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眩晕病因诊断中椎-基底动脉的超声多普勒检测
http://www.100md.com 《中国医学影像技术》 2000年第8期
     作者:贺声 曹铁生 段云友 栗克湘

    单位:贺声(海军总医院超声科,北京 100037);段云友(海军总医院超声科,北京 100037);栗克湘(海军总医院超声科,北京 100037);曹铁生(西安第四军医大学唐都医院)

    关键词:眩晕;超声多普勒;病因诊断

    中国医学影像技术000807[摘 要] 目的 分析椎-基底动脉(VBA)超声多普勒在眩晕病因诊断中的作用。方法 本文观察了104例眩晕患者的椎动脉超声多普勒血流测值和常规的相关实验室检查指标的改变,同时以30例正常的椎动脉超声多普勒血流测值做为对照组。结果 ①眩晕组中94例由ENG、REG、BAEP、X线、CT及US-Doppler检查提示有脑动脉供血不足或脑干中枢病变、脑萎缩或梗塞及颈椎病变等,阳性率达90.4%。在这些指标阳性的患者中,US-Doppler指标异常者占52.1%,其主要表现为一侧或者双侧VA较正常人组细窄或走行弯曲,一侧或者双侧VA血流量较正常人组减低;②实验室检查中66例眩晕患者同时有两个以上的检查指标异常,其中43例伴US-Doppler异常,占65.1%;③实验室指标均阴性10例,而超声波检测正常的45例中其它实验室指标可呈异常改变,超声波检测的假阴性率为52.9%。结论 ①临床检出有脑供血不足或脑干病变的眩晕患者往往可有VBA异常的基础或涉及VA的病变,当REG、ENG、BAEP及X-ray发现异常时,更应考虑到是否还合并着VBA供血不足(VBI);②眩晕组的VA血流量减低的影响因素主要为一侧或者双侧VA细窄的发生率较高,超声波测定的一侧VA血流量减低与VBI有一定关系。
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    [中图分类号] R455.1 441.2 [文献标识码] A

    [文章编号] 1003-3289(2000)08-0627-04

    Significance of Vertebrobasilar Artery Ultrasonic Doppler Examination in the Etiological Diagnosis of Vertigo

    HE Sheng, CAO Tie-sheng, DUAN Yun-you, et al

    (Navy General Hospital,Beijing 100037,China)

    [Abstract] Purpose To assess the meanings of vertebrobasilar artery ultrasonic Doppler examination in the etiological diagnosis of vertigo. Methods The changes of indexes of VBA US-Doppler and other conventionally relative laboratory diagnositic indicators in a group of 104 vertigo cases were investigated,and compared with the results of VA US-Doppler examination in another group of 30 cases of normal person. Results ①ENG,REG,BAEP,X-Ray and US-Doppler showed that a lot of disorders,such as cerebral blood insufficiency,brain-stem lesion,encephalatrophy or cerebral infarction,and cervical spondylopathy,etc,were found out among 94 cases in the group of vertigo,in which the positive rate was 90.4%.Among the patients with the abnormal indexes,there was a 52.1% of them with abnormal US-Doppler demonstrations,mainly including unilateral or bialateral VA-diameter being more narrow or curved than that of normal cases,and blood flow volume being reduced in unilateral or bialateral VA.②Sixty-six patients in the vertigo group had two or more abnormal indexes at the same time,in which 43 cases displayed the disorders of US-Doppler,a rate of 65.1%.③There were 10 cases with all the indexes being normal and 45 cases with one or more of the indexes abnormal but with US-Doppler parameters normal in this study.The false negative rate of US-Doppler examination was 52.9%. Conclusion ①The vertigo patients with cerebral blood insufficiency or brain-stem lesion detected by clinic might have the background of abnormal VBA or of involving VA.When abnormalities were found by REG,ENG,BAEP and X-ray especially,more attentions should be paid to that the patient perhaps has a VB insufficiency,too.②As the higher rate of narrow VA-diameter in the vertigo group was the chief factor leading to the decrease of VA blood flow volume,unilateral decrease of VA blood flow volume discovered by US-Doppler may relate to VBI.
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    [Key words] Vertigo; Ultrasonic Doppler; Etiological diagnosis

