低浓度铅对大鼠血脑屏障超微结构的损害
作者:阮素云 顾祖维 陆纯英 闵珍
单位:阮素云 顾祖维 陆纯英 闵珍 200003 上海市劳动卫生职业病防治研究所
关键词:低浓度铅;血脑屏障;超微结构
中华劳动卫生职业病杂志980606 【摘要】 目的 观察低浓度铅暴露对动物神经系统的影响。 方法 以硝酸镧为示踪物,观察分别给饮用铅(乙酸铅溶液,以Pb2+计)10和30 mg/L 3个月的大鼠血脑屏障超微结构和通透性的变化,及其有关的血铅和脑铅浓度。 结果 当染毒大鼠血铅浓度为对照组的1.65倍时,脑铅浓度无明显增加,可见镧盐颗粒沿着毛细血管内皮细胞膜整齐排列,基膜处没有镧盐颗粒;当染毒大鼠血铅浓度为对照组的2.45倍时,脑铅浓度明显增高,在血管腔大而内皮细胞质复盖管腔面较薄的毛细血管的某些部位可见镧盐颗粒渗到基膜。 结论 神经细胞受损与血脑屏障的通透性增高有关,血管腔较大的毛细血管的某些部位通透性增加是低浓度铅对大脑损害的较早期指标。
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Ultrastructural study on the toxic effects of low level lead on the blood-brain barrier in rat
Ruan Suyun,Gu Zuwei,Lu Chunying,et al.
Shanghai Institute of Labour Hygiene and Occupational Diseases,Shanghai 200003
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the damage to permeability and ultrastructure of the blood-brain barrier and to explore the blood and the brain lead threshold level responsible for the damage. Methods Lead was taken with drinking water and the blood and brain lead levels were examined.Electronic microscopy was conducted with La as a tracer to examine the blood vessels. Results When the blood lead was 1.65 times that in the control group the brain lead level did not significantly increased,the lanthanum granules closely aligned along the endotheliocyte membrane of capillaries and they were not found on the basement membrane.When the blood lead level was 2.45 times that in the control group the brain lead level significantly increased,the lanthanum granules were found to seep onto the basement membrane of the capillary with relatively large cavity. Conclusion Increase in permeability on the capillary of relatively large cavity may be an earlier marker of brain damage by low level lead exposure,and the damage of neurons may be related to the increase in permeability of blood-brain barrier.
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【Key words】 Low level lead Blood-brain barrier Ultrastructure
以往的实验研究显示:铅的神经毒效应可能首先与血脑屏障的通透性受损有关[1,2]。我们以硝酸镧为示踪物,用电镜观察了低浓度铅作用下血脑屏障的超微结构和通透性的改变,并探索低浓度铅对中枢神经系统毒作用的早期损害,以期为铅神经毒作用的早期阻断以及筛选有效的防护药物,寻找敏感的效应指标。
材料与方法
1.动物模型:Sprague-Dawley种刚断奶健康大鼠36只,体重46.5±4.38 g(上海实验动物中心提供),雌雄各半,随机分为对照组及低剂量、高剂量铅染毒组,每组12只。对照组从断奶第1天起饮用无离子水,铅染毒组分别饮用含Pb2+为10和30 mg/L的含铅水(用无离子水配制,折合醋酸铅分别为18和54 mg/L)各3个月。染毒毕,各组分别取6只大鼠测血铅和脑铅浓度,6只用于作硝酸镧示踪。
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2.心脏快速灌流固定的硝酸镧示踪法:动物麻醉后,打开胸腔,从主动脉插管,先用含肝素250 U/mL的生理盐水冲洗30秒钟左右,然后用1份4%硝酸镧溶液加2份6%戊二醛-0.1 mol/L二甲砷酸钠(pH 7.40~7.50)的固定灌流液固定2小时,用1%硝酸镧-0.1 mol/L二甲砷酸钠漂洗液(pH 7.40~7.50)灌洗15分钟,再用1%硝酸镧、1%锇酸-0.1 mol/L二甲砷酸钠后灌流液固定2小时,用上述漂洗液灌洗15分钟。随后开颅取脑,整脑脱水,脱水后再切成1 mm3小块包埋,超薄切片,醋酸铀和柠檬酸铅双重染色,H-800电镜观察。
