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高蔗糖饮食对肾素-依赖性高血压大鼠血浆胰岛素水平的影响
http://www.100md.com 2003年8月25日 《高血压杂志》 1999年第1期
     作者:杨万松 黄体钢 王尉群 樊振旺

    单位:天津医科大学第二医院 心脏科 300211

    关键词:高血压;肾素-血管紧张素;高胰岛素血症

    高血压杂志CH/990130 目的 观察高蔗糖饮食对肾素-依赖性高血压大鼠血浆胰岛素水平变化。方法 雄性Wistar 大鼠70只,随机分组,试验组不完全结扎一侧肾动脉后分为A、B和C 3组各20 只。A组普通饲料饲养,B、C组高蔗糖饲料饲养,C组还加用依那普利(enalapril)。对照组10只大鼠。观察术前,术 后3、8、12 周血压,血糖,胰岛素,血浆肾素活性(PRA)和 血管紧张素Ⅱ(ATⅡ) 水平。结果 血压:术后3周试验组较对照组显著升高,其中 A、B组持续至12周,C组降至正常。血糖:B、C组血糖12周较对照组显著降低。胰岛素 A组8周开始升高,12 周显著升高,B组3周明显升高,8周下降,12周明显降低。PRA和ATⅡ 3周时试验组较对照组显著升高,其中A组8、12周降至正常,B组8周降低,12周再次明显升高。C组PRA持续升高,ATⅡ 8周降低,12 周再升高,但较C组显著降低。结论:肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)活性增加可伴有高胰岛素血症(HIS),同时合并高糖负荷可加速HIS的发生,依那普利在降压的同时对血浆胰岛素浓度有稳定作用。
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    Effects of High Sucrose Diet on Plasma Insulin Levels in Renin-

    Dependent Hypertensive Rats

    Yang Wansong, Huang Tigang, Wang Weiquen, Fan Zhenwang

    (Department of Cardiology,Secend Hospital of Tian Jin Medical University)

    ABSTRACT Aim To investigate the effect of high sucrose food blood on insulin level in renin-dependent hypertensive rats. Methods 70 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into experimental and control groups,left renal artery were partially ligated in experimental group, which subgrouped into A,B and C, each for 20 rats, 10 rats served as control.The rats in control and in subgroup A were fed with standard chew.In subgroup B and C high sucrose food was fed, enalapril was given simultaneously. Levels of systolic blood pressure,blood glucose,plasma insulin,plasma renin activity(PRA) and angiotensinⅡ(ATⅡ) were tested before and after operation. Results At 3rd week after operation, systolic blood pressure were increased in experimental groups. Persistent elevation of BP was found at the 8th and 12th week in subgroup A and B,but not in C. Blood glucose were decreased in subgroup B and C at 12th week.Insulin was increased at 8th week and significantly increased at 12th week in subgroup A, while it was increased at 3rd week and decreased at 12th week in group B; with C no signifcant changes in group C. PRA and ATⅡ were increased at 3rd week, decreased to normal at 8th and 12th week in subgroup A; increased at 3rd week and decreased at 8th week and reincreased at 12th week in B; with sustained elevation all the timein group C. The level of ATⅡ was similar to group B,but lower than it at 12th week. Conclusions Hyperinsulinemia (HIS) may be associated with increased activity of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and accelerated by concomitant with high sucrose food intake. The development of hyperinsulinemia may be prevented by enalapril treatment.
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    KEY WORDS hypertension; renin-angiotensin system;hyperinsulinema

    近年来研究证实胰岛素抵抗(IR)的发生与RAS活性升高有关[1,2]。Brands[2]报道胰岛素引起大鼠血压升高依赖于完整的RAS。我们曾观察到,用高蔗糖诱发大鼠HIS和血压升高与RAS活性增加密切相关[1]。本文通过不完全结扎大鼠一侧肾动脉致RAS活性升高,以观察单纯RAS活性升高或同时合并高糖负荷对血浆胰岛素浓度的影响。用转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)依那普利阻断ATⅡ生成对胰岛素代谢的影响。

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    1 动物与制摸 雄性Wistar大鼠70只,平均重280.35±8.92克,随机分组,试验组戊巴比妥钠50 mg/kg腹膜外麻醉,腹白线切口,分离左肾动脉后将一根0.3 mm直径涤纶线与肾动脉一起结扎,待肾脏变为灰白色,将涤纶线抽出(去除管壁厚度,管腔间隙约为0.22 mm),待肾脏逐渐恢复颜色后关腹。术后大鼠分为A、B和C组各20只,分笼饲养。A组普通饲料,其中碳水化合物占65%,脂肪22%,蛋白质13%。B组高蔗糖饲料,蔗糖热量比占75%,蛋白质20%,脂肪5%。C组饲料同B组,同时加服依那普利(为ACEI类药物,通过阻断ATⅡ生成降低血压,enalapril,美国MSD产品,商品名悦宁定,并由该厂提供),给药方法是,根据观察大鼠每日引水量约为20~30 ml,将依那普利按20%浓度溶于饮水中,通过每日计算饮水量估计每日服药量约20 mg/kg。另10只大鼠为对照组,手术步骤同前,但不结扎肾动脉,普通饲料饲养。
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    2 观察指标 全部大鼠共观察12周,术前,术后3周、8周、12周测血压,血糖,血浆胰岛素水平,PRA和ATⅡ。血压用MRB-ⅢA AUTO大鼠血压心率仪测量,实验日8:00 Am开始,测压前大鼠37℃预热15分钟,测鼠尾血压,连续3次记录平均值。心脏穿刺取血,用GOD-PAP法测血糖,放免法测胰岛素、PRA和ATⅡ浓度。

