小鼠雄性生殖细胞生后发育中的程序性死亡
作者:王瑞安 小路武彦** 郑平菊* 张远强 中根一穗**
单位:第四军医大学组织学胚胎学教研室,*西京医院肿瘤科,西安 710032;**日本长崎大学医学部第三解剖
关键词:生殖细胞;程序性细胞死亡;凋亡;睾丸;原位末端标记;电镜;小鼠
解剖学报/980419 摘 要 为了观察小鼠睾丸生后发育过程中生殖细胞自发死亡的方式与规律。用生后0、1、4、7、10、13、18和50d A/J系小鼠,一侧睾丸用2.5%戊二醛,另一侧睾丸用4%多聚甲醛固定18h后,分别用树脂或石蜡包埋,制备超薄和连续石蜡切片,进行电镜观察和TUNEL染色光镜观察。电镜观察显示,在出生当日,可见个别呈坏死特征的变性生殖细胞,核质溶解,但无染色质聚集。核周间隙扩大,线粒体和内质网等细胞器肿胀,有空泡形成。细胞膜有突起、出泡现象。生后1d,死亡细胞罕见。生后4d开始见到典型凋亡特征的生殖细胞,并于生后10~13d达到高峰。TUNEL染色见阳性细胞在生后4d开始出现,10~13d达高峰,而后逐渐减少,与电镜观察结果一致。结果表明:小鼠睾丸在发育过程中生殖细胞的自发死亡主要以凋亡的形式发生,在一定时期,则以坏死的方式出现。凋亡的发生与细胞的分裂增殖具有密切关系。
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动物胚胎及生后发育过程中常见组织细胞的退化变性[1~3]。在形体发生过程中,机体常产生比组织器官结构和功能的实际需要过多的细胞或一过性结构,如肾发生过程中的前肾与中肾。这些多余的细胞随后死亡而被清除。机体发生过程中正常发生的细胞死亡称为程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death, PCD)[4]。在大多情况下,PCD以凋亡的形式发生[1]。细胞凋亡(apoptosis)是细胞死亡的一种方式,在形态上可见有细胞核染色质的积聚、断裂,而细胞器如线粒体和内质网等变化较小[5]。在睾丸的早期发生过程中,生殖细胞的PCD也很常见[6]。晚近一些作者对大、小鼠生殖细胞的死亡进行了研究,然而,有关生殖细胞正常发育过程中的自发死亡研究资料仍很有限。本实验用电镜观察及TUNEL (terminal deoxy-UTP nick end labeling)原位末端标记组织化学对小鼠生后发育过程中睾丸生殖细胞的死亡进行了研究。
, 百拇医药
材料和方法
1.动物及组织处理
实验用雄性A/J系小鼠,以出生当日为生后0d,分为0、1、4、7、10、13、18和50d共8个年龄组,每组3只动物,分别来自不同母鼠。所有动物均在午时断头处死,取睾丸,一侧用2.5%戊二醛-0.1 mol/L二甲砷酸钠缓冲液 (pH 7.2),另一侧睾丸用4%多聚甲醛-0.01 mol/L PBS(pH7.2)固定18 h,然后分别用Epon-812或石蜡常规包埋。石蜡包埋睾丸制成3 μm厚连续切片,裱贴于覆有氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane,美国Sigma公司)的载玻片上。
2.电镜观察
树脂包埋的睾丸组织制成半薄和超薄切片。半薄切片用甲苯胺蓝染色,超薄切片行硝酸铀和醋酸铅常规电子染色。用JEOL-1200电子显微镜在60 kV加速电压下观察。
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3.TUNEL染色
TUNEL原位末端标记参照Gavrieli等[7]的程序略加修改。(1)切片经甲苯(toluene)和逐级酒精脱蜡入水,PBS洗5 min。(2)用3mg/L PBS蛋白酶K (Sigma产品)在37℃水浴中处理15 min,PBS洗3次,各 5min。(3)用末端脱氧核糖核苷转移酶(TdT)缓冲液(pH 6.6,含0.2 mol/L砷酸钾,0.025 mol/L Tris-HCl,0.25g/L BSA)在室温预孵育30 min,而后在37℃温箱进行标记反应1 h。标记反应液含:TdT缓冲液、0.1 mmol/L DTT(二巯基苏糖醇)、1.5 mmol/L 氯化钴、0.2U/L TdT(Boehringer Mannheim 产品), 20 μmol/L dATP和10μmol/L生物素-16-dUTP(脱氧三磷酸尿苷)(Boehringer Mannheim)。(4)将切片移入0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液终止反应,置15 min后用PBS漂洗1 min。(5)0.3%甲醇双氧水处理30 min,灭活内源性过氧化酶。(6) PBS洗3次,各5 min。(7)0.5 g/L正常羊IgG-5%BSA-PBS室温孵育30 min。(8)HRP-羊抗生物素抗体(1:100,Dako, 1% BSA-PBS稀释)室温孵育1 h。(9)0.075% Brij(洗涤剂)-PBS洗4次,各10 min。(10)用含氯化钴和硫酸镍铵的DAB-过氧化氢室温显色6 min。
