显微手术治疗小脑后下动脉瘤的临床分析
作者:周岱 王中 崔岗 周幽心 张世明 朱风清
单位:苏州大学附属第一医院神经外科 215006
关键词:小脑后下动脉瘤 脑室出血 外科治疗
江苏医药001103 【摘要】 目的 探讨小脑后下动脉瘤的影像学特征及外科治疗方案。方法 回顾性分析5例小脑后下动脉瘤的临床特点、影像学特征及手术治疗效果。结果 5例中有4例因动脉瘤破裂出血而发病,CT检查均有第Ⅳ脑室出血;1例首发症状为步态不稳及后组颅神经不全性麻痹,经CT检查为后颅窝占位性病变。DSA检查可显示动脉瘤的具体部位及大小。5例均经后颅窝开颅显微手术治疗,其中动脉瘤蒂夹闭3例,行动脉瘤加固术及孤立术各1例。5例中除1例术后留有轻度偏瘫外,余4例恢复良好。结论 小脑后下动脉瘤多以第Ⅳ脑室出血发病,少数可以小脑及后组颅神经损害为首发症状,及早诊断和治疗,疗效是满意的。手术方式应尽量夹闭动脉瘤蒂,对夹层动脉瘤可采用加固术,少数无法夹闭瘤蒂者则行动脉瘤孤立术。
, http://www.100md.com
Clinical analysis of posterior inferior cerebellar aneurysms treated with microsurgery
ZHOU Dai,WANG Zhong,CUI Gang,et al.
(Department of Neurosurgery,The First Affilliated Hospital of Suzhou University,Suzhou,215006)
【Abstract】 Objective To explore imaging character and microsurgical treatment of posterior inferior cerebellar aneurysms.Methods Retrospective analysis of clinical and imaging character and the results of microsurgical treatment in 5 cases of posterior inferior cerebellar aneurysms.Results Four cases of rupture of aneurysms and CT findings revealed the fourth ventricular hemorrhage:one case experienced running disorder and incomplete paralysis of cranial nerve and CT scan confirmed massive lesion in posterior fossa.DSA examination may reveal the size and position of aneurysms.All 5 patients were treated by microsurgical operation.Among them three received aneurysmal clip,one had wrapping,and the remining one underwent prosical occlusion of posterior interior cerebellar artery.Four cases had good results and one case had slight hemiplegia.Conclusion Most of posterior inferior cerebellar aneurysms are complicated with the fourth ventricular hemorrhage and a few occurred with damage of cerebellar function and later groups of cranial nerves.The outcome is good by earlier diagnosis and operation.The wrapping is usually used in patients with dissecting aneurysms and the proximal occlusion of posterior inferior cerebellar atrtery is used in patients in whom clipping is countraindicated.
, http://www.100md.com
【Key words】 Posterior interior cerebellar aneurysm Ventricular hemorrhage Microsurgical treatment
小脑后下动脉瘤临床上较少见,临床医师对其特征性表现缺乏认识,故常易导致漏诊。我院1995年1月~1999年2月收治5例,经及时诊断和手术治疗效果满意,现报告如下。
