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小鼠胚胎食管和肠上皮的体视学研究
http://www.100md.com 《解剖学报》 2000年第1期
     作者:汪维伟 曾小川

    单位:汪维伟(重庆医科大学组织学胚胎学教研室,重庆 400046);曾小川(解放军第47医院内科,成都 610500)

    关键词:食管;十二指肠;结肠;发育;体视学;胚胎小鼠

    解剖学报000118 摘 要:目的 研究消化管上皮发生的影响因素。 方法 用体视学法观测了11~17d ICR胎鼠连续切片中食管、十二指肠和结肠的管腔与上皮。部分切片用TUNEL法标记细胞凋亡作对照。 结果 (1)3段消化管的管腔面积与上皮面积比值均随胎龄增加而增高;上皮的凋亡小体密度(DAB)峰值均在分裂细胞密度(DMC)峰值之后;上皮细胞密度与DMC和DAB间未见一致的相关性;(2)食管的DAB峰值高于肠。食管上皮中凋亡小体分布于上皮各层,而肠上皮中主要在上皮游离面。 结论 (1)3段的管腔面积增长均快于上皮面积的增长。上皮大量增殖后凋亡,以适应其形态发生;(2)食管和肠扩大管腔的方式不同,而两者上皮中凋亡小体分布的不同可能与上皮隆起的形成有关;(3)胚胎消化管上皮细胞密度对上皮细胞分裂和凋亡的影响不明显。
, 百拇医药
    分类号:Q954.48 文献标识码:A

    文章编号:0529-1356(2000)01-73

    A STEREOLOGIC STUDY OF EPITHELIUM OF THE ESOPHAGUS

    AND INTESTINES IN THE MOUSE EMBRYO

    WANG Wei-wei

    (Department of Histology and Embryology,Chongqing Medical University,Chongqing 400016,China)

    ZENG Xiao-chuan

    (Department of Internal Medicine of the 47th Hospital of PLA,Chengdu 610500,China)
, 百拇医药
    Abstract:Objective To study the factors effected the development of epithelium in the digestive tract. Methods The cavity and epithelium of the esophagus、duodenum and colon in the serial sections of fetal ICR mice aged 11~17days were measured with the stereological method.The apoptosis was also showed by TUNEL method in some sections for contrast. Results (1)In the three segments of digestive tract,the value of cavity area/epithelial area all increased with the increase of the fetal age;the peak value of density of mitotic cells(DMC)all appeared before their peak value of density of apoptotic body(DAB);the unanimous correlation among the density of epithelial cells (DEC),DMC and DAB had not been found;(2)The peak value of DAB in the esophagus was higher than that of intestines.The apoptotic bodies distributed in all layers of the epithelial cells in the esophagus, but mainly located near the free surface of epithelium in the intestines. Conclusions (1)In the three segments of digestive tract,the increase of cavity area was more rapid than that of their epithelial area.The epithelial cells all proliferated in a large number first,and then appeared apoptosis to suit their morphogenesis;(2)There was a different pattern of the enlarge of cavity between esophagus and intestines.The different distribution of apoptotic bodies between esophagus and intestines may be related with the formation of the epithelial protuberances;(3)The influence of DEC on the epithelial proliferation and apoptosis in the fetal digestive tract was not obvious.
, 百拇医药
    Key words:Esophagus; Duodenum; Colon; Development; Stereology; Mouse▲

    关于胚胎消化管上皮的发生,多认为与肠上皮增殖及凋亡、肠壁平滑肌的限制作用、间充质及某些活性物质的诱导作用有关[1~4]。Sbarbati[5]对胎鼠肠上皮面积与间充质面积作了定量分析,认为肠上皮的形态变化与上皮生长快于间充质生长有关。我们观察了11~19d胎鼠食管、十二指肠和结肠的形态发生,及11~17d胎鼠这3段消化管的管腔面积和上皮面积比值(cavity area/epithelial area,CA/EA),及上皮的细胞密度(细胞数/上皮面积μm2),包括上皮细胞密度(density of epithelial cells,DEC),分裂细胞密度(density of mitotic cells,DMC)和凋亡小体密度(density of apoptotic bodies,DAB),以了解上皮细胞密度对上皮细胞分裂和凋亡的影响及其与形态发生的关系。
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    材料和方法