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阴性对照在TdT反应液中不加TdT或用TTP (三磷酸胸苷)取代生物素-16-dUTP。
4.统计学分析
在TUNEL染色切片上,计数每组动物睾丸500个生殖细胞中的阳性标记细胞,用t检验比较各组间有无显著性差异。
结 果
1.电镜观察形态学所见
在出生当日,可见个别呈坏死特征的变性生殖细胞,核质溶解,但无染色质聚集;核周隙扩大,线粒体和内质网等细胞器肿胀,有空泡形成。细胞膜有突起、出泡现象(图1)。生后1d,死亡细胞罕见。生后4d开始见到典型凋亡特征的生殖细胞,并于生后10~13 d达到高峰(图2),而后凋亡细胞逐渐减少。凋亡生殖细胞早期出现核染色质聚集(图3),细胞器如线粒体和内质网无明显变性;中期除核染色质积聚外,细胞器也肿胀变性(图2);晚期细胞核碎裂,细胞器溶解,细胞常碎裂为几部分,成为凋亡小体(图2,4)。
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图1 生后0d,生殖细胞的坏死图像 标尺示2μm
图2 生后10d,可见较多凋亡的生殖细胞,箭头示凋亡小体 标尺示2μm
图3 生后10d,生殖细胞凋亡的早期图像 标记示1μm
图4 生后18d,生殖细胞凋亡的晚期图像 箭头示凋亡小体 标记示1μm
Fig.1 0 day after birth, a necrotic figure of a germ cell. Bar=2μm
Fig.2 10 day after birth, many apoptotic figures of germ cells could be found. Arrows point
to apoptotic bodies. Bar=2μm
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Fig.3 10 day after birth, an apoptotic figure of germ cell at early stage. Bar=1μm
Fig.4 18 day after birth, two apoptotic figures at late stage. Arrow points to a apoptotic body. Bar=1μm
2.TUNEL染色
图11 小鼠生后发育过程中睾丸生殖细胞的凋亡频率
前、后年龄组间均有显著差异(P<0.05)
不加TdT或用TTP代替生物素染色的切片全无着色。由于显色液加用硫酸镍铵和氯化钴,反应有浅灰色的背底。考虑到正常细胞中有一定量的DNA末端存在,因而仅深黑色着染的胞核被定阳性。在分布上,TUNEL阳性细胞有从曲精小管腔面向基底面逐渐外移的趋势。生后0~1d,未见到阳性细胞(图5)。在生后4~7d,曲精小管上皮仅一层细胞,生殖细胞与支持细胞镶嵌存在,生殖细胞比例很低,TUNEL阳性细胞多为位于曲精小管腔面未与基膜接触的生殖细胞(图6);10~13d时,生殖细胞增殖活跃,曲精小管生精上皮变为3~5层,TUNEL阳性细胞最为多见,在各层中均有分布(图7,8);第18d时,TUNEL阳性细胞已经减少,虽在各层均可见到,但50%~60%位于第2层(图9);50d时,TUNEL阳性细胞进一步减少,70%以上位于基底层(图10)。TUNEL阳性细胞在各发育阶段的出现频率见图11。
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图5 生后1d,TUNEL染色未见到阳性细胞 标尺示20μm
图6 生后7d,可见到较少量TUNEL阳性细胞,多位于曲细精管管腔面
图7 生后10d,见到较多的TUNEL阳性细胞,分布于生精上皮各层
图8 生后13d,也可见到较多的TUNEL阳性细胞,分布于生精上皮各层
图9 生后18d,TUNEL阳性细胞较10~13d时减少,多见于基底面第2层
图10 生后50d,TUNEL阳性细胞显著减少,多见于基底层。图5,7,9放大倍率相同;图6,8,10放大倍率相同;标尺示20μm
Fig.5 1 day after birth, no positive cells found with TUNEL staining.
