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心包积液时右心房与心包腔内压力关系的临床研究
http://www.100md.com 《中国病理生理杂志》 1999年第3期
     作者:陈新义 王军奎 寿锡凌 刘新宏 张进虎 王亚丽 吉海鸣 于丽

    单位:陕西省人民医院心内科(西安710068)

    关键词:心包积液;心房功能;右;心包

    心包积液时右心房与心包腔内压力关系的临床研究 摘 要 目的:研究心包积液时右心房与心包腔内压力关系,并对心包填塞分级。方法:采用右心导管和剑突下穿刺术,同步连续测定15例患者的右房和心包腔内压力,直到心包造影证实积液基本抽完时为止。结果:心包积液时,右房压始终高于心包压,压差随心包内压力升高而减小,范围从0.13~0.40 kPa。心包填塞者,当抽液到150 mL时,右房和心包内压力下降曲线最为陡峭。压力越高,下降幅度越大。当抽液250 mL时,心包舒张压显著低于右房舒张压。结论:在心包填塞时,右房和心包腔内压力相近,但不相等,前者稍高于后者。在心包积液基本抽完时,心包压与胸膜压相近似。依据右房压,可将心包填塞程度分为无症状、轻、中、重和危象5级。
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    Relationship between right atrial and pericardial pressure in patients with pericardial effusion

    CHEN Xin-Yi, WANG Jun-Kui, SHOU Xi-Ling,LIU Xin-Hong,ZHANG Jin-Hu,WANG Ya-Li,JI Hai-Ming,Yu Li

    Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xian(710068)

    Abstract AIM:To study the relationship between right atrial and pericardial pressure in patients with pericardial effusion, and to grade the cardiac tamponade.METHODS:By right heart catheterization and subxiphoid approach, 15 patients with large pericardial effusion were synchronizely measured the pressure of right atrium and pericardium, until the effusion was completly aspirated which was demonstrated by pericardiography.RESULTS:The right atrial pressure (RAP) was consistently higher(0.13 ~0.40 kPa)than pericardial's in cardiac tamponade.Pressure difference was decreased by raising of pericardial pressure.In patients with cardiac tamponade, the tracings of atrial and pericardial pressure declined sharply following removal of 150 mL effusion, and the higher pressure it was, the larger extent the pressure fell. When 250 mL effusion was aspriated, pericardial diastolic pressure was significantly below RAP.CONCLUSIONS:RAP was approximate pericardial pressure in cardiac tamponade, but not equal to it, the former was higher than the later. When the effusion was almost completely withdrawn, pericardial pressure was more similar to pleural pressure. According to RAP, cardiac tamponade could be divided into five degrees:asymptom, mild, moderate, severe and dangerous.
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    MeSH Pericardial effusion; Atrial function, right; Pericardium

    为了探讨心包腔的压力变化对心房压的影响,以及压力变化与临床表现之关系,我们对16例心包积液患者进行了研究。

    对象与方法

    (一)对象:16例由不同病因导致心包积液的住院患者,男5例、女11例,年龄20~75岁。其中转移癌性心包积液6例,结核性4例,甲状腺机能减退性3例,化脓性、红癍狼疮性和尿毒症性心包积液各1例。12例有程度不等之心包填塞症状,其余4例不明显。

    (二)方法:研究前常规测定出、凝血时间,肝功、肾功、血电解质、ECG和心脏B超。在心导管室进行观察。术前肌注安定10 mg,术中心电、血压监护,呼吸困难者吸氧。患者取半卧位30~40度。经右侧锁骨下静脉穿刺送—6F右心导管至右房中部。心包穿刺参考Wei氏法[1],经剑突下途径,按Seldinger法将—7F穿刺鞘管在透视下送入心包腔,并与三通开关连接。同步测定即刻右房压和心包腔内压,然后每抽液50 mL测压1次。在抽出100 mL积液后,向心包腔内注入76%泛影葡胺30~40 mL,心包腔显影后再将等量液体抽出。然后在透视指导下继续抽液,直至积液基本抽完或已减少到不能抽出时为止。最后心包充气造影。
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    结果

    资料完整者15例。抽液量150~700 mL。抽液前和抽液100 mL时,右房收缩压、舒张压和平均压高于心包腔内压约0.13 kPa,但无显著差异。当抽液到250 mL时,右房压高于心包腔内压接近0.27 kPa,心包腔舒张压的下降程度与右房舒张压比较有显著差异。结束抽液时,虽然心包腔内平均压低于右房压接近0.40 kPa,但无明显差别(表1)。

    表1 心包积液时右心房与心包腔压力关系

    Tab 1 The relationship of right atrial and pericardial pressure in patients with pericardial effusion(x-50.gif (98 bytes)±s,n=15)
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    BA

    (kPa)

    Removal

    100 mL(kPa)

    Removal

    250 mL(kPa)

    End

    (kPa)

    Right atrium

    1.53±1.16/0.88±0.97

    1.35±1.05/0.59±0.73

    0.61±0.64/-0.01±0.53
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    0.48±0.61/-0.23±0.40

    (MP)

    (1.21±1.12)

    (0.89±0.80)