临床资料
一、一般资料:男3例,女2例,平均年龄39岁。4例以出血为首发症状,表现为突发性头痛伴恶心、呕吐,术前Hunt分级:Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级1例。其中1例伴有轻度意识障碍。另1例巨大动脉瘤表现为慢性头痛,伴有步态不稳及饮水进食呛咳。
二、影像学检查:CT检查单纯第Ⅳ脑室出血2例,全脑室系统出血1例,第Ⅳ脑室出血伴蛛网膜下腔出血1例。经DSA检查2例动脉瘤位于小脑后下动脉与椎动脉的分叉处,2例位于小脑后下动脉的远端,其中1例为夹层动脉瘤,表现为局部动脉壁梭型扩张,无明显动脉瘤蒂,经MRI检查证实局部动脉壁内有出血。另有1例CT检查为右侧小脑半球4 cm×3 cm×3 cm的占位病变,边缘光整并有高密度的钙化影。经DSA全脑血管造影证实为小脑后下动脉巨大动脉瘤。
, http://www.100md.com
三、手术时机及方法:本组4例以出血发病者,于动脉瘤破裂出血后1~3天手术3例,14天手术1例。全部病例均采用枕下开颅,在手术显微镜下首先暴露椎动脉与小脑后下动脉的分叉部,再沿小脑后下动脉向远端分离并逐渐暴露和分离瘤蒂而夹闭;术中应尽量保留小脑后下动脉上的细小分支,以防术后发生脑干缺血的并发症,必要时可暂时阻断椎动脉或小脑后下动脉近端。其中3例行动脉瘤蒂夹闭术,1例夹层动脉瘤在完全暴露瘤体后用棉花纤维及明胶海绵包裹,再涂上E-C胶。1例为巨大动脉瘤因瘤蒂较宽,故夹闭载瘤动脉近端。
四、结果:4例术后均恢复良好,其中3例术后再次行DSA检查证实动脉瘤已消失。术后随访2~5年,4例无神经功能障碍,已恢复正常工作;1例巨大动脉瘤患者仍遗留轻度偏瘫,但生活能自理。随访期间未见动脉瘤再出血。
讨 论
临床上小脑后下动脉瘤较少见,仅占颅内动脉瘤的0.5%~3%,占后循环动脉瘤的11%左右,通常好发于小脑后下动脉的起始部,约15%~30%的动脉瘤位于小脑后下动脉的远端[1],极少数小脑后下动脉可起源于椎动脉的颅外段,此时动脉瘤可发生于小脑后下动脉的颅外段[2]。临床上小脑后下动脉瘤与其它颅内动脉瘤相似,约93%的小脑后下动脉瘤患者以破裂出血为首发症状,表现为突发性头痛、恶心、呕吐等症状[3],但部分出血严重患者可有意识障碍,双侧外展神经麻痹,甚至心肺功能衰竭,此严重临床表现多系血肿压迫脑干引起继发性脑干功能损害所致[1],部分病人还可因伴急性脑积水而致颅内压升高[3]。极少数病人也可因脑血管痉挛而出现运动性失语、偏瘫等大脑半球缺血症状,其发病机理除与蛛网膜下腔出血有关外,可能还与脑干功能受损,脑血管调节功能障碍有关[4,5]。
, 百拇医药
小脑后下动脉瘤破裂出血在影像学检查时具有一定的特征,往往表现为第Ⅳ脑室出血,有时出血量很少,易被忽视,也可伴有全脑室系统或蛛网膜下腔出血,部分病人可出现梗阻性脑积水。本组4例出血者,CT检查时2例为单纯Ⅳ脑室出血,1例为全脑室系统出血,1例为Ⅳ脑室出血合并蛛网膜下腔出血。2例伴有梗阻性脑积水。DSA检查是其重要确诊方法,绝大多数动脉瘤都可得到明确的诊断,且能较精确地显示动脉瘤的大小、部位。但近年来,Hamada和Quint等[6,7]报道诊断特殊类型的小脑后下动脉夹层动脉瘤单纯行DSA检查仍有一定困难,有时需配合MRI检查。Pozzati等[8]报道MRI检查在显示夹层动脉瘤的双腔改变及其动脉壁内出血方面较DSA优越。本组有1例CT检查时有明显的Ⅳ脑室出血,DSA检查仅见小脑后下动脉的远端有局部扩张,扩张的远端有动脉狭窄,无明显动脉瘤蒂,也无双腔改变,后经MRI检查才发现了双腔及动脉壁内出血,故而确诊为夹层动脉瘤。
目前国内学者对Willis环前半部动脉瘤的诊断和治疗有了较全面的了解[8],但对于小脑后下动脉瘤的诊治较为生疏,本文病例数虽少,但可提示凡是Ⅳ脑室出血,尤其同时伴有后颅窝蛛网膜下腔出血者均应充分考虑小脑后下动脉瘤的可能性,宜及时行全脑血管造影,必要时辅以MRI检查。
, http://www.100md.com
对于破裂的椎基底动脉瘤的早期手术尚有争论,但多数学者主张小脑后下动脉瘤一旦确诊,需早期手术治疗[9]。理想的治疗方法是采用动脉瘤蒂夹闭术,对不能夹闭的病例可采用动脉瘤加固术或孤立术,但必须注意夹闭近端载瘤动脉有时会引起脑干及小脑的缺血的并发症,从而导致严重的不良后果[9]。本组中1例巨大动脉瘤,因瘤蒂较宽,遂采用载瘤动脉近端夹闭,术后病人虽康复出院,但留有轻度偏瘫。最近Shinji等[10]报道此类病例在夹闭载瘤动脉的同时行枕动脉和小脑后下动脉吻合术取得较好的疗效。
参考文献
1,Ishikawa T,Suzuki A,Yasui N.Distal posterior cerebellar aneurysms:Report of 12 cases [in Japanese,English abstr].Nearol Med Chir (Tokyo),1990,30:100-108.