    眩晕是一种对位向主观体会错误的症侯,特点是呈阵发性视物旋转,或持续性视物晃动、走行不稳。可分为周围性和中枢性眩晕。致病因素较多,包括颈椎病、脑动脉硬化、冠心病、糖尿病、低血压、肿瘤、耳源性疾病及美尼尔氏征等,其中椎-基底动脉(VBA)系统供血不足(VBI)相当多见。超声多普勒(US-Doppler)用于检测外周动脉形态走行、血流状况已是一项较为成熟的技术,对于检出VBA供血不足具有重要的临床价值[1-7]。本文观察了一组资料较完整的眩晕患者,就VBA超声多普勒在其病因诊断中的作用做一分析。

    1 资料与方法

    观察对象:①正常人组:30例,男、女各15人,年龄30~70岁,平均38.6岁;常规体检无心血管及内分泌疾病和外伤史。②眩晕组:104例,男58人、女46人,年龄20~72岁,平均43.4岁;病程3天~30年;其病史中有糖尿病或隐性糖尿病者8例、冠心病7例、心律失常5例、高血压病8例、高血脂和低血压各3例、脑外伤2例、人流1例、流感1例、X线诊断颈椎增生19例及隐性裂1例、CT诊断脑萎缩和颈椎间盘膨出各2例及脑动脉硬化10例、DSA显示一侧椎动脉弯曲2例、眼底检查眼底动脉硬化10例、头臂型大动脉炎1例,29例无上述病史,21例有两种以上上述病史,尤其是老年患者可有高血压、脑动脉硬化和颈椎增生合并发生。
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    方法:在详问病史及体检的基础上,眩晕组除需接受眼震电图(ENG)、脑血流图(REG)、脑干诱发电位(BAEP)外,和正常人组的超声多普勒检测过程相同:患者仰卧,暴露颈前部,探头置于一侧锁骨上窝近颈根部,二维超声显示锁骨下动脉横断面,侧动探头见椎动脉(VA)的起始部,调整探头显示VA长轴,向头侧滑动探头,可见VA由第6颈椎(C6)横突向后、内进入颈椎横突孔,为两条平行线形回声,一般可显示至C2,横突孔内段VA因骨质阻挡不能显示。将取样容积置于C3或C4血管内,声束与血流方向夹角≤60°。测定指标有VA内径(D)、速度时间积分(VTI)、峰值血流速度(Vmax)、心率(HR)及每分钟血流量(Q=A*VTI*HR)[1],结果分析为t及χ2检验。

    2 结果

    2.1 眩晕患者常伴随其它症状及体征,本组资料临床检出的伴随表现见表1。
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    Table 1 Complicated Symptoms and Signs in

    104 Cases of Vertigo Item

    No(frequency)

    Optic symptom

    48

    Aural symptom

    12

    Extremital symptom

    28

    Nausea or/and vomit
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    41

    Headache

    24

    Palpitation or chest distress

    8

    Cold sweat and pale

    2

    Spontaneous nystagmus

    21

    Insufficiency of convergence

    3
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    Weakened corneal reflex

    2

    Disorder of consciousness or psychonosema

    4

    Positive Romber test

    1

    Total

    194

    2.2 正常人组和眩晕组椎动脉超声多普勒的测值见表2,其中正常人组的左、右侧VA的内径、血流量及两侧血流量之和均分别≥3.0mm\,100.0ml/min及220.0ml/min,而眩晕组左侧VA内径<3.0mm 24例、右侧VA内径<3.0mm 32例(包括左、右侧VA内径同时<3.0mm 7例)、血流量左、右侧<100.0ml/min分别为20、28例(包括左、右血流量均<100.0ml/min的3例)、两侧血流量之和<200.0ml/min 17例。以VA内径≥3.0mm、单侧血流量100.0ml/min及两侧血流量之和200.0ml/min做为正常值,眩晕组中VA左、右侧内径、血流量及两侧血流量之和的超声多普勒异常检出率分别为23.1%、30.7%、19.2%、26.9%及16.4%,与正常人组相比,差别显著(P值均<0.05)。Table 2 Comparisons of Doppler Indexes of VA in the Normal and Vertigo Groups Item
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    D(mm)