3.血和脑组织铅含量测定:麻醉动物,切断腹主动脉取血,开颅迅速取出大脑,称重。血液经稀硝酸处理,脑组织经硝酸、高氯酸处理后导入石墨炉原子化器原子化,根据特征谱线吸收强度定量。
结果
1.血铅和脑铅含量:从表1可见,大鼠饮用含Pb2+为10、30 mg/L的含铅水3个月后,血铅含量分别为对照组大鼠的1.65倍和2.45倍。脑铅含量:10 mg/L组与对照组相比差异不显著;30 mg/L组为对照组的1.34倍,与对照组相比,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。
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表1 大鼠饮含铅水3个月后血铅和脑铅水平(±s)
Table 1 Lead level in blood and whole brain of rats after
drinking water containing Pb2+ for 3 months(±s) 铅浓度(mg/L)
Pb+ in water
血铅(μg/L)
Blood lead
, http://www.100md.com 脑铅(μg/g)
Brain lead
0
38.57±1.03
0.099±0.012
10
64.47±4.96*
0.100±0.013
30
94.67±12.87*
0.133±0.016*
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与对照组比较,*P<0.01
*P<0.01 compared with control
2.硝酸镧示踪法观察铅对血脑屏障通透性的影响:正常对照组的毛细血管有的血管腔较小,内皮细胞复盖管腔面较厚(图1);有的血管腔较大,内皮细胞复盖管腔面较薄(图2);另有些血管腔大而内皮层极薄,几乎只能看到一层内皮细胞膜(图3)。这些血管共同的特点是基膜外没有肌细胞,内皮细胞对合得十分严密,在其中任何一种血管中可看到镧盐颗粒只位于血管腔内,并沿着内皮细胞膜密集、整齐地排列,毛细血管四周的神经毡结构清晰、排列紧密。
10 mg/L染铅组的观察所见基本上与对照组相同,无论在管腔较小或较大的毛细血管中均没有观察到有镧盐颗粒渗出到基膜。
30 mg/L染铅组:在血管腔较小、内皮细胞复盖管腔面较厚的毛细血管中未见有镧盐颗粒渗出;但在血管腔较大而内皮细胞复盖管腔面较薄的毛细血管中可以清晰的看到镧盐颗粒穿过相邻内皮细胞间的缝隙,到达基膜及周细胞处(图4);特别是在血管腔大而内皮细胞复盖管腔面极薄,几乎只能看到一层内皮细胞膜的毛细血管内,可以非常清晰地看到镧盐颗粒渗出血管腔,同时可见胶质基膜高度肿胀(图5)。
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图1 对照组中血管腔较小的毛细血管,镧盐颗粒沿着内皮细胞密集排列,基膜处不见镧盐颗粒 ×6?000
Fig 1 The capillaries with small cavity in control group.Lanthanum granules closely aligned along the endotheliocyte membrane and they were not found in basement membrane ×6?000
图2 对照组中血管腔较大的毛细血管,镧盐颗粒沿着内皮细胞密集排列,基膜处不见镧盐颗粒 ×8?000
Fig 2 The capillaries with large cavity in control group.Lanthanum granules closely aligned along the endotheliocyte membrane and they were not found in basement membrane ×8?000
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图3 对照组中血管腔较大但内皮层极薄的毛细血管,镧盐颗粒沿着内皮细胞密集排列,基膜处不见镧盐颗粒×8?000
Fig 3 The capillaries with larger cavity and very thin endotheliocytoplasm in control group.Lanthanum granules closely aligned along the endotheliocyte membrane and they were not found in basement membrane ×8?000
图4 30 mg/L染铅组中,血管腔较大的毛细血管:镧盐颗粒渗透到基膜,箭头示镧盐颗粒穿过内皮细胞间的缝隙 ×8?000
Fig 4 The capillary with larger cavity in 30 mg/L group.The lanthanum granules seeped onto basement membrane.The arrow showed lanthanum granules seeped through the space between endotheliocytes ×8?000
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图5 30 mg/L染铅组中,血管腔大但内皮细胞极薄的毛细血管:镧盐颗粒渗透到基膜,同时基膜肿胀 ×12?000
