体外试验中HPLC同时测定茶碱及其代谢物的研究
作者:徐小平 陈聪 Noriko Masubuchi 田中真
单位:徐小平 陈聪:华西医科大学药学院 成都 610041;Noriko Masubuchi 田中真:日本第一制药(株)东京开发研究中心代谢研究所 东京 134
关键词:3-甲基噻嗪;1-甲基噻嗪;1,3-二甲基尿酸;依诺沙星;左氟沙星;茶碱;肝药酶
华西药学杂志990403 提要 用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定体外试验中经大鼠肝药酶P450代谢的茶碱代谢物,以及受依诺沙星和左氟诺沙星抑制后的茶碱代谢物的含量变化。讨论了ENX、LVX与茶碱的相互作用。方法的精密度RSD为(3.2~4.6)%、回收率为(85~92)%和最低检测限0.5 ng。线性范围(0.02~10) μg/ml,r>0.9999,该法可用于研究药物相互作用中评定茶碱及其代谢物的变化。
, http://www.100md.com SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF THEOPHYLLINE AND
ITS METABOLITES BY HPLC IN DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION
IN VITRO STUDY
Xu Xiaoping Chen Cong
(School of Pharmacy,West China University of Medical Sciences Chengdu 610041)
Masubuchi Noriko* Tanaka Makoto*
(Drug Metabolism & Analytical Chemistry Research Laboratory,Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd Tokyo Japan 134)*
, 百拇医药
ABSTRACT A rapidly simultaneous deter-mination of theophylline and its four main metabolites produced with hepatic microsomes by high performance liquid chromatography was discussed. Four metabolites:3-methylxanthine, 1-methylxanthine,1-methylurine acid and 1,3-dimethyluric acid with acetaminophen(internal standard) and theophylline were separated within 17 minutes by isocratic HPLC assay. Lower pH(2.62) and some strong formic acid was used. The limited of quantification was 0.5ng and the analytical precision and recovery were 3.2~4.6% and 85~92% respectively. The linear relationship was obtained for each of the metabolites over the concentration range of 0.02~10ug/ml,r>0.999.It is a good method to be used to assess drug interaction involving alternations in the bio-transformation of theophylline.
, 百拇医药
Key Words High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) Theophylline Hepatic microsomes Enoxacin Levofloxacin
茶碱具有治疗指数窄而又广泛使用的一类支气管扩张药物,体内通过肝药酶混合氧化系统被完全代谢。许多因素都对这一代谢过程有影响,如,质子泵抑制剂[1]、喹诺酮类[2]、基因因子[3]、吸烟[4]和疾病[5]等。尽管已有不少文献对茶碱及其代谢物的测定进行了报道,但都存在分离效果不佳、分离时间过长以及采用梯度洗脱系统等[6]问题。从离子抑制原理出发。用pH较低的甲酸做抑制剂既有效抑制极性较高的茶碱类化合物,又有利于缩短茶碱保留时间[7],使实验既保证分离度又能缩短分析时间。
1 实验部分
, 百拇医药
1.1 仪器和试剂 恒温振荡器NTS-1300(Eyela Uni Thermo,Japan);混合器NS-8(Posolina,Japan);摇摆振荡器Elvisel(Sugiyama-gen Environmental Science Co,Ltd);真空离心机EC-57C(Sakuma,Japan);低温离心机05PR-22(Hitachi,Japan);超声清洗机(Nikyo Tekunotsu Co,Ltd);高效液相色谱仪(Golden Model 126(Beckman,USA);可见-紫外分光检测器Model UV-655(Hitachi,Japan)。自动进样器AS-8010(Tosoh,Japan);柱温TCM(Waters,Japan);数据处理机C-R4A Chromatograpac (Shima-dzu,Japan)。3-甲基噻嗪(3-MX)、1-甲基噻嗪(1-MX) and 1-甲基尿酸(1-MU)、茶碱(TP)、Nadpho-deethylation对-乙酰氨基酚(AAPH)(Sigma,St Louis,MO);1,3-二甲基尿酸(1-DMU)(Aldrich Milw WI,USA);Rat liver microsomes(自制);依诺沙星(Enoxacin,ENX);左氟沙星(Levofluoxacin,LVX)。