    Vmax(cm/s)

    Vol(ml/min)

    LVA & RVA

    L

    R

    L

    R

    L

    R

    Vol(ml/min)

    Normal

    3.9±0.3
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    3.6±0.3

    45.7±7.3

    44.2±7.2

    193.5±47.8

    164.6±38.0

    358.1±42.7

    (n=30)

    (3.0~4.6)

    (3.1~4.4)

    (31.1~60.0)

    (30.0~55.9)

    (120.1~310.0)
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    (100.5~232.4)

    (220.0~532.3)

    Vertigo

    3.3±0.5

    3.2±0.5

    47.1±11.2

    44.4±9.8

    145.1±60.4

    124.5±48.9

    268.5±63.9

    (n=104)

    (2.0~4.4)*
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    (2.4~4.7)*

    (25.0~72.0)

    (25.9~71.7)

    (32.0~302.0)*

    (43.1~288.3)*

    (143.2~423.5)**

    notice:*P<0.05,**P<0.01

    2.3 104例眩晕患者中常规的相关实验室检查指标阴性者10例,阳性者94例,而US-Doppler指标异常包括VA内径细窄、窃血及常同时存在的VA走行弯曲(图1、2),其分布见表3。
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    3 讨论

    眩晕患者的伴随症状多,均无特异性(见表1)。当VBA梗塞症状明显时,诊断并不困难;但当眩晕做为轻微VBA供血不足或短暂脑缺血发作(TIA)的主诉时,常缺少明确完整的诊断依据,病因的判定较为困难。通过X线、CT、DSA、生物电、平衡试验等方法对一些引起眩晕的疾病能做出诊断,而对于血管病变,尤其是椎动脉型颈椎病引起的眩晕,超声多普勒业已成为有效的检测手段[2-4]。本组资料显示,眩晕组104例中仅有10例ENG、REG、BAEP、X线CT及US-Doppler未能检出阳性结果,94例则由上述检查提示有脑动脉供血不足或脑干中枢病变、脑萎缩或梗塞及颈椎病变等,阳性率达90.4%。在这些指标阳性的患者中,US-Doppler指标异常者占52.1%(见表3),其主要表现为一侧或者双侧VA较正常人组细窄或走行弯曲,一侧或者双侧VA血流量较正常人组减低或血流方向异常(图1、2)。尽管有学者报道眩晕患者的VBA供血不足是以该动脉的血流速度下降为主[5],但表2的统计说明,本组资料眩晕组的VA血流量减低的影响因素主要为一侧或者双侧VA较细窄的发生率较高。x
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    Fig 1 Narrow VA with diameter in 2.4mm and the Doppler spectrum Fig 2 VA with “stolen blood flow” Doppler

    spectrum:the direction of blood flow wave in systole was the inversus

    Table 3 Comparing the Positive Results of US-Doppler

    with Other Lab's in the Vertigo Group Item

    ENG

    REG

    BAEP
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    X-ray

    US-Doppler

    ENG

    —

    0

    0

    0

    8

    REG

    3

    —

    0

    0

    11
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    BAEP

    1

    0

    —

    1

    1

    X-RAY

    4

    4

    1

    —

    4

    ENG+REG

    —
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    —

    1

    4

    4

    ENG+BAEP

    —

    0

    —

    1

    0

    ENG+X-RAY

    —

    0

    0
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    —

    1

    REG+BAEP

    0

    —

    —

    0

    2

    REG+X-RAY

    0

    —

    0

    —

    7
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    REG+CT

    3

    —

    0

    0

    1

    ENG+REG+BAEP

    —

    —

    —

    0

    2

    ENG+REG+X-RAY
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    —

    —

    0

    —

    1

    ENG+REG+BAEP+X-RAY

    —

    —

    —

    —

    1

    Total

    11

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    2

    6

    43

    notice:patient with single positive index(6 cases in US-Doppler,7 cases in X-RAY & ENG each,3 cases in REG,4 cases in BAEP,1 case in CT)not included in the table;figures in the table stood for cases