    1. 标本制备

    取体重25~30g的ICR小鼠,雌、雄3∶1合笼1h后查到阴栓者计交配龄为0d。分别于11~19d处死孕鼠(每个胎龄各3只),各取中间重量的胎鼠2只。其中16~19d的胎鼠在解剖镜下取食管至结肠段消化管,余取整胎。Bouin液固定,连续石蜡切片(厚3~4μm),HE染色。每个胎龄各取1个胎鼠做间断连续切片,HE染色,光镜下选食管近贲门段(E段),十二指肠乳头远侧段(D段)和结肠近段(C段),取相应段的切片用TUNEL法(德国宝曼公司试剂)标记凋亡细胞:(1)切片脱蜡梯度酒精至水,磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,0.01mol/L,pH7.4)漂洗3次,共6min(后同);(2)蛋白酶K(20mg/L 10mmol/L Tris-HCl,pH7.4)室温下35min,PBS漂洗;(3)0.3%H2O2-甲醇液,室温下30min,PBS漂洗;(4)4℃0.1% Triton X-100(0.1%枸橼酸钠配制)中2min,PBS漂洗;(5)滴加含3′-羟基末端脱氧核酸转移酶和荧光素标记dUTP及无标记dNTPs混合液,37℃ 90min,PBS漂洗;(6)滴加辣根过氧化酶标记的抗荧光素抗体,37℃ 40min,PBS漂洗;(7)二氨基联苯胺和H2O2显色,苏木素复染,脱水透明封片。阴性对照设2组,分别以PBS取代(5)、(6)中加入的试剂。
, 百拇医药
    2. 观察

    Nikon显微镜观察11~19d胎鼠E、D、C段的形态发生。对3段消化管上皮变化突出的11~17d胎鼠作体视学观测。用测微网格在HE染色连续切片中每隔3张切片计数3段消化管横切面的管腔面积和上皮面积。高倍镜下以完整细胞核计数上皮细胞数。油镜下以中、后期分裂象计数上皮分裂细胞数。油镜下参照Hall等[6]的标准计数凋亡小体数。每段各胎龄各计数20~38张切片。

    3. 统计

    计算CA/EA值和DEC、DMC、DAB等,数据作方差分析和相关分析。

    结果

    1. 形态观察结果

    在HE染色石蜡切片中,胎鼠消化管上皮内凋亡小体直径在1.20~6.25μm。圆形,内含1至多个深染核碎片和强嗜酸性胞质或仅含强嗜酸性胞质(图1),外有清楚晕环。TUNEL法标记的细胞凋亡阳性产物呈棕黄色(图2),与HE染色切片中凋亡小体的分布一致。阴性对照组均为阴性。11d胎鼠3段消化管均为1~2列核的柱状上皮,分裂象少,凋亡小体罕见,管腔小而圆(图3a)。E、D、C段的上皮依次于12、13、14d转变为复层。E段12d时为2~4列核的上皮,其中分裂象和凋亡小体均多,分布于上皮各层;14d时其表层细胞变扁,凋亡小体少见;E段上皮中未见上皮隆起和次级腔,原发腔未见闭塞,于14d开始扩大(图3)。D、C段的上皮分别于14d、15d达最厚,分别为3~6列核和2~4列核;其上皮中的分裂象和凋亡小体分别于14d和15d较多,均主要分布在上皮游离面;随绒毛形成,凋亡小体渐少,主要见于绒毛顶部。D、C段分别于14d和15d出现上皮隆起,其顶部细胞退变脱落,但C段的上皮隆起低矮,且数量较少;两段的上皮均在14d出现次级腔,并与原发腔通融,但C段的次级腔较少。D、C段的原发腔亦未见闭塞,并于15d开始扩大。D段于15d间充质略突向上皮;16d时已形成被以单层柱状上皮的绒毛;17~19d时绒毛更多,更长(图4~5)。C段16d时为被以2列核上皮的原始绒毛;17d时形成低矮的被以单层柱状上皮的绒毛;19d时绒毛消失(图6~8)。E、D段于13d,C段于15d时出现环行成肌细胞。
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    图1 12d胎鼠食管。示上皮中分裂象(),含核碎片的凋亡小体(↑),仅含强嗜酸性胞质的凋亡小体(Δ)。HE,标尺示10μm