, 百拇医药
2,Akira T,Masato K,Shhinya Y,et al.Extracranial aneurysm of the posterior Inferior cerebellar artery:Case report.Neurosurgery,1993,33:742-745.
3,金晓,李维平,王天华,等.小脑后下动脉瘤的外科治疗三例.中华神经外科杂志,1998,14:74.
4,Ruelle A,Cavazzqani P,Andrioli G.Extracranial posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm causing isolated intraventricular hemorrhage: A case report.Neurosurgery,1988,23:774-777.
5,Hook O,Norlon G,Guzman J.Saccular aneurysms of the vertebralbasilar arterial system:A report of 28 cases.Acta Neurol Scand,1963,39:271-304.
, 百拇医药
6,Hamada J,Sato K,Nagahiro S,et al.Dynamic magnetic resonance appearance of the vertebral dissecting aneurysms:Case report.Neurol Med Chir,1992,32:698-700.
7,Quint DJ,Spickler EM.Magnetic resonance demonstration of vertebral Artery dissection:Report of two cases.J Neurosurgery,1990,72:964-967.
8,Pozzati E,Padovani R,Fabbvizi A,et al.Benign arterial dissections of the Posterior circulation.J Neurosurgery,1991,75:69-72.
9,Yamaura A,Watanabe Y,Saeki N.Dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial vertebral artery.J Neurosurgery, 1990,72:183-188.
10,Shinji N,Satoshi G,Susumu Y,et al.Dissecting aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery:Case report.Neurosurgery,1993,33:739-742.
(收稿:2000-07-10), 百拇医药
单位:苏州大学附属第一医院神经外科 215006
关键词:小脑后下动脉瘤 脑室出血 外科治疗
江苏医药001103 【摘要】 目的 探讨小脑后下动脉瘤的影像学特征及外科治疗方案。方法 回顾性分析5例小脑后下动脉瘤的临床特点、影像学特征及手术治疗效果。结果 5例中有4例因动脉瘤破裂出血而发病,CT检查均有第Ⅳ脑室出血;1例首发症状为步态不稳及后组颅神经不全性麻痹,经CT检查为后颅窝占位性病变。DSA检查可显示动脉瘤的具体部位及大小。5例均经后颅窝开颅显微手术治疗,其中动脉瘤蒂夹闭3例,行动脉瘤加固术及孤立术各1例。5例中除1例术后留有轻度偏瘫外,余4例恢复良好。结论 小脑后下动脉瘤多以第Ⅳ脑室出血发病,少数可以小脑及后组颅神经损害为首发症状,及早诊断和治疗,疗效是满意的。手术方式应尽量夹闭动脉瘤蒂,对夹层动脉瘤可采用加固术,少数无法夹闭瘤蒂者则行动脉瘤孤立术。
, http://www.100md.com
Clinical analysis of posterior inferior cerebellar aneurysms treated with microsurgery
ZHOU Dai,WANG Zhong,CUI Gang,et al.
(Department of Neurosurgery,The First Affilliated Hospital of Suzhou University,Suzhou,215006)
【Abstract】 Objective To explore imaging character and microsurgical treatment of posterior inferior cerebellar aneurysms.Methods Retrospective analysis of clinical and imaging character and the results of microsurgical treatment in 5 cases of posterior inferior cerebellar aneurysms.Results Four cases of rupture of aneurysms and CT findings revealed the fourth ventricular hemorrhage:one case experienced running disorder and incomplete paralysis of cranial nerve and CT scan confirmed massive lesion in posterior fossa.DSA examination may reveal the size and position of aneurysms.All 5 patients were treated by microsurgical operation.Among them three received aneurysmal clip,one had wrapping,and the remining one underwent prosical occlusion of posterior interior cerebellar artery.Four cases had good results and one case had slight hemiplegia.Conclusion Most of posterior inferior cerebellar aneurysms are complicated with the fourth ventricular hemorrhage and a few occurred with damage of cerebellar function and later groups of cranial nerves.The outcome is good by earlier diagnosis and operation.The wrapping is usually used in patients with dissecting aneurysms and the proximal occlusion of posterior inferior cerebellar atrtery is used in patients in whom clipping is countraindicated.