    多项实验室检查指标异常可见于同一眩晕患者[3,5]。表3示:66例同时有两个以上的检查指标异常,其中43例伴US-Doppler异常,占63.6%,而REG异常的44例次里有29例次、ENG异常的31例次里有17例次、BAEP异常的11例次里有6例次、X-ray异常的29例次里有14例次及CT异常的4例次里有1例次的US-Doppler异常,分别占65.9%、54.%、54.5%、48.3%及25.0%,说明临床检出有脑供血不足或脑干病变的眩晕患者往往可有VBA异常的基础或涉及VA的病变,当REG、ENG、BAEP及X-ray发现异常时,应考虑到是否还合并着VBA供血不足(VAI)[3,5]。就US-Doppler检测VBA而言,该指标异常的眩晕患者多伴有一侧VA内径细窄、血流量减低,对侧VA内径及血流量正常、稍低或增大,血流速度降低可不明显,但相当于基底动脉的两侧VA血流量之和可显著低与正常人组(表2),提示超声波测定的一侧VA血流量减低与VBI有一定关系[4,6]
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    另一方面,由表3可以看出,超声波检测正常的45例中X线诊断颈椎病变13例、ENG示一侧或双侧前庭功能减退18(包括合并CT见脑梗塞3)例、REG示脑供血减低7例、BAEP示一侧或双侧脑干局限异常或听力减退6例和CT诊断脑萎缩1例则体现了眩晕病因多样性的特点[1,3,5],如加上上述检查均因阴性的10例,其假阴性率达52.9%,即US-Doppler仅能对VA供血障碍引发的眩晕做较确切的无创性评估,实验室指标均是阴性结果也难以排除颅内血管畸形、VBA变异或者有较多侧枝循环、体位改变及非老龄患者供血代偿功能较强的可能性,应结合临床综合分析。此外,本组资料中有6例超声波显示一侧VA内径细但血流量减少并不显著,而47.1%(49/104例)VAI的患者中只有5例的CT图像异常,推测可能是前庭系统对缺血特别敏感,在各种诱因下,稍有供血不足,即可产生眩晕,只是此类轻度供血障碍尚不足以导致明显的脑梗塞和血流频谱改变,该阶段积极治疗应对预防VBA系统的脑梗塞有意义[2,7]

    作者简介:贺声(1957—),男,湖北人,博士,副主任医师。
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    [参考文献]

    [1] 曹铁生,段云友,游国雄,等.椎动脉二维超声显像及脉冲多普勒血流定量[J].中国超声医学杂志,1989,5(4):213-216.

    [2] Fujita N,Ueda T,Yamanaka T,et al.Clinical application of ultrasonic blood rheography for vertigo[J].Acta Otolaryngol Suppl Stockh.1995,520 Pt 1:148-152.

    [3] 游国雄,曹铁生,武志跃,等.椎-基底动脉轻度缺血性眩晕的椎动脉2DE-PWD多普勒超声检查[J].第四军医大学学报,1990,11(4):250-252.

    [4] 段云友,曹铁生,李群,等.椎动脉超声检查与数字减影的对比研究[J].解放军医学杂志,1992,17(2):124-126.
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    [5] Magnusson M,Norrving B.Cerebellar infarctions and vestibular neuritis[J].Acta Otolaryngol Suppl.Stockh,1993,503:64-66.

    [6] Ueda T,Matsunaga T.The influence of unilateral vertebral artery occlusion on brainstem and inner ear blood flow in rat[J].Acta Otolaryngol Stockh,1995,115(6):742-726.

    [7] Petersen B,von Maravic M,Zeller JA,et al.Basilar artery blood flow during head rotation in vertebrobasilar ischemia[J].Acta Neurol Scand,1996,94(4):294-301.

    收稿日期:2000-04-24, http://www.100md.com