, 百拇医药
1.2 HPLC条件
色谱柱ODS 80TM(150 mm×4.6 mm,id,5μm,Tosoh,Japan),检测波长(λ)=280 nm,流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸(pH=2.65)(5∶95),Injection 50 μl。色谱图见图1。
Fig 1 The chromatogram of TP and its metabolite after metabolism with rat liver microsomes
1 1-MU 2 3-MX 3 1-MX 4 1,3-DMU 5 IS 6 TP
1.4 体外代谢酶反应和提取
, 百拇医药
据文献[7]方法。在1 ml反应液中需含ETDA0.2 mmol/L,60 mmol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH=7.4),0.5 mmol/L 茶碱和肝微粒酶1 mg,G-6-P 5 mmol/L,G-6-Pase 2U和MgCl2 5 mmol/L以及NADPH 5 mmol/L。反应在37℃预孵化5 min后,加入NADPH开始反应,37℃保持(60~90) min。反应在加入2% ZnSO4 1 ml后被终止,离心去沉淀的蛋白,上清液用5 ml×2二氯甲烷-异丙酮(8∶2)提取。有机相挥干,用500 μl流动相重溶解,50 μl进样HPLC分析。
1.5 方法评定
1.5.1 标准曲线、精密度及回收率 茶碱及代谢物的标准贮备液由水溶解各自标准品,分别配成200 μg/ml,内标液为50 μg/ml的乙酰氨基酚。标准曲线、精密度和回收率见图2和表1。
, 百拇医药
Fig 2 Standard curve of theophylline and its metabolites
Table 1 Precision and recovery of theophylline and its metablites Metabolite
No.
Added
(μg)
Recovery
(%)
RSD
(%)
1-MU
, 百拇医药
1
0.04
85.6
4.6
2
0.64
90.6
4.2
3
5.00
89.4
4.5
3-MX
, http://www.100md.com
1
0.04
88.5
4.1
2
0.64
89.5
3.9
3
5.00
87.7
3.2
1-MX
, http://www.100md.com
1
0.04
87.8
4.2
2
0.64
91.2
3.8
3
5.00
93.5
3.2
1,3-DMU
, 百拇医药
1
0.04
88.5
3.3
2
0.64
89.9
3.6
3
5.00
92.5
3.1
2 结果与讨论
, 百拇医药
2.1 ENX和LVX对茶碱代谢的作用
实验测定了ENX和LVX对茶碱代谢的影响。结果表明,ENX对茶碱的代谢抑制较强,而LVX相对较弱。图3,4结果与文献[7]报道的ENX对抑制茶碱肝内代谢的结果一致。而且ENX对1-MX的作用特别明显,表明ENX对CYP1A2有明显的抑制作用,而且IC50约0.1 mmol/L。
Fig 3 The interaction of levofloxacin with theophyllin in rat microsomes
Fig 4 The interaction of enoxacin with theophyllin in rat microsomes
, 百拇医药
2.2 色谱系统对茶碱及代谢物分离的影响
从表2中数据分析可知,pH的变化对代谢物尿酸1-MU和1,3-DMU的色谱行为影响较突出,而该二组分所在的位置正是难分离点,所以调节pH可以相对调节峰1-MU与3-MX,以及1,3-DMU与IS之间的分离程度。另外,五个代谢物和原药(茶碱):3-甲基噻嗪、1-甲基塞嗪、1-甲基尿酸、1,3-二甲基尿酸,对-乙酰氨基酚(内标)以及茶碱在17 min内被恒流HPLC系统分离。选用具有较低酸度的甲酸与CH3CN为流动相,使茶碱类极性化合物在较短时间内得到圆满分离,避免了使用离子对或梯度洗脱系统。酸强度的影响还表现在对茶碱类化合物的极性抑制上,如采用醋酸做抑制剂,峰的对称性不如用磷酸和甲酸的好,出现明显的拖尾现象。
Table 2 The effect of different pH on separation of theophylline
, http://www.100md.com
and its metabolites pH
TR-1-MU
TR-3-MX
TR-1-MX
TR-1,3-DMU
TR-IS
TR-TP
5.02
5.15
5.35
, 百拇医药 6.10
8.85
9.75
15.20
4.63
5.08
5.33
6.10
8.55
9.72
15.17
4.02
5.00
, 百拇医药
5.32
6.10
8.35
9.70
15.12
3.50
4.87
5.30
6.07
8.23
9.65
15.03
3.00
, 百拇医药
4.80
5.30
6.05
8.03
9.63
15.02
2.65
4.78
5.28
6.02
8.15
9.65
15.02
, 百拇医药
资料表明大多数喹诺酮类抗菌剂对肝药酶P450有不同程度抑制作用,从而抑制了茶碱生物转换,同时服用时引起体内茶碱浓度的相对升高造成茶碱中毒,其中ENX的表现尤为明显。
ENX抑制力强于LVX,特别是对1-MX的抑制。以上HPLC法能快速、准确地将经大鼠肝药酶P450代谢后的茶碱及四个代谢物同时定量检测出来。
参考文献