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Fig.6 7 day after birth, a few TUNEL-positive cells could be found to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.
Fig.7 10 day after birth, a lot of TUNEL-positive cells could be found and distributed in the each layer of the germinal epithelium.
Fig.8 13 day after birth, many TUNEL-positive cells could also be found in the layers of the germinal epithelium.
Fig.9 18 day after birth, TUNEL-positive cells were fewer than that in the day of 10-13, and were mainly found in the second basal layer of the epithelium.
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Fig.10 50 day after birth, TUNEL-positive cells were significantly reduced and mainly found in the basal layer of the germinal epithelium.
Fig. 5,7,9 are in the same amplification; Fig.6,8,10 are in the same amplification. Bar=20μm
统计结果显示,前、后各相邻年龄组间凋亡细胞的出现频率有显著性差异。
讨 论
为观察生后发育过程中生精细胞死亡的发生方式和规律,我们用电镜和TUNEL技术进行了研究。尽管研究细胞死亡的方法有多种,电镜形态学仍是目前判定细胞死亡方式最权威的标准。TUNEL染色是标记凋亡细胞比较可靠的组织化学方法[7]。我们的观察发现,在小鼠出生当日,部分生殖细胞呈坏死变性,核质溶解而无染色质聚集,细胞器肿胀,有空泡形成。在这一时期,却未能见到TUNEL标记的阳性细胞。从而说明,这一时期生殖细胞的程序性死亡不是通过凋亡的途径实现的。这一发现进一步佐证了Lockshin和Zakeri[9]所指出的,将程序性细胞死亡与细胞凋亡作为同义语的用法,是将两者关系不适当的过度外延。有关生殖细胞这种坏死性程序死亡的原因及意义,有待探讨。
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出生4d以后所发生的生殖细胞程序性死亡,无论电镜形态还是组织化学上,都符合凋亡的表现。细胞凋亡的电镜形态与Allan等[10]在成年大鼠生殖细胞所观察到的一致,过程分为早、中、晚3个阶段,也与Miething[11]在中国仓鼠的研究相符。我们的电镜观察与TUNEL组织化学研究都表明,生后10~13d,是小鼠生精细胞凋亡的高峰期,而这一时期正是生精细胞从休眠状态恢复分裂增殖的高峰期。Blanco-Rodriguez与Matinez-Garcia[12]也发现,大鼠精子生成过程中,细胞死亡与细胞分裂的高峰具有相关性。因此,我们推测,生殖细胞在分裂活跃时期,易于出现凋亡。其部分原因可能与c-myc基因的表达有关。业已证明,c-myc基因的表达可促进细胞的分裂,诱导细胞的分化与凋亡[13]。而在生后第10~13d生殖细胞分裂增殖的高峰期,c-myc基因在生殖细胞中有较高水平的表达。另一方面,也可能与生长因子的不足有关。我们的研究发现,小鼠睾丸支持细胞生后第10d开始有雄激素受体的表达,而后表达水平逐渐升高,到成年时又降低(王瑞安等,待发表资料)。因雄激素受体可介导一些生长因子的合成,我们推测,生后第10~13d,当生精细胞开始增殖时,睾丸尚未能形成理想的环境,很多细胞在分裂时因缺乏足够的生长存活因子而凋亡。这正如Raff[14]所指出的,当细胞得不到足够的生长因子时,便走向死亡。
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有关生精细胞程序性死亡的意义,可能是由于遗传稳定而祛除异常生精细胞的一种方式。另一方面,也可能是生精细胞分化所必须。在生精细胞误表达Bcl-2的转基因小鼠,生精细胞的凋亡明显减少,但细胞大都停留在初级精母细胞阶段,而不进一步分化,精子生成显著减少[15]。
综上所述,本研究显示,小鼠睾丸在发育过程中生殖细胞的死亡主要以凋亡的形式发生,在一定时期,则以坏死的方式出现。凋亡的发生与细胞的分裂增殖具有密切关系。
收稿 1997-09 修回 1998-03
参考文献
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[2]Saunders JW. Death in embryonic systems. Science, 1966, 154(4):606
[3]Sanders EJ, Wride MA. Programmed cell death in development. Int Rev Cytol, 1995, 163(1):105
[4]Beaulaton J, Lockshin RA. The relation of programmed cell death to development and reproduction: comparative studies and an attempt at classification. Int Rev Cytol, 1982, 79(2):215
[5]Kerr JFR, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer, 1972, 26(2):239
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[6]Coucouvanis EC, Sherwood SW, Carswell-Crumpton C, et al. Evidence that the mechanism of prenatal germ cell death in the mouse is apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 1993, 209(2):238
[7]Gavrieli Y, Sherman Y, Ben-Sasson SA. Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. J Cell Biol, 1992, 119(3):493
[8]Hashimoto S, Koji T, Niu J, et al. Differential staining of DNA strand breaks in dying cells by non-radioactive in situ nick translation. Arch Histol Cytol, 1995, 58(2):161