, http://www.100md.com
【Key words】 Posterior interior cerebellar aneurysm Ventricular hemorrhage Microsurgical treatment
小脑后下动脉瘤临床上较少见,临床医师对其特征性表现缺乏认识,故常易导致漏诊。我院1995年1月~1999年2月收治5例,经及时诊断和手术治疗效果满意,现报告如下。
临床资料
一、一般资料:男3例,女2例,平均年龄39岁。4例以出血为首发症状,表现为突发性头痛伴恶心、呕吐,术前Hunt分级:Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级1例。其中1例伴有轻度意识障碍。另1例巨大动脉瘤表现为慢性头痛,伴有步态不稳及饮水进食呛咳。
二、影像学检查:CT检查单纯第Ⅳ脑室出血2例,全脑室系统出血1例,第Ⅳ脑室出血伴蛛网膜下腔出血1例。经DSA检查2例动脉瘤位于小脑后下动脉与椎动脉的分叉处,2例位于小脑后下动脉的远端,其中1例为夹层动脉瘤,表现为局部动脉壁梭型扩张,无明显动脉瘤蒂,经MRI检查证实局部动脉壁内有出血。另有1例CT检查为右侧小脑半球4 cm×3 cm×3 cm的占位病变,边缘光整并有高密度的钙化影。经DSA全脑血管造影证实为小脑后下动脉巨大动脉瘤。
, http://www.100md.com
三、手术时机及方法:本组4例以出血发病者,于动脉瘤破裂出血后1~3天手术3例,14天手术1例。全部病例均采用枕下开颅,在手术显微镜下首先暴露椎动脉与小脑后下动脉的分叉部,再沿小脑后下动脉向远端分离并逐渐暴露和分离瘤蒂而夹闭;术中应尽量保留小脑后下动脉上的细小分支,以防术后发生脑干缺血的并发症,必要时可暂时阻断椎动脉或小脑后下动脉近端。其中3例行动脉瘤蒂夹闭术,1例夹层动脉瘤在完全暴露瘤体后用棉花纤维及明胶海绵包裹,再涂上E-C胶。1例为巨大动脉瘤因瘤蒂较宽,故夹闭载瘤动脉近端。
四、结果:4例术后均恢复良好,其中3例术后再次行DSA检查证实动脉瘤已消失。术后随访2~5年,4例无神经功能障碍,已恢复正常工作;1例巨大动脉瘤患者仍遗留轻度偏瘫,但生活能自理。随访期间未见动脉瘤再出血。
讨 论
临床上小脑后下动脉瘤较少见,仅占颅内动脉瘤的0.5%~3%,占后循环动脉瘤的11%左右,通常好发于小脑后下动脉的起始部,约15%~30%的动脉瘤位于小脑后下动脉的远端[1],极少数小脑后下动脉可起源于椎动脉的颅外段,此时动脉瘤可发生于小脑后下动脉的颅外段[2]。临床上小脑后下动脉瘤与其它颅内动脉瘤相似,约93%的小脑后下动脉瘤患者以破裂出血为首发症状,表现为突发性头痛、恶心、呕吐等症状[3],但部分出血严重患者可有意识障碍,双侧外展神经麻痹,甚至心肺功能衰竭,此严重临床表现多系血肿压迫脑干引起继发性脑干功能损害所致[1],部分病人还可因伴急性脑积水而致颅内压升高[3]。极少数病人也可因脑血管痉挛而出现运动性失语、偏瘫等大脑半球缺血症状,其发病机理除与蛛网膜下腔出血有关外,可能还与脑干功能受损,脑血管调节功能障碍有关[4,5]。
, 百拇医药
小脑后下动脉瘤破裂出血在影像学检查时具有一定的特征,往往表现为第Ⅳ脑室出血,有时出血量很少,易被忽视,也可伴有全脑室系统或蛛网膜下腔出血,部分病人可出现梗阻性脑积水。本组4例出血者,CT检查时2例为单纯Ⅳ脑室出血,1例为全脑室系统出血,1例为Ⅳ脑室出血合并蛛网膜下腔出血。2例伴有梗阻性脑积水。DSA检查是其重要确诊方法,绝大多数动脉瘤都可得到明确的诊断,且能较精确地显示动脉瘤的大小、部位。但近年来,Hamada和Quint等[6,7]报道诊断特殊类型的小脑后下动脉夹层动脉瘤单纯行DSA检查仍有一定困难,有时需配合MRI检查。Pozzati等[8]报道MRI检查在显示夹层动脉瘤的双腔改变及其动脉壁内出血方面较DSA优越。本组有1例CT检查时有明显的Ⅳ脑室出血,DSA检查仅见小脑后下动脉的远端有局部扩张,扩张的远端有动脉狭窄,无明显动脉瘤蒂,也无双腔改变,后经MRI检查才发现了双腔及动脉壁内出血,故而确诊为夹层动脉瘤。