1 Kokufu T, Ihara N, Sugioka N, et al. Effect of Lansoprazole on pharmcokinetics and metabolism of theophylline. Eur J Clin Pharm, 1995,48∶391
2 Hooper DC, Wolfson JS. Quinolone antimicrobial agents 2nd,ed.americal society for microbiology.Washington,DC,20005,1993.245
, 百拇医药
3 Miller CA. Polymorphism of theophylline metabolism in man. J Clin Invest,1985.75,1415
4 Hunt SN. Sakar MA. Effect of smoking on theophylline disposition. Clin Pharmac Ther,1976,19,564
5 Piafsky KM, Sitar DS, Rangno RE, et al. Theophylline diposition in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. New Engl J Med,1977,296∶1495
6 Miur KT, Jonman HG, Tang DS, et al. Simultaneous determination of theophylline and its major metabolites in urine by RP-ion pair HPLC. J Chromatography,1980,221∶85
7 Konishi H.and Yamaji A. Measurement of theophylline metabolites produced by reaction with hepatic microsomes by HPLC following solid Phase extraction. Biomedical Chromartogr,1994,8∶189, 百拇医药
单位:徐小平 陈聪:华西医科大学药学院 成都 610041;Noriko Masubuchi 田中真:日本第一制药(株)东京开发研究中心代谢研究所 东京 134
关键词:3-甲基噻嗪;1-甲基噻嗪;1,3-二甲基尿酸;依诺沙星;左氟沙星;茶碱;肝药酶
华西药学杂志990403 提要 用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定体外试验中经大鼠肝药酶P450代谢的茶碱代谢物,以及受依诺沙星和左氟诺沙星抑制后的茶碱代谢物的含量变化。讨论了ENX、LVX与茶碱的相互作用。方法的精密度RSD为(3.2~4.6)%、回收率为(85~92)%和最低检测限0.5 ng。线性范围(0.02~10) μg/ml,r>0.9999,该法可用于研究药物相互作用中评定茶碱及其代谢物的变化。
, http://www.100md.com SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF THEOPHYLLINE AND
ITS METABOLITES BY HPLC IN DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION
IN VITRO STUDY
Xu Xiaoping Chen Cong
(School of Pharmacy,West China University of Medical Sciences Chengdu 610041)
Masubuchi Noriko* Tanaka Makoto*
(Drug Metabolism & Analytical Chemistry Research Laboratory,Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd Tokyo Japan 134)*
, 百拇医药
ABSTRACT A rapidly simultaneous deter-mination of theophylline and its four main metabolites produced with hepatic microsomes by high performance liquid chromatography was discussed. Four metabolites:3-methylxanthine, 1-methylxanthine,1-methylurine acid and 1,3-dimethyluric acid with acetaminophen(internal standard) and theophylline were separated within 17 minutes by isocratic HPLC assay. Lower pH(2.62) and some strong formic acid was used. The limited of quantification was 0.5ng and the analytical precision and recovery were 3.2~4.6% and 85~92% respectively. The linear relationship was obtained for each of the metabolites over the concentration range of 0.02~10ug/ml,r>0.999.It is a good method to be used to assess drug interaction involving alternations in the bio-transformation of theophylline.
