normal saline 1ml/d was injected i ntra-abdominally for each rat for five days, and a laparotomy was given without ligating the ileum. Group two, intestinal obstruction group, normal saline 1ml/d was given for each rat for five days. Group three, Thymosin 8mg/kg.d was given for each rat for five days. Then an ileal ligation was performed in Group two an d Group three. Twenty-four hours later, rats were sacrificed and the mesenteric lymph node, liver, blood and ileum were harvested. Results: Bact erial translocat ion rate in sham-operated, intestinal obstruction and Thymosin group was 15%, 70 % and 25% respectively. Intestinal obstruction group was higher than sham-operat ed group (P<0.01). Thymosin group was lower than intestinal obstruction group (P <0.05). The total population levels of bacteria in sham-operated, intestinal obs truction, Thymosin group were 874.67±426.51CFU/g, 1541.87±522.51CFU/g and 957. 69±507.34CFU/g respectively. Intestinal obstruction group was higher than sham- operated group (P<0.05). Thymosin group was lower than intestinal obstruction gr oup (P<0.05). Endotoxin levels in sham-operated, intestinal obstruction and Thym osin group were 0.056±0.03Eu/ml, 0.373±0.064Eu/ml and 0.072±0.001Eu/ml respe ctively. Intestinal obstruction group was higher than any other groups (P<0.01). Pathological results: intestinal mucosa in Sham-operated group was normal. But in intestinal obstruction group, villous necrosis was observed. Epithelial separ ation and edema in submucosa can also be seen. In Thymosin group, slight epithel ial separation and enema were found, but villous necrosis was not observed. Conc lusions: The mechanical intestinal obstruction can cause bacterial trans location to mesenteric lymph nodes and liver. Thymosin can decrease the bacterial transl ocation and the level of endotoxin, and can protect intestinal mucosa barrier. I t suggests that Thymosin may be useful in prevent bacterial translocation caused by intestinal obstruction.
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    Key words: Thymosin; Bacterial Translocation; Intestinal Obstruc tion

    临床上外科许多原因可引起细菌移位如创伤、烧伤、休克、急性胰 腺炎、大手术及胃肠外营养病人等。细菌移位常使病人病情加重,死亡率增加,它与多器 官 功能衰竭的关系越来越受到重视。在临床上,能采取措施有效地减少或控制细菌移位,对病 人 的预后有重要影响。胸腺肽可增强机体的免疫力,本实验目的是通过对胸腺肽在大鼠肠梗阻 细 菌移位模型的应用,探讨胸腺肽对细菌移位的影响,寻找减少细菌移位的可能药物,从而减 少细菌移位对疾病的影响。

    1 材料与方法

    1.1 实验动物及分组

    健康雄性Sprague-Dawley鼠30只,体重200~250g,购于上海医科大学实验动物部,购前处 于无特殊病原菌(SPF)条件下饲养。大鼠购买后在12~12h明暗交替下饲养7d,以适应环境 。30只大鼠随机分为假手术组、肠梗阻组和胸腺肽组,每组10只。
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    1.2 动物模型的设计与制作

    胸腺肽组予胸腺肽注射液(武汉市扬子江生物化学制药厂)2mg腹腔注射,1次/d,共5d,最后 1次在术前2h。假手术组和肠梗阻组予生理盐水1ml作对照。

    大鼠术前正常饮食及饮水,术前手术室常规乳酸空气消毒。盐酸氯胺酮(80mg/kg)肌肉注射 。腹部及心前区剪毛后,碘酒、酒精消毒腹部皮肤,铺巾,中下腹正中线约1cm长切口进腹 。肠梗阻组和胸腺肽组术中在距盲肠5cm处末端回肠系膜无血管区剪开,以3~0丝线置入, 结扎末端回肠,制成单纯性完全性机械性肠梗阻模型,回纳肠管,分两层关腹。假手术组进 腹后,外置末端回肠2min,再回纳肠管关腹。术中严格无菌操作,麻醉清醒后送回动物房继 续同术前饲养24h。再脊椎脱臼法处死,按后述方法采取标本。