    (0.27±0.59)

    (0.09±0.52)

    Pericardium

    1.35±1.08/0.75±0.91

    1.20±1.03/0.43±0.79

    0.36±0.63/-0.43±0.69*
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    0.11±0.60/-0.69±0.60

    (MP)

    (1.07±1.04)

    (0.79±0.80)

    (0.01±0.59)

    (0.29±0.53)

    MPD

    0.15±0.08

    0.11±0

    0.25±0

    0.39±0.01

    BA=before aspirate, MP=mean pressure, MPD=mean pressure difference,*P<0.05,vs right atrium
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    心包腔内压力明显升高者,当心包抽液量达150 mL时,右房和心包腔内压力下降曲线最为陡峭,压力越高、下降幅度越大,而以后随着积液量减少,压力下降徐缓。当抽液250 mL,心包腔压力变为负压,继续抽液,右房和心包腔压力很少变化,最后稳定在各自水平。右房和心包腔压力变化趋势线相似(图1,2)。71.gif (5179 bytes)

    Fig 1 The fall tracing of pericardial mean pressure in aspirating pericardial effusion 图1 心包抽液时心包腔平均压力下降趋势72.gif (4944 bytes)
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    Fig 2 The tracing of atrial mean pressure in aspirating pericardial effusion 图2 心包抽液时右房平均压变化趋势

    根据患者心包填塞症状及相应的心房压力范围,可将心包填塞程度分为无症状(≤0.67 kPa)、轻(0.80~1.33 kPa)、中(1.47~2.00 kPa)、重(2.13~2.67 kPa)和危象(>2.67 kPa)5级。

    讨论

    当心包的积液量增加并超过心包膜的扩张极限时,出现心包填塞。舒张期左右心房游离壁突然曲向心房腔,塌陷持续至心室收缩期的不同时相[2,3]。开胸手术时测得心包腔压力等于右房压[4]。本文结果显示,右房压被动性地随心包腔内压力升高而同步变化,两者压力接近,但不相等。在心包抽液前及抽液过程中,右房压始终稍高于心包压,压差随心包腔的压力升高而减小。当心包积液基本抽完或很少量时,压差由最初的0.13 kPa增加到0.40 kPa。当心包腔变为负压后,继续抽液不会使右房压继续下降,两者处于相对生理平衡状态。对于无胸膜和肺部疾病的患者,正常心包腔压力与胸膜压相近似[5],而且受呼吸幅度影响,一般在-0.13~-1.33 kPa之间,深吸气可达-2.0 kPa。
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    右房压力—心包容积曲线变化与心包腔的压力—容积曲线相似,提示心包填塞时,抽液150 mL可缓解症状,250 mL可解除心包填塞。在抽液过程中,随着心包积液减少,心包膜逐渐回缩,当基本抽完积液时,透视下可见到粘附有造影剂的心包壁层与脏层重叠,但这时心包膜的顺应性要大于正常,因为心包腔充气造影时,快速注入50~70 mL空气并不引起心房压力升高。心包膜的顺应性增大有利于心脏承受体循环瘀积所致的过多回心血量而不使心室舒张未压升高。

    直至目前,临床诊断心包填塞仍是依据临床表现和体征的主观判断,而无客观定量指标。本文根据临床表现,结合所测的压力,发现无明显症状者,右房平均压≤0.67 kPa;当压力在0.80~1.33 kPa之间时,有轻度心包填塞症状,如颈静脉轻度充盈、肝脏稍扩大,一般活动即有心慌、气短;压力在1.47~2.00 kPa时,需半卧床休息,轻微走动即心慌、气短,心跳加快,颈静脉怒张、肝脏肿大显著,提示中度心包填塞;重度者压力在2.13~2.67 kPa,患者端坐床上也感呼吸困难,上肢静脉也充盈扩张;当压力>2.67 kPa时,应视为心包填塞危象,患者呼吸急促、烦燥、出汗、血压降低、少尿,需立即心包穿刺以缓解填塞症状。有报道1例心包填塞死亡前的右房舒张压为3.33 kPa[6]
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    参考文献

    1 Wei JY, Taylor GJ, Achuff SC. Recurrent cardiac tamponade and large pericardial effusions:Management with an indwelling pericardial catheter. Am J Cardiol, 1978, 42:28.

    2 Armstrong WF, Schilt BF, Helper DJ, et al. Diastolic collapse of the right ventricule with tamponade:An echocardiographic study. Circulation, 1982, 65:1491.

    3 Schiller NB, Botvinick EH. Right ventricular compression as a sign of cardiac tamponade: an analysis of echocardiographic ventricular dimensions and their clinical implications. Circulation, 1977, 56:774.
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    4 Kralstein J, Frishman W, Bronx NY. Malignant pericardial disease:Diagnosis and treatment. Am Heart J, 1987, 113:785.

    5 谷伯起,主编.心血管病理学.第1版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1992.26.

    6 Dcruz IA.Differential diagnosis of tamponade due to selective left ventricular compression. Practical Cardio, 1988, 14:52.

    1997年8月28日收稿,1998年3月3日修回, 百拇医药