书名：28天搞定托福长难句

    作者：新东方考试研究中心

    出版社：浙江教育出版社

    出版日期：2018-04-01

    ISBN：978-7-5536-6949-6前言

    托福考试是大学水平的英语使用及理解能力测试，评估考生在英语

    听、说、读、写技能方面的综合能力。托福考试是全球最为广泛也最受

    重视的英语语言考试，它获得了130多个国家(包括澳大利亚、加拿大

    及美国)逾9,000所学院、大学和机构的普遍认可。全球有超过2,700万

    人通过参加托福考试来证明其英语语言能力。随着留学热的升温，中国

    参加托福考试的人数也在逐年增加。

    目前的托福考试以互联网为依托，称为“iBT”(Internet-Based

    Test)，即托福网考，满分120分，阅读、听力、口语、写作每部分各

    30分。TPO是英文TOEFL Practice Online的缩写，即托福在线考试练

    习，是托福考试主办方ETS提供的托福官方网考练习平台，其中题目均

    为之前考过的托福原题，极具参考价值。精研TPO题目是考生取得高分

    的不二之选。

    很多托福考生对词汇和长难句的掌握往往不够，常常是单词记得不

    少，却不熟悉高频核心词汇，碰到长难句时更是束手无策。针对以上问

    题，本书精心挑选了托福考题和TPO中的560例经典难句，给出精准中

    文翻译，拆分复杂句型，补充相应的语法知识，精讲重点、难点单词和

    短语，帮助考生深入分析、透彻理解句子。通过对每一个难句的分析与

    讲解，考生可以提升句子分析能力，加快阅读速度，从容应对考试。通

    过学习本书精选的难句，考生还可以进一步充实相关的语法和词汇知

    识，掌握有效的复习思路，在了解托福试题特点的基础上，提升自身英

    语水平。

    本书设置如下：

    本书主要收录560个托福难句，拆分为28天进行训练，每篇包含20

    个句子。另外，扫描封底二维码 还可查阅更多托福经典长难句。

    佳句妙译 给出句子的精准翻译，体现原句特色，帮助考生深入理

    解，并在翻译上给考生以启发。

    句法精析 拆分句子结构，用通用的句子成分分析法进行句法剖

    析，清晰简单，一目了然。

    知识拓展 提炼句子中的关键语法点，讲解相关语法知识，帮助考生搭建语法体系。

    词汇拓展 梳理重点单词，提供经典实用例句与用法解析，帮助考

    生通过句子识记单词。

    短语搭配 摘录句中重点短语和搭配，并配以实用例句，帮助考生

    理解和运用。

    备考托福，不可一蹴而就。往往在历经千辛万苦，突破每一个难点

    之后，才能达到最终的目标。编者衷心希望本书能够助怀抱“留学梦”的

    学子们一臂之力。

    编者Day 1

    1 For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the

    eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power known

    as the Industrial Revolution【并列主句1】, and many give prominence to

    the problem of energy【并列主句2】.

    佳句妙译 多年来，历史学家们一直在寻找能够证明十八世纪工业

    革命中工业、技术和经济实力发展的重要证据，许多人都聚焦于能源问

    题。

    句法精析 这句话是并列句，整个句子的结构是并列主句1 +并列主

    句2，如英文句下标注所示。

    词汇拓展 identify [a?dent?fa?]

    v. 辨认；发现；找到

    例 They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present system. 他

    们正在尝试找出目前系统有问题的地方。

    prominence [?prɑ?m?n?ns]

    n. 重要；突出；卓越

    例 The issue was given great prominence in the press. 媒体对这个话题

    高度关注。

    2 A rotary engine attached to the steam engine【主语】 enabled shafts

    to be turned and machines to be driven【谓语】 , resulting in mills using

    steam power to spin and weave cotton【分词短语作状语】.

    佳句妙译 附属于蒸汽机引擎上的旋转引擎可以使轴转动并带动机

    器运转，使纺织机得以利用蒸汽旋转并编织棉布。

    句法精析 这句话是简单句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+宾语+补

    语+状语，如下：

    主语：A rotary engine attached to the steam engine

    谓语：enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven状语：resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton

    词汇拓展 attach [?t?t?]

    v. 把…附着；缠着；与…有关联

    例 I attach a copy of my notes for your information.我附了一份我的笔

    记供你参考。

    搭 attach to 附于…

    spin [sp?n]

    v. 快速旋转

    例 The plane was spinning out of control.飞机失去控制，不停地旋

    转。

    weave [wi?v]

    v. 编织；编排；迂回行进

    例 She is skilled at spinning and weaving. 她是纺织能手。

    3 Greater productivity and rising demands【主语】 provided【谓语】

    entrepreneurs【宾语】 with profits【补语】 that could be【定语从句】

    reinvested to take advantage of new technologies to further expand capacity,or to seek alternative investment opportunities.