    1.3 实验指标

    1.3.1 细菌移位 大鼠处死后立即用碘酒、酒精消毒胸腹部皮肤,无菌下 心脏穿刺采血1ml,严格无菌下置于50ml牛肉汤培养基中增菌。打开腹腔,无菌操作取出肝 右叶,肠系膜淋巴结(MLN)分别放入密闭无菌容器称重,分别置入匀浆器内匀浆。匀浆后放 入50ml牛肉汤培养基中增菌。37℃培养24h后,分别以0.01ml接种琼脂平板和麦康凯平板培 养,观察菌落生长特征,菌落计数,按常规方法鉴定细菌种类。
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    1.3.2 血浆内毒素测定 采用鲎试剂的合成基质偶氮法。按鲎试剂盒(购于 上海临床医学检验中心)操作说明书进行。凡与鲎试剂接触的物件均去热源处理。大鼠处死 后,即刻无菌无热源心脏采血1ml,放入无热源肝素抗凝管内摇匀,500r/min,离心5 min,取血浆于4℃存放,待检测。用加热法对标本预处理,离心,取上清液,按步骤加入鲎试剂 ,3 7℃水浴25min,再加入鲎三肽水浴3min,加入亚硝酸钠、氨基磺酸钠、萘乙二胺显色,于波 长545nm比色。求得吸光度值,再查对内毒素标准曲线,求得内毒素含量。1.3.3 梗阻肠管病理组织学检查 在距梗阻处约5cm处近端回肠,取材2cm 肠管,于肠系膜侧纵行剪开肠管,铺平,标本放入CARNOY液(冰醋酸1份,氯仿3份,无水酒 精6 份),4℃固定12h,然后放于80%酒精。经脱水,加入透明剂,石蜡包埋。HE染色,光学显微 镜下观察肠粘膜组织学变化。

    1.4 统计学处理方法

    计量资料以均数±标准差表示,采用方差分析作统计学处理。率采用卡方检验,显著性差异 定为0.05。
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    2 结果

    2.1 细菌移位的发生率

    假手术组有3例发生细菌移位,均为MLN。肠梗阻组10例均发生MLN细菌移位,其中4例伴肝脏 细菌移位。胸腺肽治疗组4例MLN细菌移位,其中1例伴肝脏细菌移位。所有血液培养均为阴 性 。肠梗阻组细菌移位率比假手术组明显升高(P<0.01),胸腺肽组移位率较肠梗阻 减少(P<0.05)。检出细菌以大肠杆菌最常见。

    2.2 MLN、肝脏组织移位细菌数水平

    假手术组、肠梗阻组和胸腺肽组分别为(874.67±426.51)CUF/g,(1541.87±522.51)CFU/g ,(957.69±507.34)CFU/g。肠梗阻组MLN移位细菌数较假手术组多(P<0.05),胸腺肽 组均较肠 梗阻组少(P<0.05)。

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    假手术组为(0.056±0.003)Eu/ml,肠梗阻组(0.373±0.064)Eu/ml,肠梗阻组明显高于 假手术组(P<0.01)。胸腺肽组为(0.072±0.001)Eu/ml,胸腺肽组内毒素水平较肠梗阻 组明显降低(P<0.01)。

    2.4 梗阻近端回肠组织学变化

    假手术组末端回肠粘膜结构基本正常,未见上皮脱落,绒毛坏死。肠梗阻组梗阻近端 回肠病变明显,可见肠粘膜上皮脱落,上皮下水肿,炎症细胞浸润,部分绒毛坏死,固有 膜部分分离。胸腺肽组肠粘膜上皮偶见脱落,上皮下水肿,绒毛稍肿胀,但未见 坏死。