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[9]Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z. Programmed cell death and apoptosis. In: Toemi LD, Cope FO (eds). Apoptosis: The Molecular Basis of Cell Death. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1991, 47\|60
[10]Allan DJ, Harmon BV, Roberts SA. Spermatogonial apoptosis has three morphologically recognizable phases and shows no circadian rhythm during normal spermatogenesis in the rat. Cell Prolif, 1992, 25(2):241
[11]Miething A. Germ-cell death during prespermatogenesis in the testis of the golden hamster. Cell Tissue Res, 1992, 267(3):583
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[12]Blanco-Rodriguez J,Martinez-Garcia C. Spontaneous germ cell death in the testis of the adult rat takes the form of apoptosis: Re-evaluation of cell types that exhibit the ability to die during spermatogenesis. Cell Prolif, 1996, 29(1):13
[13]Fanidi A, Harrington EA, Evan Jl. Cooperative interaction between c-myc and bcl-2 oncogenes. Nature, 1992, 369(6395):55
[14] Raff CR. Social controls on cell survival and cell death. Nature, 1992, 356(6368):397
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[15]Furuchi T, Masuko K, Nishimune Y, et al. Inhibition of testicular germ cell apoptosis and differentiation in mice misexpressing Bcl-2 in spermatogonia. Development, 1996, 122(6):1703
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH OF MALE GERM CELLS OF
MOUSE DURING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT
Wang Ruian△, **Takehiko Koji, *Zheng Pingju, Zhang Yuanqiang, **Paul K. Nakane
, 百拇医药
(Department of Histology and Embryology,Institute of Basic Medicine;
Department of Oncology,Xijing Hospital,The Fourth Military Medical University,Xi'an;
Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan)
Observing the occurrence and time pattern of the autonomous death of the male germ cells of mouse during postnatal development. A/J mice of 0,1,4,7,10,13,18 and 50 day old were used. One testis of each mouse was fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, another was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 18 h, and then processed for resin and paraffin embedding, respectively. Ultrathin and paraffin sections were made and subjected to EM observation and TUNEL (terminal deoxy-UTP nick end labeling) staining. It was shown by EM that in the day of birth (0 day), degenerated germ cells of necrotic nature could be seen with lysis of the nuclei, but without aggregation of chromatin. The perinuclear cisternae extended, the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulums swollen, and vacuoles could be found in the cytoplasm. The cell membrane has processes and bubbles. In the 1 day old mouse testes, death cells were hardly seen. Death germ cells of typical apoptotic nature were initially found in 4 day old testes, their numbers increased as the mice grew, and were most frequently found in the testes of 10\|13 day old mice. TUNEL staining also showed similar results with the EM. TUNEL-positive cells were also first found in 4 day after birth, their numbers reached peak in 10\|13 day after birth, then gradually decreased. The autonomous death of male germ cells of mouse during postnatal development mainly occurs by the way of apoptosis, but in certain stages of development, they appear in the nature of necrosis. The occurrence of apoptosis showed a close relationship with the mitotic activities of the germ cells.