    3 统计学处理 数据以均值±标、准差(±s)表示,组间差异用组间t检验,显著性用P值表示。

    RESULTS

    1 肾动脉结扎后RAS与血压的关系:术后三周,结扎肾动脉3周普通饲料饲养的A组大鼠和结扎肾动脉高蔗糖饲养的B大鼠PRA、ATⅡ较对照组显著升高(P<0.01),血压也显著升高(P<0.01)8周时无显著差异,12周时A组仍无明显差异,B组则明显升高(P〈0.01)。但两组血压持续升高(P<0.01),(见Tab 1和Fig 1)。结扎肾动脉合并高蔗糖饲养同时给予依那普利的C组大鼠PRA持续升高至12周(P<0.01),ATⅡ 3周时升高(P<0.05)8周时降低,12周时再升高(P<0.01),但不如B组明显。血压3周时升高,8、12周时恢复正常(见Fig 1)。
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    Tab 1 Changes of PRA and ATⅡ in different time after ligation of renal artery(±s)

    0 wk

    3 wk

    8 wk

    12 wk

    PRA(ng.ml-1.h-1)

    Control

    0.8±0.6

, 百拇医药     0.9±0.4

    0.6±0.6

    0.4±0.2

    group A

    0.9±0.4

    3.1±0.8

    0.7±0.1

    0.6±0.3

    group B

    0.7±0.3

    2.1±0.7

    1.2±1.7
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    3.5±1.0

    group C

    0.8±0.1

    2.3±1.2

    3.2±1.4

    4.3±2.2

    ATⅡ(ng/L)

    Control

    42.8±13.8

    39.4±4.7

    40.3±0.7

    37.8±10.5
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    group A

    43.4±7.0

    85.9±15.4*

    43.7±12.8

    40.7±11.5

    group B

    46.1±11.8

    67.6±28.1*

    38.2±16.4

    170.8±101.1#

    group C

, http://www.100md.com     49.4±11.4

    59.0±25.9*

    47.9±18.0

    108.5±21.4#

    *P<0.01 vs another 0 w,8 w group and control;#:P<0.05 vs 0 w and control

    2 增加高蔗糖饮食和依那普利对大鼠肾动脉结扎后血糖和血浆胰岛素的影响 A组大鼠结扎肾动脉后普通饲料饲养,血糖与对照组无明显差异,血浆胰岛素8周时升高(P<0.05),12周升高更明显(P<0.01)。B组大鼠结扎肾动脉后高蔗糖饲养,血糖12周时低于对照组(8.65±0.44 mmol/L vs 6.83 ±1.08 mmol/L,P<0.05)。血浆胰岛素3周升高(P<0.05),12周降低(P<0.05);C组大鼠结扎肾动脉后高蔗糖饲养同时加服依那普利,血糖12周时降低(8.65±0.44vs6.95±1.68 P<0.05),血浆胰岛素无明显变化(见Fig 2)。
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    Tab 2 Changes of BG and insulin in different time after ligation of renal artery(±s)

    0 wk

    3 wk

    8 wk

    12 wk

    BG(mmol/L)

    Control

    8.3±0.7

    8.1±0.4
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    7.9±0.9

    8.6±0.4

    group A

    7.9±0.8

    7.9±0.8

    7.7±0.9

    7.2±1.6

    group B

    7.6±0.8

    7.6±0.7

    7.5±1.2

    6.8±1.1
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    group C

    7.4±0.7

    7.5±0.7

    7.5±1.0

    7.0±1.7

    insulin(mU/L)

    Control

    29.1±9.3

    30.7±11.2

    27.9±5.5

    27.9±1.0

    group A
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    27.2±5.3

    27.4±4.2

    43.5±13.5*

    46.6±10.6*

    group B

    26.6±14.0

    46.4±12.4#

    35.6±9.5

    17.2±10.8△

    group C

    26.0±10.2

, 百拇医药     28.5±8.0

    33.0±7.4

    35.6±11.2

    #:P<0.05;*:P<0.01 vsTab 3 Changes of blood pressure in different time after ligation of renal artery(±s)

    mmHg

    0 wk

    3 wk

    8 wk

    12 wk
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    Control

    116±6

    116±4

    121±5

    116±7

    group A

    115±7

    174±3

    181±2

    184±21

    group B

    124±3

    177±11
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    199±10

    195±4

    group C

    126±5

    141±5*

    119±11*

    119±7*

    *:P<0.01υs group A and group B

    Fig 1 Changes of blood pressure in different periods after ligation of renal artery
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    group A■:Simple ligation of renal artery

    group B▲:adding high sucrose diet after ligation

    group C●:Condition as B group,but adding enalapril

    Control group◆

    *:P<0.05

    Fig 2 Changes of blood insulin in different periods after ligation of renal artery
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    group A■;group B▲;group C●;Control◆; *:P<0.05;#:P<0.01