, 百拇医药
Key Words High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) Theophylline Hepatic microsomes Enoxacin Levofloxacin
茶碱具有治疗指数窄而又广泛使用的一类支气管扩张药物,体内通过肝药酶混合氧化系统被完全代谢。许多因素都对这一代谢过程有影响,如,质子泵抑制剂[1]、喹诺酮类[2]、基因因子[3]、吸烟[4]和疾病[5]等。尽管已有不少文献对茶碱及其代谢物的测定进行了报道,但都存在分离效果不佳、分离时间过长以及采用梯度洗脱系统等[6]问题。从离子抑制原理出发。用pH较低的甲酸做抑制剂既有效抑制极性较高的茶碱类化合物,又有利于缩短茶碱保留时间[7],使实验既保证分离度又能缩短分析时间。
1 实验部分
, 百拇医药
1.1 仪器和试剂 恒温振荡器NTS-1300(Eyela Uni Thermo,Japan);混合器NS-8(Posolina,Japan);摇摆振荡器Elvisel(Sugiyama-gen Environmental Science Co,Ltd);真空离心机EC-57C(Sakuma,Japan);低温离心机05PR-22(Hitachi,Japan);超声清洗机(Nikyo Tekunotsu Co,Ltd);高效液相色谱仪(Golden Model 126(Beckman,USA);可见-紫外分光检测器Model UV-655(Hitachi,Japan)。自动进样器AS-8010(Tosoh,Japan);柱温TCM(Waters,Japan);数据处理机C-R4A Chromatograpac (Shima-dzu,Japan)。3-甲基噻嗪(3-MX)、1-甲基噻嗪(1-MX) and 1-甲基尿酸(1-MU)、茶碱(TP)、Nadpho-deethylation对-乙酰氨基酚(AAPH)(Sigma,St Louis,MO);1,3-二甲基尿酸(1-DMU)(Aldrich Milw WI,USA);Rat liver microsomes(自制);依诺沙星(Enoxacin,ENX);左氟沙星(Levofluoxacin,LVX)。
, 百拇医药
1.2 HPLC条件
色谱柱ODS 80TM(150 mm×4.6 mm,id,5μm,Tosoh,Japan),检测波长(λ)=280 nm,流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸(pH=2.65)(5∶95),Injection 50 μl。色谱图见图1。
Fig 1 The chromatogram of TP and its metabolite after metabolism with rat liver microsomes
1 1-MU 2 3-MX 3 1-MX 4 1,3-DMU 5 IS 6 TP
1.4 体外代谢酶反应和提取
, 百拇医药
据文献[7]方法。在1 ml反应液中需含ETDA0.2 mmol/L,60 mmol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH=7.4),0.5 mmol/L 茶碱和肝微粒酶1 mg,G-6-P 5 mmol/L,G-6-Pase 2U和MgCl2 5 mmol/L以及NADPH 5 mmol/L。反应在37℃预孵化5 min后,加入NADPH开始反应,37℃保持(60~90) min。反应在加入2% ZnSO4 1 ml后被终止,离心去沉淀的蛋白,上清液用5 ml×2二氯甲烷-异丙酮(8∶2)提取。有机相挥干,用500 μl流动相重溶解,50 μl进样HPLC分析。
1.5 方法评定
1.5.1 标准曲线、精密度及回收率 茶碱及代谢物的标准贮备液由水溶解各自标准品,分别配成200 μg/ml,内标液为50 μg/ml的乙酰氨基酚。标准曲线、精密度和回收率见图2和表1。
, 百拇医药
Fig 2 Standard curve of theophylline and its metabolites
Table 1 Precision and recovery of theophylline and its metablites Metabolite
No.