KEY WORDS Germ cells; Programmed cell death; Apoptosis; Testes; In situ end-labeling; Electron microscope; Mouse
△Department of Histology and Embryology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China, 百拇医药(王瑞安 小路武彦** 郑平菊* 张远强 中根一穗**)
单位:第四军医大学组织学胚胎学教研室,*西京医院肿瘤科,西安 710032;**日本长崎大学医学部第三解剖
关键词:生殖细胞;程序性细胞死亡;凋亡;睾丸;原位末端标记;电镜;小鼠
解剖学报/980419 摘 要 为了观察小鼠睾丸生后发育过程中生殖细胞自发死亡的方式与规律。用生后0、1、4、7、10、13、18和50d A/J系小鼠,一侧睾丸用2.5%戊二醛,另一侧睾丸用4%多聚甲醛固定18h后,分别用树脂或石蜡包埋,制备超薄和连续石蜡切片,进行电镜观察和TUNEL染色光镜观察。电镜观察显示,在出生当日,可见个别呈坏死特征的变性生殖细胞,核质溶解,但无染色质聚集。核周间隙扩大,线粒体和内质网等细胞器肿胀,有空泡形成。细胞膜有突起、出泡现象。生后1d,死亡细胞罕见。生后4d开始见到典型凋亡特征的生殖细胞,并于生后10~13d达到高峰。TUNEL染色见阳性细胞在生后4d开始出现,10~13d达高峰,而后逐渐减少,与电镜观察结果一致。结果表明:小鼠睾丸在发育过程中生殖细胞的自发死亡主要以凋亡的形式发生,在一定时期,则以坏死的方式出现。凋亡的发生与细胞的分裂增殖具有密切关系。
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动物胚胎及生后发育过程中常见组织细胞的退化变性[1~3]。在形体发生过程中,机体常产生比组织器官结构和功能的实际需要过多的细胞或一过性结构,如肾发生过程中的前肾与中肾。这些多余的细胞随后死亡而被清除。机体发生过程中正常发生的细胞死亡称为程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death, PCD)[4]。在大多情况下,PCD以凋亡的形式发生[1]。细胞凋亡(apoptosis)是细胞死亡的一种方式,在形态上可见有细胞核染色质的积聚、断裂,而细胞器如线粒体和内质网等变化较小[5]。在睾丸的早期发生过程中,生殖细胞的PCD也很常见[6]。晚近一些作者对大、小鼠生殖细胞的死亡进行了研究,然而,有关生殖细胞正常发育过程中的自发死亡研究资料仍很有限。本实验用电镜观察及TUNEL (terminal deoxy-UTP nick end labeling)原位末端标记组织化学对小鼠生后发育过程中睾丸生殖细胞的死亡进行了研究。
, 百拇医药
材料和方法
1.动物及组织处理
实验用雄性A/J系小鼠,以出生当日为生后0d,分为0、1、4、7、10、13、18和50d共8个年龄组,每组3只动物,分别来自不同母鼠。所有动物均在午时断头处死,取睾丸,一侧用2.5%戊二醛-0.1 mol/L二甲砷酸钠缓冲液 (pH 7.2),另一侧睾丸用4%多聚甲醛-0.01 mol/L PBS(pH7.2)固定18 h,然后分别用Epon-812或石蜡常规包埋。石蜡包埋睾丸制成3 μm厚连续切片,裱贴于覆有氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane,美国Sigma公司)的载玻片上。
2.电镜观察
树脂包埋的睾丸组织制成半薄和超薄切片。半薄切片用甲苯胺蓝染色,超薄切片行硝酸铀和醋酸铅常规电子染色。用JEOL-1200电子显微镜在60 kV加速电压下观察。
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3.TUNEL染色
TUNEL原位末端标记参照Gavrieli等[7]的程序略加修改。(1)切片经甲苯(toluene)和逐级酒精脱蜡入水,PBS洗5 min。(2)用3mg/L PBS蛋白酶K (Sigma产品)在37℃水浴中处理15 min,PBS洗3次,各 5min。(3)用末端脱氧核糖核苷转移酶(TdT)缓冲液(pH 6.6,含0.2 mol/L砷酸钾,0.025 mol/L Tris-HCl,0.25g/L BSA)在室温预孵育30 min,而后在37℃温箱进行标记反应1 h。标记反应液含:TdT缓冲液、0.1 mmol/L DTT(二巯基苏糖醇)、1.5 mmol/L 氯化钴、0.2U/L TdT(Boehringer Mannheim 产品), 20 μmol/L dATP和10μmol/L生物素-16-dUTP(脱氧三磷酸尿苷)(Boehringer Mannheim)。(4)将切片移入0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液终止反应,置15 min后用PBS漂洗1 min。(5)0.3%甲醇双氧水处理30 min,灭活内源性过氧化酶。(6) PBS洗3次,各5 min。(7)0.5 g/L正常羊IgG-5%BSA-PBS室温孵育30 min。(8)HRP-羊抗生物素抗体(1:100,Dako, 1% BSA-PBS稀释)室温孵育1 h。(9)0.075% Brij(洗涤剂)-PBS洗4次,各10 min。(10)用含氯化钴和硫酸镍铵的DAB-过氧化氢室温显色6 min。