    DISCUSSION

    IR是指靶细胞对生理浓度的胰岛素介导的葡萄糖利用降低,为维持糖代谢正常,胰岛细胞代偿性分泌大量胰岛素,循环中内源性胰岛素含量增加,表现为HIS,所以血浆胰岛素含量增加是机体存在IR的指标[3]。过去认为高糖饲养大鼠引起的血压升高是因其诱发IR和HIS所致[4],近期研究发现,IR和HIS引起血压升高是通过激活RAS实现的。Iyer[5]报道高果糖饲养引起大鼠IR和血压升高是通过激活RAS实现的。我们的观察结果是:用高蔗糖饲养大鼠,血压于4周开始升高,同期发现RAS活性升高,与血压升高同步,而胰岛素至12周才明显升高,提示高蔗糖诱发大鼠IR和高血压与RAS活性升高有关[1]。Brands[2]报道,胰岛素引起大鼠血压升高依赖于RAS的完整性。不完全结扎大鼠一侧肾动脉可致肾素依赖性高血压,循环RAS活性持续升高达3~4周后逐渐降至正常,继之组织RAS被激活从而维持血压持续升高[6]。根据上述研究结果本文通过不完全结扎大鼠一侧肾动脉诱发RAS活性增加,同时给以高蔗糖饮食和使用ACEI对大鼠进行观察,结果显示:结扎肾动脉后 RAS活性和血压改变与文献报道基本相符[6]。单纯结扎肾动脉的A组大鼠血浆胰岛素8周时升高,12周时升高更为显著,说明RAS活性增加便可引起HIS。B组大鼠结扎肾动脉后即刻给以高蔗糖饮食3周时即出现HIS,经比较,A组大鼠HIS出现在第8周,而我们曾观察到的单纯高蔗糖负荷诱发大鼠HIS发生于第12周[1]说明RAS活性增加较单纯高糖负荷更易于诱发HIS的发生,当两个因素合并存在时HIS的发生会明显提前,本文结果提示RAS活性增加是IR发生机制之一。ATⅡ是RAS发挥作用最重要的激素,阻断ATⅡ生成可抑制RAS活性增加引起的血压升高,临床发现使用ACEI不但降压还可改善胰岛素敏感性[7]。本文C组大鼠在结扎肾动脉合并高蔗糖负荷同时使用ACEI(依那普利),结果显示血压3周时升高,但明显低于A、B组大鼠,8、12周时恢复正常,血浆胰岛素浓度与对照组无明显差异并相对稳定,与临床所见ACEI既能降压又能恢复胰岛素敏感相似[7]。HIS是机体存在IR的指标,是Ⅱ型糖尿病最早出现的代谢异常,当IR发生后,为维持糖代谢稳定胰腺大量分泌胰岛素而出现HIS,过量的胰岛素在维持糖代谢相对稳定的同时可引起靶器官胰岛素受体下调(down regulation),进一步加重IR,直至造成胰腺功能衰竭,此为Ⅱ型糖尿病发病的IR/胰腺衰竭理论,血浆胰岛素浓度降低,预示即将发生糖代谢失调[8]。本文B组大鼠12周时胰岛素浓度降低,而A组大鼠升高,说明RAS活性增加同时合并高糖负荷可加速胰岛β细胞代偿性增加分泌胰岛素向功能衰竭的转变,C组大鼠使用依那普利后血浆胰岛素浓度始终保持相对稳定提示ACEI可防止这种转变。 根据文献[6]和本文A组大鼠结果,肾动脉结扎12周时循环RAS活性应降至正常,但B、C组大鼠12周出现RAS再次升高,对这一现象本实验结果尚不能做出解释,可能系高蔗糖饮食通过增加交感神经系统活性使循环RAS活性再次增加所至致[9]
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    4 Navarro CJ, Maeso R, Perez VF, et al. Effects of losartan on blood pressure, metabolic alterations and vascular reactivity in the fructose-induced hypertension rats Hypertension 1995;26(part 2):1074

    5 Uchida A, Natta T, Kiyama M et al. Redction of Insulin Resistance Attenuates the Development of Hypertension in Sucrose-Fed SHR Life sci 1997;61(4):455

    6 Melarogrro MG, Fink GD. Enhanced slow pressor effect of angiotensinⅡ in two-kidney, one clip rats Hypertens 1995;25:288
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    7 Kotchen TA. Attenuation of hypertension by insulin-sensitizing agents Hypertens 1996;28:219

    8 Haffner SM, Stern MP, Mitchell BD, et al. Induced of typeⅡ diabetes in Mexican American predicted by fasting and glucose levels, obesity, and body-fat distribution Diabetes 1990;39:283

    9 Fagins F, Niklosson F. Sympathetic response to oral carbohydrate administration J Clin Invest 1989;48:403

    收稿日期:1998-06-29, 百拇医药