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MK-801对大鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤时的脑保护作用*
http://www.100md.com 《中国病理生理杂志》 1999年第9期
     作者:

    单位:北京医科大学生物物理系(北京 100083)

    关键词:脑缺血;血脑屏障;脑水肿;脑梗塞

    MK 邢 虹 罗 嘉 王晓英 于桂芬 徐家z823-2.gif (144 bytes) 吴本z823.gif (150 bytes)

    摘 要 目的:在大脑中动脉闭塞后,血脑屏障通透性的改变,脑水肿和脑梗塞是最常见的病理变化。本实验观察了MK-801(dizocilpine,一种高效非竞争性NMDA受体拮抗剂)在大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞时的脑保护作用。方法:用插线法制作局灶性脑缺血模型后,测定血脑屏障通透性,脑含水量,缺血损伤面积和体积。结果:缺血组梗塞侧皮质EB含量为:(8.82±1.35) μg/g weight,在缺血前30 min加入MK-801组梗塞侧皮质伊文思蓝(EB)含量下降为:(5.14±1.20) μg/g weight(P<0.01),在缺血后30 min加入MK-801组梗塞侧皮质EB含量下降为:(6.44±1.09) μg/g weight(P<0.05);缺血组梗塞侧脑含水量为:(80.29±2.44)%,在缺血前30 min加入MK-801组梗塞侧脑含水量下降为:(75.62±1.84)%(P<0.01),在缺血后30 min加入MK-801组梗塞侧脑含水量下降为:(76.39±2.20)%(P<0.01);缺血组梗塞体积为:(495.75±55.91) mm3,在缺血前30 min加入MK-801组梗塞体积下降为:(180.65±9.67) mm3(P<0.01),在缺血后30 min加入MK-801组梗塞体积下降为:(316.08±68.93)mm3(P<0.05)。结论:MK-801不仅可防止脑梗塞体积扩大,还可改善血脑屏障通透性和降低脑水肿,而具有脑保护作用。
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    Protective effects of MK-801 on ischemic injury size, blood-brain barrier

    breakdown, and edema formatin in focal cerebral ischemia

    XING Hong, LUO Jia, WANG Xiao-Ying, YU Gui-Fen, XU Jia-Ling, WU Ben-Jie

    Department of Biophysics, Beijing Medical University, Beijing (100083)

    Abstract AIM:Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability alteration, brain edema, and cerebral infarction are general pathological changes after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The purpose of present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MK-801(dizocipine), an potent and non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist.METHODS:The model of focal cerebral ischemia was established in rats by reversible inserting a nylon thread with a diameter of 0.2 mm into the anterior cerebral artery through the internal carotid artery, we measured ischemic injury size and volume, brain edema, and BBB permeability to Evans blue. RESULTS:The Evans blue content in the cortex of the MK-801-treated group significantly reduced from ischemic group of (8.82±1.35 ) μg.g-1 weight to MK-801-treated groups of (5.14±1.20) μg.g-1 weight (P<0.01) in pre-treated, and of (6.44±1.09) μg.g-1 weight (P<0.05) in post-treated. The cerebral water content was significantly elevated from a value of (74.97±2.34)% in the contralateral hemisphere to (80.29±2.44)%, in the ischemic hemisphere. In the MK-801-treated groups, water content significantly reduced from ischemic group of (80.29±2.44)% to MK-801-treated groups of (75.62±1.84)% (P<0.01) in pre-treated, and (76.39±2.20)% (P<0.01) in post- treated. Cerebral infarction was significantly reduced in the MK-801-treated animals from a value of (495.75±55.91) mm3 in the ischemic hemisphere to MK-801-treated groups of (180.65±9.61)mm3 (P<0.01) in pre-treated, and of (316.08±68.93)mm3 (P<0.01) in post-treated.CONCLUSION:MK-801, which decreased infarction volume, and BBB permeability, attenuated ischemic brain edema significantly, has protective effect to brain.
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    MeSH Cerebral ischemia; Blood-brain barrier; Brain edema; Cerebral infarction

    在缺血性脑损伤过程中,脑水肿是一个较严重的后果,它可以进一步加重脑损伤甚至造成脑疝而使病人死亡。MK-801是一种非竞争性N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate, NMDA)受体阻断剂,脑缺血时它可以阻断由该受体介导的细胞外Ca2+大量内流造成的钙超载,而保护神经细胞免遭损伤,这一作用已被大量研究所证实。然而MK-801在局灶性脑缺血时对脑水肿的影响报道不多,本文就其对脑水肿、血脑屏障功能、脑梗塞体积的作用加以探讨。

    材料与方法

    一、主要试剂:

    MK-801(dizocilpine):购自美国Research Biochemicals公司;伊文思蓝(evans blue,EB):Fluka进口分装;红四氮唑(TTC):北京福星化工厂。
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    二、大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型制备:

    参考Longa等[1](1989)的报道,采用Wistar雄性大鼠,体重250~300 g,用10%水合氯醛0.375 g/kg体重腹腔注射,分离右侧颈部血管,从颈外动脉插入直径0.148~0.160 mm尼龙线,尼龙线经颈总动脉分叉处进入颈内动脉,并经颈内动脉入颅分枝至右侧大脑中动脉起始处,阻断该动脉,引起局灶性脑缺血。