    佳句妙译 更强的生产力和不断增长的需求给企业家们提供了再投

    资的机会；他们可以利用新技术获利，从而扩大产量或者寻找其他投资

    机会。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句。整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+宾语+补

    语+定语从句，如下：

    主语：Greater productivity and rising demands

    谓语：provided

    宾语：entrepreneurs

    补语：with profits

    定语从句：that could be reinvested to take advantage of new

    technologies to further expand capacity, or to seek alternative investment

    opportunities词汇拓展 entrepreneur [?ɑ?ntr?pr?n?r]

    n. 创业者；企业家

    例 Jack Ma is an entrepreneur that attracts world attention. 马云是一位

    倍受世界瞩目的创业者。

    派 entrepreneurship (n. 企业家精神)

    advantage [?d?v?nt?d?]

    n. 优势；优点

    例 You will be at an advantage if you have thought about the interview

    questions in advance. 如果你预先考虑过面试中提出的问题，就会处于优

    势。

    搭 take advantage of利用 at advantage 处于优势

    capacity [k?p?s?ti]

    n. 容器；能力；职责；生产量；功率

    例 The factory is working at full capacity. 这家工厂在开足马力生

    产。

    4 They【主语】 possess【谓语】 drought-resisting adaptations:【宾

    语】 loss of water through the leaves is reduced by means of dense hairs

    covering waxy leaf surfaces, by the closure of pores during the hottest times

    to reduce water loss, and by the rolling up or shedding of leaves at the

    beginning of the dry season【同位语从句】.

    佳句妙译 它们拥有抗干旱的适应能力：为减少水分流失，蜡质的

    叶面长满密集的绒毛，在极度炎热的时期关闭毛孔，以及在旱季初期卷

    曲或掉落叶子。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+宾语，如下：

    主语：They

    谓语：possess

    宾语：drought-resisting adaptations

    冒号后面的句子为同位语，包含三个by引导的短语，对前面的

    adaptation进行进一步解释说明。词汇拓展 possess [p?zes]

    v. 拥有；具有；支配

    例 He was charged with possessing a shotgun without a licence. 他被控

    无照拥有猎枪。

    派 possession (n. 所有物；私人物品)

    resist [r?z?st]

    v. 抵挡；阻挡；回击

    例 The bank strongly resisted cutting interest rates. 这家银行坚决抵制

    降低利率。

    派 resistance(n. 抵制；反抗)

    adaptation [?d?p?te?n]

    n. 适应；改编本

    例 Desert species have high adaptation to hot conditions.

    沙漠物种对于炎热的环境有很强的适应力。

    5 Escape【主语】 involves【谓语】 such actions as aestivation【宾

    语】, a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor【同位语】, during

    which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body temperature during the

    hot season or during very dry spells【定语从句】.

    佳句妙译 逃避行为包括诸如夏眠的这类行为，夏眠是一种长时间

    休眠或者迟缓的状态，发生在炎热季节或者干旱期， 在此期间动物会

    降低代谢速度和身体温度。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+宾语+同

    位语+定语从句，如下：

    主语：Escape

    谓语：involves

    宾语：such actions as aestivation

    同位语：a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor

    定语从句：during which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body

    temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells词汇拓展 aestivation [?est?'ve?n]

    n. 【动】夏蛰，夏眠

    搭 aestivation period 夏眠期

    condition [k?n?d?n]

    n. 状态；环境；条款；前提

    例 The motorcyclist was in a critical condition in hospital last night. 那

    位摩托车手昨晚在医院生命垂危。

    prolong [pr?l?]

    v.延长

    例 The operation could prolong his life by two or three years. 这次手术

    可使他多活两到三年的时间。

    派 prolongation(n. 延长；延伸)

    6 The sparse distribution of the feathers【主语】, however【插入语】,also allows【谓语】 considerable lateral air movement【宾语】 over the

    skin surface【状语1】, thereby permitting further heat loss by

    convection【分词作状语2】.

    佳句妙译 然而，稀疏分布的羽毛使得大量的侧面风吹过皮肤表

    面，由此通过对流带走更多热量。

    句法精析 这句话是简单句，整个句子的结构是主语 + 插入语 + 谓

    语 + 宾语+状语1 +状语2，如下：

    主语：The sparse distribution of the feathers

    插入语：however

    谓语：also allows

    宾语：considerable lateral air movement

    状语1：over the skin surface

    状语2：thereby permitting further heat loss by convection

    词汇拓展 distribution [?d?str?bju?n]

    n. 分配；分发；分销例 The map shows the distribution of this species across the world. 地

    图上标明了这一生物在全世界的分布情况。

    considerable [k?n?s?d?r?bl]

    adj. 相当多(或大、重要等)的

    例 The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money. 这项

    工程耗费了相当多的时间和资金。

    派 considerably (adv. 相当多地)

    7 A major development【主语】 was【系动词】 the discovery【表

    语】, again about 3000 B.C.E.,【状语】 that if copper, which had been

    known in Mesopotamia since about 3500 B.C.E., was mixed with tin, a much

    harder metal, bronze, would result【同位语从句】.