    3 讨论

    肠梗阻后,肠道内的运动、吸收及分泌功能均发生改变。肠梗阻后可发生细菌移位,且随着 梗阻时间的延长,不但细菌移位的发生率增高,而且细菌的量也增多。动物实验显示,肠梗 阻后,回肠粘膜水肿,上皮细胞脱落,微绒毛变形。肠粘膜损害可能与肠内细菌微生态平衡 紊乱有关。梗阻后的肠蠕动障碍,有利于肠道内条件致病菌过量生长及容易粘附于肠粘膜及 定植,进而发生细菌移位[1]。本实验利用结扎大鼠小肠肠管,造成单纯性肠梗阻 模型,结果10例大鼠MLN均发生了细菌移位,4例肝脏发生细菌移位。而假手术组仅3例发生M LN细菌移位,未发生肝脏细菌移位,肠梗阻组细菌移位率和细菌移位水平数均高于假手术组 ,两组之间差异有统计学意义,说明肠梗阻可造成细菌移位。本实验病理示肠梗阻组梗阻 肠管粘膜上皮脱落,上皮下水肿,伴绒毛坏死,提示肠梗阻细菌移位的发生可能与肠粘膜 结构受损,屏障功能减弱有关。本实验肠梗阻组血浆内毒素含量也明显高于假手术组,内 毒素 增高,源于肠梗阻,但高水平内毒素又可作用于肠壁,导致肠粘膜屏障紧密连接破坏和通透 性增高,从而增加细菌移位。内毒素增加可损害机体免疫功能,进一步加重细菌移位。假手 术组也发生细菌移位,可能与手术引起机体免疫力下降有关[2,3]
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    细菌移位对许多疾病的预后有重要影响,特别是危重病人。因此预防和治疗细菌移位有重要 意义。预防细菌移位除了治疗原发病和应用抗生素减少肠道细菌数量外,改善肠粘膜屏障功 能十分重要[4]。肠粘膜屏障功能的维持与肠道局部免疫功能有密切关系,分泌型 IgA及肠壁淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞代谢及功能的状况,对细菌移位有重要影响。整个机体免疫 功能状况也影响细菌移位的发生,当机体免疫力下降时,对移位细菌的清除减少。增强机体 局部和全身免疫力可防止细菌移位。

    胸腺肽可调节机体免疫功能,Ikemoto S等报道胸腺肽可使尿毒症病人受抑制的胸腺淋 巴细 胞对刀豆素-A的反应性得到恢复。胸腺因子可对雌二醇的体液免疫增强起允许作用[5 ]。低蛋白饮食引起的补体C3抑制,予胸腺肽后可发生明显改善[6]。胸腺肽可 作用于较少分化的非细胞溶解和IL-2不敏感干细胞,增加它们的IL-2受体表达,从而增加细 胞毒作用,胸腺肽也可增加人自然杀伤细胞的IL-2受体表达,增强杀伤活性[7] 。胸腺肽可使骨髓产生的干细胞转变成T细胞,能连续诱导T细胞分化的各个阶段,增强成熟 T细胞对抗原或其它刺激的反应,具有调节机体免疫平衡的作用。本实验胸腺肽组细菌移位率有减少 ,移位细菌数下降,内毒素水平下降,提示胸腺肽可能有减少细菌移位的作用。可能的机制 为胸腺肽提高了机体的免疫力,增强对移位细菌的清除,也可能增强肠道的免疫功能,增强 肠壁固有层免疫细胞对细菌的包围和清除,但仍需进一步研究。
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    综上所述,胸腺肽可减少细菌移位,降低内毒素血症,减轻肠粘膜损害,为减少细菌移位的 可能药物。

    参 考 文 献

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, 百拇医药     3,Nielsen HJ,Pederse BK,Moesgaard PF,et al.Effect of ranitidine on posto perative suppression of natural killer cell activity and delayed hypersensitivit y.Acta Chir Scand,1989;155:377~382

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    6,Messiha N,Watson RR.The effects on complement component 3 of diatary v ariaion of protein.fat and vitamin E during growth of young mice.Life Sciences,1 989;44:49~55

    7,Mastino A,Favalli C,Grelli S,et al.Thymosin potentiates interleukin 2- induced cytotoxic activity in mice.Cellular immunology,1991;133:196~205, http://www.100md.com