    三、动物分组及观察指标:

    将动物随机分为缺血组:缺血后24 h处死;缺血前给药组:缺血前30 min腹腔注射0.5 mg/kg体重的MK-801,缺血后24 h处死;缺血后给药组:缺血后30 min腹腔注射0.5 mg/kg体重MK-801,缺血后24 h处死。检测指标:(1)血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier,BBB)功能测定:采用甲酰胺法[2]于动物处死前30 min拔出尼龙线,股静脉注入2% EB生理盐水2 mL/kg体重,经心脏灌流磷酸缓冲液(灌注压为12 kPa)后,断头取脑,按1 mL/100 mg脑组织加入甲酰胺溶液,60℃水浴抽提24 h,用754型分光光度计在620 nm测光密度值,作出标准曲线,得到脑组织EB含量,以代表BBB通透性变化。(2)脑含水量测定:取脑组织后称重,然后放入100℃烤箱中烤4 h,再称干重,以(湿重-干重)/湿重×100%计算脑含水量。(3)梗塞体积测定:采用TTC染色方法[3]将处死后的大鼠脑组织进行冠状切片,间隔1 mm,2% TTC染色30 min后用10%的甲醛固定、拍照,以图像分析仪(Leica Q 550 IW)测梗塞面积,并计算出梗塞体积。
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    四、统计学处理:

    所有数据用均数±标准差(±s)表示所得资料经组间t检验处理。

    结 果

    (一)脑组织BBB的变化:从表1数据可见,缺血组梗塞侧皮质EB含量明显高于缺血组非梗塞侧皮质(P<0.01),缺血前、后加入MK-801可降低皮质EB含量,与缺血组梗塞侧相比均有显著差别(P<0.01或P<0.05);缺血前、后加入MK-801皮质EB含量与缺血组非梗塞侧相比也有显著差别(P<0.01),说明MK-801可明显改善BBB通透性,但皮层EB含量仍高于非梗塞侧。缺血前、后加入MK-801对皮层EB含量的影响无差别;梗塞前后给药均对基底神经节EB含量无影响(表1)。

    表1 MK-801对大脑中动脉闭塞后24 h时脑组织EB含量的影响
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    Tab 1 Effect of MK-801 on Evans blue content in the brain 24 h after MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion) (±s, μg/g weight)

    Group

    Noninfarcted

    Infarcted

    Cortex

    Basal Ganglia

    Cortex

    Basal Ganglia
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    Ischemia (n=6)

    3.09±0.49

    3.29±0.42

    8.82±1.35**

    8.61±2.82**

    Pre-MK-801(n=7)

    2.93±0.66

    3.86±0.27

    5.14±1.20△△#

    6.04±2.39

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    2.87±0.51

    2.74±0.47

    6.44±1.09△#

    6.74±1.71

    **P<0.01, vs noninfarcted lateral; △P<0.05, △△P<0.01, vs ischemia group; #P<0.01 vs corresponding noninfarcted lateral

    (二)脑组织含水量的变化:缺血组梗塞侧脑含水量明显高于非梗塞侧(P<0.01);而缺血前、后给予MK-801,梗塞侧脑组织含水量较缺血组下降(P均<0.05)。缺血前、后给予MK-801脑组织含水量仍高于缺血组非梗塞侧(P<0.01),说明MK-801可降低脑含水量,但脑组织含水量仍高于缺血组非梗塞侧,缺血前后加药脑组织含水量的差异无显著(表2)。 表2 MK-801对大脑中动脉闭塞后24 h时脑组织水含量的影响
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    Tab 2 Effect of MK-801 on water content(%) in the brain 24 h

    after MCAO(±s)

    Group

    Noninfarcted

    Infarcted

    Ischemia (n=6)

    74.97±2.34

    80.29±2.44*
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    Pre-ischemia+MK-801(n=7)

    72.20±0.96

    75.62±1.84△△#

    Post-ischemia+MK-801(n=5)

    73.96±1.99

    76.39±2.20△△#

    *P<0.05, vs noninfarcted lateral;△△P<0.01, vs ischemia group; #P<0.05, vs corresponding noninfarcted lateral 表3 MK-801对大脑中动脉闭塞24 h时脑梗塞体积的影响
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    Tab 3 Effect of MK-801 on infarct volume 24 h after

    MCAO(±s,mm3,n=4)

    Group

    Infarct volume

    Ischemia

    495.75±55.91

    Pre-ischemia+MK-801

    180.65±9.67**
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    Post-ischemia+MK-801

    316.08±68.93*

    *P<0.05,**P<0.01, vs ischemia group t824-1.gif (1017 bytes)t824-2.gif (916 bytes)t824-3.gif (1306 bytes)t824-4.gif (1180 bytes)s
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    Fig 1 The effect of MK-801 on the infarct area at different coronal planes 24 h after MCAO 图1 MK-801对大脑中动脉闭塞24 h时不同冠状切面梗塞面积的影响