, 百拇医药
阴性对照在TdT反应液中不加TdT或用TTP (三磷酸胸苷)取代生物素-16-dUTP。
4.统计学分析
在TUNEL染色切片上,计数每组动物睾丸500个生殖细胞中的阳性标记细胞,用t检验比较各组间有无显著性差异。
结 果
1.电镜观察形态学所见
在出生当日,可见个别呈坏死特征的变性生殖细胞,核质溶解,但无染色质聚集;核周隙扩大,线粒体和内质网等细胞器肿胀,有空泡形成。细胞膜有突起、出泡现象(图1)。生后1d,死亡细胞罕见。生后4d开始见到典型凋亡特征的生殖细胞,并于生后10~13 d达到高峰(图2),而后凋亡细胞逐渐减少。凋亡生殖细胞早期出现核染色质聚集(图3),细胞器如线粒体和内质网无明显变性;中期除核染色质积聚外,细胞器也肿胀变性(图2);晚期细胞核碎裂,细胞器溶解,细胞常碎裂为几部分,成为凋亡小体(图2,4)。
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图1 生后0d,生殖细胞的坏死图像 标尺示2μm
图2 生后10d,可见较多凋亡的生殖细胞,箭头示凋亡小体 标尺示2μm
图3 生后10d,生殖细胞凋亡的早期图像 标记示1μm
图4 生后18d,生殖细胞凋亡的晚期图像 箭头示凋亡小体 标记示1μm
Fig.1 0 day after birth, a necrotic figure of a germ cell. Bar=2μm
Fig.2 10 day after birth, many apoptotic figures of germ cells could be found. Arrows point
to apoptotic bodies. Bar=2μm
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Fig.3 10 day after birth, an apoptotic figure of germ cell at early stage. Bar=1μm
Fig.4 18 day after birth, two apoptotic figures at late stage. Arrow points to a apoptotic body. Bar=1μm
2.TUNEL染色
图11 小鼠生后发育过程中睾丸生殖细胞的凋亡频率
前、后年龄组间均有显著差异(P<0.05)
不加TdT或用TTP代替生物素染色的切片全无着色。由于显色液加用硫酸镍铵和氯化钴,反应有浅灰色的背底。考虑到正常细胞中有一定量的DNA末端存在,因而仅深黑色着染的胞核被定阳性。在分布上,TUNEL阳性细胞有从曲精小管腔面向基底面逐渐外移的趋势。生后0~1d,未见到阳性细胞(图5)。在生后4~7d,曲精小管上皮仅一层细胞,生殖细胞与支持细胞镶嵌存在,生殖细胞比例很低,TUNEL阳性细胞多为位于曲精小管腔面未与基膜接触的生殖细胞(图6);10~13d时,生殖细胞增殖活跃,曲精小管生精上皮变为3~5层,TUNEL阳性细胞最为多见,在各层中均有分布(图7,8);第18d时,TUNEL阳性细胞已经减少,虽在各层均可见到,但50%~60%位于第2层(图9);50d时,TUNEL阳性细胞进一步减少,70%以上位于基底层(图10)。TUNEL阳性细胞在各发育阶段的出现频率见图11。
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图5 生后1d,TUNEL染色未见到阳性细胞 标尺示20μm
图6 生后7d,可见到较少量TUNEL阳性细胞,多位于曲细精管管腔面
图7 生后10d,见到较多的TUNEL阳性细胞,分布于生精上皮各层
图8 生后13d,也可见到较多的TUNEL阳性细胞,分布于生精上皮各层
图9 生后18d,TUNEL阳性细胞较10~13d时减少,多见于基底面第2层
图10 生后50d,TUNEL阳性细胞显著减少,多见于基底层。图5,7,9放大倍率相同;图6,8,10放大倍率相同;标尺示20μm
Fig.5 1 day after birth, no positive cells found with TUNEL staining.
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Fig.6 7 day after birth, a few TUNEL-positive cells could be found to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.
Fig.7 10 day after birth, a lot of TUNEL-positive cells could be found and distributed in the each layer of the germinal epithelium.
Fig.8 13 day after birth, many TUNEL-positive cells could also be found in the layers of the germinal epithelium.
Fig.9 18 day after birth, TUNEL-positive cells were fewer than that in the day of 10-13, and were mainly found in the second basal layer of the epithelium.