Fig 5 The capillary of larger cavity but with very thin endotheliocytoplasm in 30 mg/L group,the lanthanum granules seeped onto basement membrane which was swollen ×12?000
讨论
镧盐示踪是近几年兴起的新技术,多用于研究细胞连接和细胞生物膜通透性的改变[3]。我们把少量硝酸镧加入固定液中,通过心脏灌流随固定液到达脑组织,避免了以往有关实验中先把示踪物经尾静脉注射,随后再处死动物取脑固定而可能发生示踪物本身对血脑屏障的影响[4,5],并借助电镜的高分辨力,直接观察了血脑屏障的细微结构及其通透性状况。
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根据本实验结果,在对照组和10 mg/L染铅组的毛细血管中均未观察到镧盐颗粒渗出血管壁,但在30 mg/L染铅组的管腔较大而内皮细胞复盖管腔面较薄的毛细血管中,可见镧盐颗粒渗出内皮层,同时可见基膜肿胀,说明在血铅浓度为对照组的2.45倍时,血脑屏障的通透性已有变化。这与Goldstein[6]认为的低浓度铅对大脑微环境的损害轻微且不明显的观点不符,可能是因为所用的方法和指标不同之故。
Toews[7]曾在出血性铅中毒脑病动物模型中,用原子吸收法及210Pb示踪技术分析发现:铅易富集于大脑毛细血管、微血管部分。故推测在本实验30 mg/L染铅组中,观察到血管腔较大而内皮细胞复盖管腔面较薄的毛细血管中有镧盐颗粒渗出内皮层的现象,可能是因为毛细血管腔较大,相应复盖管腔面的内皮细胞数也较多,内皮细胞间的连接也就多。铅在血管内皮细胞中积聚引起钙代谢紊乱,造成血管内皮细胞收缩,导致内皮细胞间的紧密连接结结构破坏。实验结果提示:低浓度铅影响中枢神经系统与血脑屏障的通透性发生变化有关,镧盐颗粒透出脑毛细血管内皮细胞间的缝隙是低浓度铅对大脑损害的较早期的效应指标。
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本课题受卫生部科研资金资助
参考文献
1.Hertz MM,Bolwig TC,Grandjean P.Lead poisoning and the blood-brain barrier.Acta Neurol Scand,1981,63:286~296.
2.阮素云,顾祖维,马国云,等.醋酸铅对大鼠脑皮质区细胞超微结构钙分布和酶活性的影响.中国药理学与毒理学杂志,1996,10:294~296.
3.Dvorak AM.Mature eosinophils stimulated to develop in human cord blood mononuclear cell culture supplemented with recombinant human interleukin-5.Am J Pathol,1991,138:1~3.
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4.Sundstrom R,Muntzhng K,Kaltmo H.Changes in the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in suckling rats with low dose lead encephalopathy.Acta Neuropathol,1985~1986,68:1~9.
5.Bradbury MW,Deane R.Permeability of the blood-brain barrier to lead. Neurotoxicol,1993,14:131~136.
6.Goldstein GW.Brain capillaries:a target for inorganic lead.Neurotoxicol,1984,5:167~176.
7.Toews AD.Experiment lead encephalopathy in the suckling rats:content of lead in cellular fractions enriched in brain capillaries.Brain Res,1978,147:131~138.
收稿:1997-07-02
修回:1998-03-30, 百拇医药
单位:阮素云 顾祖维 陆纯英 闵珍 200003 上海市劳动卫生职业病防治研究所
关键词:低浓度铅;血脑屏障;超微结构
中华劳动卫生职业病杂志980606 【摘要】 目的 观察低浓度铅暴露对动物神经系统的影响。 方法 以硝酸镧为示踪物,观察分别给饮用铅(乙酸铅溶液,以Pb2+计)10和30 mg/L 3个月的大鼠血脑屏障超微结构和通透性的变化,及其有关的血铅和脑铅浓度。 结果 当染毒大鼠血铅浓度为对照组的1.65倍时,脑铅浓度无明显增加,可见镧盐颗粒沿着毛细血管内皮细胞膜整齐排列,基膜处没有镧盐颗粒;当染毒大鼠血铅浓度为对照组的2.45倍时,脑铅浓度明显增高,在血管腔大而内皮细胞质复盖管腔面较薄的毛细血管的某些部位可见镧盐颗粒渗到基膜。 结论 神经细胞受损与血脑屏障的通透性增高有关,血管腔较大的毛细血管的某些部位通透性增加是低浓度铅对大脑损害的较早期指标。
, http://www.100md.com
Ultrastructural study on the toxic effects of low level lead on the blood-brain barrier in rat
Ruan Suyun,Gu Zuwei,Lu Chunying,et al.