    (三)脑组织梗塞体积的变化:梗塞前、后给予MK-801,可使大鼠局灶性脑缺血的梗塞体积明显减小,与缺血组梗塞侧相比差别显著(P<0.01或P<0.05)(表3,图1)。

    讨 论

    神经细胞钙离子超载是缺血性脑损伤的重要原因之一,MK-801是一种非竞争性NMDA受体阻断剂,可以拮抗NMDA受体,阻止Ca2+内流。MK-801是水溶性的,易通过血脑屏障,在实验室治疗脑缺血是有效的。Mcculloch等实验表明,MK-801(0.5 mg/kg体重)可以显著减轻大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞时纹状体和皮质的神经元损伤[4],体外实验也证明NMDA受体拮抗剂可以预防谷氨酸介导的神经元损伤[5]。本实验进一步证实,梗塞前、后给予MK-801对大鼠局灶性脑缺血影响不同,预先给药时药物在脑梗塞即刻就可以发挥保护作用。此外,预先性给药时,药物直接由灌注血管进入被观察区,而治疗性给药时药物只能通过侧枝循环进入梗塞区,所以梗塞区的药物浓度可能小于预防给药组。
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    局灶性脑缺血时缺血区域发生水肿,Baskaya等[6]实验表明选择性NMDA受体多胺位点阻滞剂Ifenprodil可减轻猫大脑局灶性脑缺血时的脑水肿,改善血脑屏障的功能。本文MK-801具有与之相似的作用,即在闭塞大鼠大脑中动脉前或后30 min给予MK-801均明显降低了脑缺血性水肿。本实验局灶性脑缺血侧EB含量明显高于对侧,说明血脑屏障受损,缺血区微血管通透性增加,预防或治疗性给予MK-801后,大脑皮层EB含量明显下降,推测MK-801可预防或治疗性地改善局灶脑缺血时血脑屏障功能,减轻脑水胀。加入MK-801减轻脑水肿的机制可能与下列因素有关:Koenig等[7]提出,在星形胶质细胞和脑血管内皮细胞上存在NMDA受体,我们推测MK-801可能通过拮抗这一受体减轻缺血时这些细胞所受的损害。Stevens等[8]也提出MK-801可能维持内皮细胞紧密连接的完整性,这些作用保护了血脑屏障的功能,可减轻血管性水肿。

    MK-801只降低梗塞侧皮质的BBB,而没有降低基底神经节的BBB,这主要是由于在大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO)梗塞的皮质区域有从大脑前动脉(anterior cerebral artery,ACA)和大脑后动脉(posterior cerebral artery, PCA)的侧枝循环得到一定的血供。而基底神经节部分只有大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery, MCA)的豆纹动脉供血,一旦梗塞,由于没有侧枝循环,血供很难恢复。
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    Yang等[9]实验表明,预先滴入MK-801(1 mg/kg体重,iv)对局灶性脑缺血3 h再灌3 h时的血脑屏障的通透性有明显改善,并可降低脑含水量及梗塞体积,本实验测定指标与之相似,但给药量低于该实验,这是由于在本实验给予MK-801(1~3 mg/kg体重,ip)后,大鼠出现兴奋、烦躁、共济失调、行为异常等副作用,而在剂量为0.5 mg/kg时上述副作用不明显,并可使上述损伤减轻。

    * “九五”国家医学科技攻关项目 96-906A-02-21

    参考文献

    1 Longa EZ, Weinstein PR, Carlson S, et al. Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke, 1989, 20:84.
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    2 Sirois MG, Plante GE, Braquet P, et al. Role of eicosanoids in PAF-induced increases of the vascular permeability in rat airways. Br J Pharmcol, 1990, 101:896.

    3 Bederson JB, Pitts LH, Germano SM, et al. Evaluation of 2, 3, 5- Triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a stain for detection and quantification of experimental cerebral infarction in rats. Stroke, 1986, 17:1304.

    4 Mcculloch J, Ozyurt E, Part CK, et al. Glutamete receptor antagonists in experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Neurochir [Suppl]( Wien), 1993, 57:73.
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    5 Buchan AM, Slivka A, Xue D. The effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 on cerebral blood flow and infarct volume in experimental focal stroke. Brain Res, 1992, 574:171.

    6 Baskaya MK, Rao AM, Donaldson D, et al. Protective effects of ifenprodil on ischemic injury size, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and edema formation in focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosurgery, 1997, 40:364.

    7 Koenig H, Trout JI, Goldstone AD, et al. Capillary NMDA receptors regulate blood-brain barrier function and breakdown. Brain Res, 1992, 588:297.
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    8 Stevens MK, Yaksn TL. Systematic studies on the effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 on cerebral blood flow and responsibility, EEG and blood-brain barrier following complete reversible cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 1990, 10:77.

    9 Yang G, Chan PH, Chen SF, et al. Reduction of vasogenic edema and infarction by MK-801 in rats after temporary focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosurgery, 1994, 34:339.

    (1998年2月15日收稿,1998年7月8日修回), 百拇医药