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Fig.10 50 day after birth, TUNEL-positive cells were significantly reduced and mainly found in the basal layer of the germinal epithelium.
Fig. 5,7,9 are in the same amplification; Fig.6,8,10 are in the same amplification. Bar=20μm
统计结果显示,前、后各相邻年龄组间凋亡细胞的出现频率有显著性差异。
讨 论
为观察生后发育过程中生精细胞死亡的发生方式和规律,我们用电镜和TUNEL技术进行了研究。尽管研究细胞死亡的方法有多种,电镜形态学仍是目前判定细胞死亡方式最权威的标准。TUNEL染色是标记凋亡细胞比较可靠的组织化学方法[7]。我们的观察发现,在小鼠出生当日,部分生殖细胞呈坏死变性,核质溶解而无染色质聚集,细胞器肿胀,有空泡形成。在这一时期,却未能见到TUNEL标记的阳性细胞。从而说明,这一时期生殖细胞的程序性死亡不是通过凋亡的途径实现的。这一发现进一步佐证了Lockshin和Zakeri[9]所指出的,将程序性细胞死亡与细胞凋亡作为同义语的用法,是将两者关系不适当的过度外延。有关生殖细胞这种坏死性程序死亡的原因及意义,有待探讨。
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出生4d以后所发生的生殖细胞程序性死亡,无论电镜形态还是组织化学上,都符合凋亡的表现。细胞凋亡的电镜形态与Allan等[10]在成年大鼠生殖细胞所观察到的一致,过程分为早、中、晚3个阶段,也与Miething[11]在中国仓鼠的研究相符。我们的电镜观察与TUNEL组织化学研究都表明,生后10~13d,是小鼠生精细胞凋亡的高峰期,而这一时期正是生精细胞从休眠状态恢复分裂增殖的高峰期。Blanco-Rodriguez与Matinez-Garcia[12]也发现,大鼠精子生成过程中,细胞死亡与细胞分裂的高峰具有相关性。因此,我们推测,生殖细胞在分裂活跃时期,易于出现凋亡。其部分原因可能与c-myc基因的表达有关。业已证明,c-myc基因的表达可促进细胞的分裂,诱导细胞的分化与凋亡[13]。而在生后第10~13d生殖细胞分裂增殖的高峰期,c-myc基因在生殖细胞中有较高水平的表达。另一方面,也可能与生长因子的不足有关。我们的研究发现,小鼠睾丸支持细胞生后第10d开始有雄激素受体的表达,而后表达水平逐渐升高,到成年时又降低(王瑞安等,待发表资料)。因雄激素受体可介导一些生长因子的合成,我们推测,生后第10~13d,当生精细胞开始增殖时,睾丸尚未能形成理想的环境,很多细胞在分裂时因缺乏足够的生长存活因子而凋亡。这正如Raff[14]所指出的,当细胞得不到足够的生长因子时,便走向死亡。
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有关生精细胞程序性死亡的意义,可能是由于遗传稳定而祛除异常生精细胞的一种方式。另一方面,也可能是生精细胞分化所必须。在生精细胞误表达Bcl-2的转基因小鼠,生精细胞的凋亡明显减少,但细胞大都停留在初级精母细胞阶段,而不进一步分化,精子生成显著减少[15]。
综上所述,本研究显示,小鼠睾丸在发育过程中生殖细胞的死亡主要以凋亡的形式发生,在一定时期,则以坏死的方式出现。凋亡的发生与细胞的分裂增殖具有密切关系。
收稿 1997-09 修回 1998-03
参考文献
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[9]Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z. Programmed cell death and apoptosis. In: Toemi LD, Cope FO (eds). Apoptosis: The Molecular Basis of Cell Death. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1991, 47\|60
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[12]Blanco-Rodriguez J,Martinez-Garcia C. Spontaneous germ cell death in the testis of the adult rat takes the form of apoptosis: Re-evaluation of cell types that exhibit the ability to die during spermatogenesis. Cell Prolif, 1996, 29(1):13
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[15]Furuchi T, Masuko K, Nishimune Y, et al. Inhibition of testicular germ cell apoptosis and differentiation in mice misexpressing Bcl-2 in spermatogonia. Development, 1996, 122(6):1703