Added
(μg)
Recovery
(%)
RSD
(%)
1-MU
, 百拇医药
1
0.04
85.6
4.6
2
0.64
90.6
4.2
3
5.00
89.4
4.5
3-MX
, http://www.100md.com
1
0.04
88.5
4.1
2
0.64
89.5
3.9
3
5.00
87.7
3.2
1-MX
, http://www.100md.com
1
0.04
87.8
4.2
2
0.64
91.2
3.8
3
5.00
93.5
3.2
1,3-DMU
, 百拇医药
1
0.04
88.5
3.3
2
0.64
89.9
3.6
3
5.00
92.5
3.1
2 结果与讨论
, 百拇医药
2.1 ENX和LVX对茶碱代谢的作用
实验测定了ENX和LVX对茶碱代谢的影响。结果表明,ENX对茶碱的代谢抑制较强,而LVX相对较弱。图3,4结果与文献[7]报道的ENX对抑制茶碱肝内代谢的结果一致。而且ENX对1-MX的作用特别明显,表明ENX对CYP1A2有明显的抑制作用,而且IC50约0.1 mmol/L。
Fig 3 The interaction of levofloxacin with theophyllin in rat microsomes
Fig 4 The interaction of enoxacin with theophyllin in rat microsomes
, 百拇医药
2.2 色谱系统对茶碱及代谢物分离的影响
从表2中数据分析可知,pH的变化对代谢物尿酸1-MU和1,3-DMU的色谱行为影响较突出,而该二组分所在的位置正是难分离点,所以调节pH可以相对调节峰1-MU与3-MX,以及1,3-DMU与IS之间的分离程度。另外,五个代谢物和原药(茶碱):3-甲基噻嗪、1-甲基塞嗪、1-甲基尿酸、1,3-二甲基尿酸,对-乙酰氨基酚(内标)以及茶碱在17 min内被恒流HPLC系统分离。选用具有较低酸度的甲酸与CH3CN为流动相,使茶碱类极性化合物在较短时间内得到圆满分离,避免了使用离子对或梯度洗脱系统。酸强度的影响还表现在对茶碱类化合物的极性抑制上,如采用醋酸做抑制剂,峰的对称性不如用磷酸和甲酸的好,出现明显的拖尾现象。
Table 2 The effect of different pH on separation of theophylline
, http://www.100md.com
and its metabolites pH
TR-1-MU
TR-3-MX
TR-1-MX
TR-1,3-DMU
TR-IS
TR-TP
5.02
5.15
5.35
, 百拇医药 6.10
8.85
9.75
15.20
4.63
5.08
5.33
6.10
8.55
9.72
15.17
4.02
5.00
, 百拇医药
5.32
6.10
8.35
9.70
15.12
3.50
4.87
5.30
6.07
8.23
9.65
15.03
3.00
, 百拇医药
4.80
5.30
6.05
8.03
9.63
15.02
2.65
4.78
5.28
6.02
8.15
9.65
15.02
, 百拇医药
资料表明大多数喹诺酮类抗菌剂对肝药酶P450有不同程度抑制作用,从而抑制了茶碱生物转换,同时服用时引起体内茶碱浓度的相对升高造成茶碱中毒,其中ENX的表现尤为明显。
ENX抑制力强于LVX,特别是对1-MX的抑制。以上HPLC法能快速、准确地将经大鼠肝药酶P450代谢后的茶碱及四个代谢物同时定量检测出来。
参考文献
1 Kokufu T, Ihara N, Sugioka N, et al. Effect of Lansoprazole on pharmcokinetics and metabolism of theophylline. Eur J Clin Pharm, 1995,48∶391
2 Hooper DC, Wolfson JS. Quinolone antimicrobial agents 2nd,ed.americal society for microbiology.Washington,DC,20005,1993.245
, 百拇医药
3 Miller CA. Polymorphism of theophylline metabolism in man. J Clin Invest,1985.75,1415
4 Hunt SN. Sakar MA. Effect of smoking on theophylline disposition. Clin Pharmac Ther,1976,19,564
5 Piafsky KM, Sitar DS, Rangno RE, et al. Theophylline diposition in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. New Engl J Med,1977,296∶1495
6 Miur KT, Jonman HG, Tang DS, et al. Simultaneous determination of theophylline and its major metabolites in urine by RP-ion pair HPLC. J Chromatography,1980,221∶85
7 Konishi H.and Yamaji A. Measurement of theophylline metabolites produced by reaction with hepatic microsomes by HPLC following solid Phase extraction. Biomedical Chromartogr,1994,8∶189, 百拇医药