    Fig.1 The esophagus of fetal mouse at the 12th day. Showing mitotic figures(), apoptotic bodies contained deep stained fragment of nucleus(↑) or only contained the strong acidophilic cytoplasm(△). HE, Bar=10μm

    图2 12d胎鼠食管。示上皮中TUNEL法标记的凋亡细胞(↑).H复染,标尺示10μm
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    Fig.2 The esophagus of fetal mouse at the 12th day. Apoptotic cell(↑) in epithelium were showed by TUNEL method. Counter staining with H. Bar=10μm

    图3 3a~3c分别为11、12和14d胎鼠食管。示3b中凋亡小体(↑)分布于上皮各层,3c中表层上皮变扁。HE,标尺示20μm

    Fig.3 3a~3c, photograph of esophagus in fetal mice at 11、12 and 14 days, respectively. Showing that the apoptotic body(↑) distributed in all layers of epithelium in 3b, and the surface epithelial cells became squamous cell in 3c. HE, Bar=20μm
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    图4 4a~4d分别为13~16d胎鼠十二指肠。上皮隆起渐形成,示次级腔(Δ)凋亡小体(↑)和分裂象()。15d间充质突向上皮,16d肠绒毛已形成。HE,标尺示20μm

    Fig.4 4a~4d, photograph of duodenum in fetal mice at 13~16 days, respectively. The epithelial protuberance were formed gradualy, showing the secondary cavities(△) apoptotic body(↑), and mitotic figures(). The mesenchyme were extending to the epithelium at the 15 th day. The villi had been formed at day 16. HE, Bar=20μm
, 百拇医药
    图5 17d胎鼠十二指肠。HE,标尺示50μm

    Fig.5 The duodenum of fetal mouse at day 17. HE, Bar=50μm

    图6 6a~6b为14~15d胎鼠结肠。上皮隆起低矮,示次级腔(Δ)凋亡小体(↑)和分裂象()。HE,标尺示20μm

    Fig.6 6a~6b, photograph of colon in fetal mice at 14~15 days, respectively. The epithelial protuberances were lower, showing secondary cavities(△), apoptotic body(↑) and mitotic figures(↑). HE, Bar=20μm
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    图7 16d胎鼠结肠。示原始绒毛(Δ)已形成。HE,标尺示20μm

    Fig.7 The colon of fetal mouse at day 16. The primitive villi(△) were formed. HE, Bar=20μm

    图8 8a~8c分别为17~19d胎鼠结肠。HE,标尺示50μm

    Fig.8 8a~8c, photograph of colon in fetal mice at 17~19 days,respectively. HE, Bar=50μm
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    2. 体视学观察统计结果

    2.1 CA/EA值的结果(图9):E、D、C段的CA/EA值均随胎龄增长而增加,分别于11~13d,12~13d和14d最低。P<0.01。

    图9 11~17d胎鼠E、D、C段的管腔面积与上皮面积比值

    Fig.9 The CA/EA of E、D、C segments in fetal mice aged 11-17 days

    2.2 DEC的结果(图10):E段的DEC明显高于D、C段。E、D段DEC峰值分别在15d和13d;C段峰值在15d,且其13、14和16d亦高于12和17d。P<0.01。
, 百拇医药
    图10 11~17d胎鼠E、D、C段上皮细胞密度

    Fig.10 The DEC of E、D、C segments in fetal mice aged 11-17 days

    2.3 DMC的结果(图11):E、D段的DMC随胎龄增长而降低,峰值分别在11d和12d。C段DMC峰值在14~15d,16d亦高于12、13和17d。P<0.01。

    图11 11~17d胎鼠的E、D、C段上皮分裂细胞密度

    Fig.11 The DMC of E、D、C segments in fetal mice aged 11-17 days

    2.4 DAB的结果(图12):E、D、C段DAB峰值分别在12d,14~15d和15~16d。E段DAB的峰值明显高于后两段。P<0.01。
, 百拇医药
    图12 11~17d胎鼠E、D、C段上皮凋亡小体密度

    Fig.12 The DAB of E、D、C segments in fetal mice aged 11-17days

    2.5 相关分析:各段DEC、DMC和DAB间的相关性,除C段的DEC与DMC和DAB间呈正相关,r值分别为0.9,0.75外,余各段间的相关性均较差,r值在0.13~0.58间。