Shanghai Institute of Labour Hygiene and Occupational Diseases,Shanghai 200003
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the damage to permeability and ultrastructure of the blood-brain barrier and to explore the blood and the brain lead threshold level responsible for the damage. Methods Lead was taken with drinking water and the blood and brain lead levels were examined.Electronic microscopy was conducted with La as a tracer to examine the blood vessels. Results When the blood lead was 1.65 times that in the control group the brain lead level did not significantly increased,the lanthanum granules closely aligned along the endotheliocyte membrane of capillaries and they were not found on the basement membrane.When the blood lead level was 2.45 times that in the control group the brain lead level significantly increased,the lanthanum granules were found to seep onto the basement membrane of the capillary with relatively large cavity. Conclusion Increase in permeability on the capillary of relatively large cavity may be an earlier marker of brain damage by low level lead exposure,and the damage of neurons may be related to the increase in permeability of blood-brain barrier.
, 百拇医药
【Key words】 Low level lead Blood-brain barrier Ultrastructure
以往的实验研究显示:铅的神经毒效应可能首先与血脑屏障的通透性受损有关[1,2]。我们以硝酸镧为示踪物,用电镜观察了低浓度铅作用下血脑屏障的超微结构和通透性的改变,并探索低浓度铅对中枢神经系统毒作用的早期损害,以期为铅神经毒作用的早期阻断以及筛选有效的防护药物,寻找敏感的效应指标。
材料与方法
1.动物模型:Sprague-Dawley种刚断奶健康大鼠36只,体重46.5±4.38 g(上海实验动物中心提供),雌雄各半,随机分为对照组及低剂量、高剂量铅染毒组,每组12只。对照组从断奶第1天起饮用无离子水,铅染毒组分别饮用含Pb2+为10和30 mg/L的含铅水(用无离子水配制,折合醋酸铅分别为18和54 mg/L)各3个月。染毒毕,各组分别取6只大鼠测血铅和脑铅浓度,6只用于作硝酸镧示踪。
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2.心脏快速灌流固定的硝酸镧示踪法:动物麻醉后,打开胸腔,从主动脉插管,先用含肝素250 U/mL的生理盐水冲洗30秒钟左右,然后用1份4%硝酸镧溶液加2份6%戊二醛-0.1 mol/L二甲砷酸钠(pH 7.40~7.50)的固定灌流液固定2小时,用1%硝酸镧-0.1 mol/L二甲砷酸钠漂洗液(pH 7.40~7.50)灌洗15分钟,再用1%硝酸镧、1%锇酸-0.1 mol/L二甲砷酸钠后灌流液固定2小时,用上述漂洗液灌洗15分钟。随后开颅取脑,整脑脱水,脱水后再切成1 mm3小块包埋,超薄切片,醋酸铀和柠檬酸铅双重染色,H-800电镜观察。
3.血和脑组织铅含量测定:麻醉动物,切断腹主动脉取血,开颅迅速取出大脑,称重。血液经稀硝酸处理,脑组织经硝酸、高氯酸处理后导入石墨炉原子化器原子化,根据特征谱线吸收强度定量。
结果
1.血铅和脑铅含量:从表1可见,大鼠饮用含Pb2+为10、30 mg/L的含铅水3个月后,血铅含量分别为对照组大鼠的1.65倍和2.45倍。脑铅含量:10 mg/L组与对照组相比差异不显著;30 mg/L组为对照组的1.34倍,与对照组相比,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。
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表1 大鼠饮含铅水3个月后血铅和脑铅水平(±s)
Table 1 Lead level in blood and whole brain of rats after
drinking water containing Pb2+ for 3 months(±s) 铅浓度(mg/L)
Pb+ in water
血铅(μg/L)
Blood lead
, http://www.100md.com 脑铅(μg/g)
Brain lead
0
38.57±1.03
0.099±0.012
10
64.47±4.96*
0.100±0.013
30
94.67±12.87*
0.133±0.016*
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与对照组比较,*P<0.01
*P<0.01 compared with control