目前国内学者对Willis环前半部动脉瘤的诊断和治疗有了较全面的了解[8],但对于小脑后下动脉瘤的诊治较为生疏,本文病例数虽少,但可提示凡是Ⅳ脑室出血,尤其同时伴有后颅窝蛛网膜下腔出血者均应充分考虑小脑后下动脉瘤的可能性,宜及时行全脑血管造影,必要时辅以MRI检查。
, http://www.100md.com
对于破裂的椎基底动脉瘤的早期手术尚有争论,但多数学者主张小脑后下动脉瘤一旦确诊,需早期手术治疗[9]。理想的治疗方法是采用动脉瘤蒂夹闭术,对不能夹闭的病例可采用动脉瘤加固术或孤立术,但必须注意夹闭近端载瘤动脉有时会引起脑干及小脑的缺血的并发症,从而导致严重的不良后果[9]。本组中1例巨大动脉瘤,因瘤蒂较宽,遂采用载瘤动脉近端夹闭,术后病人虽康复出院,但留有轻度偏瘫。最近Shinji等[10]报道此类病例在夹闭载瘤动脉的同时行枕动脉和小脑后下动脉吻合术取得较好的疗效。
参考文献
1,Ishikawa T,Suzuki A,Yasui N.Distal posterior cerebellar aneurysms:Report of 12 cases [in Japanese,English abstr].Nearol Med Chir (Tokyo),1990,30:100-108.
, 百拇医药
2,Akira T,Masato K,Shhinya Y,et al.Extracranial aneurysm of the posterior Inferior cerebellar artery:Case report.Neurosurgery,1993,33:742-745.
3,金晓,李维平,王天华,等.小脑后下动脉瘤的外科治疗三例.中华神经外科杂志,1998,14:74.
4,Ruelle A,Cavazzqani P,Andrioli G.Extracranial posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm causing isolated intraventricular hemorrhage: A case report.Neurosurgery,1988,23:774-777.
5,Hook O,Norlon G,Guzman J.Saccular aneurysms of the vertebralbasilar arterial system:A report of 28 cases.Acta Neurol Scand,1963,39:271-304.
, 百拇医药
6,Hamada J,Sato K,Nagahiro S,et al.Dynamic magnetic resonance appearance of the vertebral dissecting aneurysms:Case report.Neurol Med Chir,1992,32:698-700.
7,Quint DJ,Spickler EM.Magnetic resonance demonstration of vertebral Artery dissection:Report of two cases.J Neurosurgery,1990,72:964-967.
8,Pozzati E,Padovani R,Fabbvizi A,et al.Benign arterial dissections of the Posterior circulation.J Neurosurgery,1991,75:69-72.
9,Yamaura A,Watanabe Y,Saeki N.Dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial vertebral artery.J Neurosurgery, 1990,72:183-188.
10,Shinji N,Satoshi G,Susumu Y,et al.Dissecting aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery:Case report.Neurosurgery,1993,33:739-742.
(收稿:2000-07-10), 百拇医药