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH OF MALE GERM CELLS OF
MOUSE DURING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT
Wang Ruian△, **Takehiko Koji, *Zheng Pingju, Zhang Yuanqiang, **Paul K. Nakane
, 百拇医药
(Department of Histology and Embryology,Institute of Basic Medicine;
Department of Oncology,Xijing Hospital,The Fourth Military Medical University,Xi'an;
Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan)
Observing the occurrence and time pattern of the autonomous death of the male germ cells of mouse during postnatal development. A/J mice of 0,1,4,7,10,13,18 and 50 day old were used. One testis of each mouse was fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, another was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 18 h, and then processed for resin and paraffin embedding, respectively. Ultrathin and paraffin sections were made and subjected to EM observation and TUNEL (terminal deoxy-UTP nick end labeling) staining. It was shown by EM that in the day of birth (0 day), degenerated germ cells of necrotic nature could be seen with lysis of the nuclei, but without aggregation of chromatin. The perinuclear cisternae extended, the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulums swollen, and vacuoles could be found in the cytoplasm. The cell membrane has processes and bubbles. In the 1 day old mouse testes, death cells were hardly seen. Death germ cells of typical apoptotic nature were initially found in 4 day old testes, their numbers increased as the mice grew, and were most frequently found in the testes of 10\|13 day old mice. TUNEL staining also showed similar results with the EM. TUNEL-positive cells were also first found in 4 day after birth, their numbers reached peak in 10\|13 day after birth, then gradually decreased. The autonomous death of male germ cells of mouse during postnatal development mainly occurs by the way of apoptosis, but in certain stages of development, they appear in the nature of necrosis. The occurrence of apoptosis showed a close relationship with the mitotic activities of the germ cells.
KEY WORDS Germ cells; Programmed cell death; Apoptosis; Testes; In situ end-labeling; Electron microscope; Mouse
△Department of Histology and Embryology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China, 百拇医药(王瑞安 小路武彦** 郑平菊* 张远强 中根一穗**)