2.硝酸镧示踪法观察铅对血脑屏障通透性的影响:正常对照组的毛细血管有的血管腔较小,内皮细胞复盖管腔面较厚(图1);有的血管腔较大,内皮细胞复盖管腔面较薄(图2);另有些血管腔大而内皮层极薄,几乎只能看到一层内皮细胞膜(图3)。这些血管共同的特点是基膜外没有肌细胞,内皮细胞对合得十分严密,在其中任何一种血管中可看到镧盐颗粒只位于血管腔内,并沿着内皮细胞膜密集、整齐地排列,毛细血管四周的神经毡结构清晰、排列紧密。
10 mg/L染铅组的观察所见基本上与对照组相同,无论在管腔较小或较大的毛细血管中均没有观察到有镧盐颗粒渗出到基膜。
30 mg/L染铅组:在血管腔较小、内皮细胞复盖管腔面较厚的毛细血管中未见有镧盐颗粒渗出;但在血管腔较大而内皮细胞复盖管腔面较薄的毛细血管中可以清晰的看到镧盐颗粒穿过相邻内皮细胞间的缝隙,到达基膜及周细胞处(图4);特别是在血管腔大而内皮细胞复盖管腔面极薄,几乎只能看到一层内皮细胞膜的毛细血管内,可以非常清晰地看到镧盐颗粒渗出血管腔,同时可见胶质基膜高度肿胀(图5)。
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图1 对照组中血管腔较小的毛细血管,镧盐颗粒沿着内皮细胞密集排列,基膜处不见镧盐颗粒 ×6?000
Fig 1 The capillaries with small cavity in control group.Lanthanum granules closely aligned along the endotheliocyte membrane and they were not found in basement membrane ×6?000
图2 对照组中血管腔较大的毛细血管,镧盐颗粒沿着内皮细胞密集排列,基膜处不见镧盐颗粒 ×8?000
Fig 2 The capillaries with large cavity in control group.Lanthanum granules closely aligned along the endotheliocyte membrane and they were not found in basement membrane ×8?000
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图3 对照组中血管腔较大但内皮层极薄的毛细血管,镧盐颗粒沿着内皮细胞密集排列,基膜处不见镧盐颗粒×8?000
Fig 3 The capillaries with larger cavity and very thin endotheliocytoplasm in control group.Lanthanum granules closely aligned along the endotheliocyte membrane and they were not found in basement membrane ×8?000
图4 30 mg/L染铅组中,血管腔较大的毛细血管:镧盐颗粒渗透到基膜,箭头示镧盐颗粒穿过内皮细胞间的缝隙 ×8?000
Fig 4 The capillary with larger cavity in 30 mg/L group.The lanthanum granules seeped onto basement membrane.The arrow showed lanthanum granules seeped through the space between endotheliocytes ×8?000
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图5 30 mg/L染铅组中,血管腔大但内皮细胞极薄的毛细血管:镧盐颗粒渗透到基膜,同时基膜肿胀 ×12?000
Fig 5 The capillary of larger cavity but with very thin endotheliocytoplasm in 30 mg/L group,the lanthanum granules seeped onto basement membrane which was swollen ×12?000
讨论
镧盐示踪是近几年兴起的新技术,多用于研究细胞连接和细胞生物膜通透性的改变[3]。我们把少量硝酸镧加入固定液中,通过心脏灌流随固定液到达脑组织,避免了以往有关实验中先把示踪物经尾静脉注射,随后再处死动物取脑固定而可能发生示踪物本身对血脑屏障的影响[4,5],并借助电镜的高分辨力,直接观察了血脑屏障的细微结构及其通透性状况。
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根据本实验结果,在对照组和10 mg/L染铅组的毛细血管中均未观察到镧盐颗粒渗出血管壁,但在30 mg/L染铅组的管腔较大而内皮细胞复盖管腔面较薄的毛细血管中,可见镧盐颗粒渗出内皮层,同时可见基膜肿胀,说明在血铅浓度为对照组的2.45倍时,血脑屏障的通透性已有变化。这与Goldstein[6]认为的低浓度铅对大脑微环境的损害轻微且不明显的观点不符,可能是因为所用的方法和指标不同之故。
Toews[7]曾在出血性铅中毒脑病动物模型中,用原子吸收法及210Pb示踪技术分析发现:铅易富集于大脑毛细血管、微血管部分。故推测在本实验30 mg/L染铅组中,观察到血管腔较大而内皮细胞复盖管腔面较薄的毛细血管中有镧盐颗粒渗出内皮层的现象,可能是因为毛细血管腔较大,相应复盖管腔面的内皮细胞数也较多,内皮细胞间的连接也就多。铅在血管内皮细胞中积聚引起钙代谢紊乱,造成血管内皮细胞收缩,导致内皮细胞间的紧密连接结结构破坏。实验结果提示:低浓度铅影响中枢神经系统与血脑屏障的通透性发生变化有关,镧盐颗粒透出脑毛细血管内皮细胞间的缝隙是低浓度铅对大脑损害的较早期的效应指标。
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本课题受卫生部科研资金资助
参考文献
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收稿:1997-07-02
修回:1998-03-30, 百拇医药