    讨论 细胞凋亡在调节机体发育、细胞分化及维持正常细胞更新中起着重要作用。凋亡细胞在电镜下有其形态特征。用TUNEL法可原位标记凋亡细胞的核及含核碎片的凋亡小体[7]。早在上世纪末,人们就将光镜下胚胎消化管上皮中的“颗粒”称为“胎粪小体”(meconium corpuscles)。Harmon等[8]在电镜下证实了胎粪小体实为上皮内的凋亡小体。Hall等[6]还计数了小鼠HE染色切片中胃肠上皮的凋亡小体。我们在胎鼠HE染色石蜡切片中见消化管上皮内凋亡小体直径在1.20μm~6.25μm,圆形,内含1至多个深染核碎片和强嗜酸性胞质或仅含强嗜酸性胞质,外有清楚晕环,在未见淋巴细胞浸润的胚胎消化管上皮中较易识别,其分布与TUNEL 法原位标记的凋亡细胞在上皮中的分布一致(图1,2)。故光镜下计数消化管上皮内的凋亡小体,可一定程度地反映上皮内细胞凋亡的情况。
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    ICR胎鼠食管和肠的上皮在11d时均为1~2列核的柱状上皮,依次于12、13、14d转变为复层。D、C段在14~15d形成上皮隆起,其顶部细胞退变脱落。上皮内出现次级腔,并与原发腔通融,原发腔扩大。食管中未见上皮隆起和次级腔,14d时其表层上皮变扁,管腔扩大。3段DAB峰值均在DMC峰值后,且在肠绒毛形成或上皮转变为复层扁平上皮时降低,这与其形态发生一致。此外,C段较D段晚1d形成被以单层柱状上皮的肠绒毛,这与Sbarbati[5]的报道一致。但也有人认为结肠仅形成粘膜皱褶[2,9]

    统计结果表明,尽管食管的管腔和上皮面积均小于肠,但3段的CA/EA值相近,且均随胎龄增加而增高(图9),表明3段CA的增长均快于EA的增长,这有利于管腔的扩大。当D、C段的DMC降低时,其DEC亦降低(图10~11)。这提示,此时肠上皮在细胞数量增加的同时,还有细胞体积的增大。图10还显示,食管的DEC明显高于肠,表明其上皮细胞小于肠上皮细胞。而食管的DEC在DMC降低后突然增加,则可能是食管上皮转变为复层扁平上皮所致。
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    细胞凋亡在消化管上皮发生中起着重要作用[10]。关于胚胎肠上皮凋亡的机制,Sbarbati等[5]认为与表层上皮细胞血供不足有关。Knox等[11]认为远离基底层的细胞可能因接受基膜的生存信息减弱而易发生凋亡。Iwannaga等[12]则报道成体大鼠小肠绒毛固有层的巨噬细胞能诱导上皮细胞凋亡。我们见胎鼠肠上皮中凋亡小体主要在近上皮游离面,但在食管中则广泛分布于上皮各层(图2)。这表明胚胎消化管上皮细胞的凋亡与血供或接受生存信息强弱关系不明显。食管和肠上皮中凋亡小体分布的差异可能与食管不形成上皮隆起有关。图12显示食管的DAB峰值明显高于肠。这可能是由于肠上皮可通过上皮隆起顶部细胞退变脱落和上皮内细胞凋亡以及次级腔与原发腔的通融等方式来扩大肠腔,而食管主要通过上皮内细胞凋亡来扩大管腔之故。此点对研究消化管上皮性闭锁的发生机制有参考意义。至于上皮细胞密度与细胞分裂和凋亡的关系,我们在3段DEC、DMC、DAB间的相关分析中未见一致性结果,表明胚胎消化管上皮细胞密度对上皮细胞分裂和凋亡的影响不明显。故对影响胚胎消化管上皮细胞凋亡的因素,还有待进一步研究。■
, 百拇医药
    作者简介:汪维伟(1952—),女,四川重庆市人,医学硕士,教授

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, 百拇医药
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, 百拇医药
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    收稿日期:1998-09-14

    修回日期:1999-04-13, 百拇医药