    佳句妙译 一项重大进步同样发生在公元前3000年，人们发现如果

    在自公元前3500年就流传于美索不达米亚的铜中混合锡这种更坚硬的金

    属，就能生产出青铜。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语 + 系动词 + 表

    语+ 状语 + 同位语从句，如下：

    主语：A major development

    系语：was

    表语：the discovery

    状语：again about 3000 B.C.E.

    表语从句：that if copper, which had been known in Mesopotamia since

    about 3500 B.C.E., was mixed with tin, a much harder metal, bronze, would

    result

    词汇拓展 discovery [d?sk?v?ri]

    n. 发现；发觉

    例 She was shocked by the discovery that he had been unfaithful. 她发

    现他不忠时感到非常震惊。

    8 An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led in about

    3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing【并列主句1】, and the earliest

    script was based on logograms, with a symbol being used to express a wholeword【并列主句2】.

    佳句妙译 一个逐渐复杂的管理体系大约在公元前3300年促使了写

    作的诞生，最早的手稿以速记符号为基础，使用一个符号表达整个单

    词。

    句法精析 这句话是并列句，整个句子的结构是并列主句1 + 并列主

    句2，如下：

    并列主句1：An increasingly sophisticated system of administration led

    in about 3300 B.C.E. to the appearance of writing

    并列主句2：and the earliest script was based on logograms, with a

    symbol being used to express a whole word

    词汇拓展 sophisticated [s?f?st?ke?t?d]

    adj. 老练的；精密的；水平高的

    例 Mark is a smart and sophisticated young man. Mark是一个聪明老

    成的年轻人。

    appearance [?p?r?ns]

    n. 外貌；起源；公开露面

    例 She had never been greatly concerned about her appearance. 她从来

    不怎么注意外貌。

    9 While population estimates are notoriously unreliable【让步状语】,scholars【主语】 assume【谓语】 that Uruk inhabitants were able to

    support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding

    the city【宾语从句】, which could be reached with a daily commute【定语

    从句】.

    佳句妙译 众所周知人口估计的数据是不可靠的，但是学者们认为

    乌鲁克居民可以通过日常与周围地区的通勤，得到周围地区出产的农产

    品以实现自给自足。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是让步状语从句 + 主

    语 +谓语 + 宾语从句 + 定语从句，如下：

    让步状语从句：While population estimates are notoriously unreliable

    主语：scholars谓语：assume

    宾语从句：that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from

    the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city

    定语从句：which could be reached with a daily commute

    词汇拓展 notoriously [no?t?ri?sli]

    adv. 众所周知地；臭名昭著地

    例 Mountain weather is notoriously difficult to predict. 山地天气难以

    预料是人所共知的。

    inhabitant [?n?h?b?t?nt]

    n. 居民；栖息动物

    例 Mike is the oldest inhabitant of the village. Mike是这个村庄最老的

    居民。

    派 inhabit(v. 居住于)

    commute [k?mju?t]

    n. 通勤 v.上下班往返；经常往返(于两地)

    例 She commutes from Oxford to London every day.她每天往返于牛

    津与伦敦之间。

    10 A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean【主语】 reveals【谓语】

    that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes【宾语从

    句】—many no longer active, some overgrown with coral【插入语】—that

    originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate【定语从

    句1】 that forms the Pacific seafloor【定语从句2】.

    佳句妙译 扫一眼太平洋的地图就能知道，处于海洋深处的众多岛

    屿其实都是火山——其中有很多已经不活动了，有一些长满了珊瑚——

    这些火山都起源于当时太平洋板块内部一些部位在形成太平洋海底时的

    地质活动。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语 + 谓语 + 宾语

    从句 + 插入语 + 定语从句1 + 定语从句2，如下：

    主语：A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean谓语：reveals

    宾语从句：that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually

    volcanoes

    插入语：many no longer active, some overgrown with coral

    定语从句1：that originated from activity at points in the interior of the

    Pacific Plate

    定语从句2：that forms the Pacific seafloor

    词汇拓展 originate [?r?d?ne?t]

    v. 起源；创立

    例 The disease is thought to have originated in the tropics.人们认为这

    种疾病起源于热带地区。

    interior [?n?t?ri?r]

    n.内部；内陆；内政

    例 The original interior of the hotel has been replaced. 酒店原来内部

    的装潢都被替换了。

    反 exterior

    11 Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates【主语】 are

    believed【谓语】 to be produced by mantle plumes【宾语】, columns of

    molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle【同位语】.

    佳句妙译 大多数发生在板块内部的火山爆发都被认为是由地幔柱

    引发的，地幔柱即从地幔深处涌出的熔岩形成的柱体。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语 + 定语从句+谓

    语 + 宾语+ 同位语+定语从句，如下：

    主语：Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates，其中包含

    that引导的定语从句

    谓语：are believed

    宾语：to be produced by mantle plumes

    同位语：columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the

    mantle，其中包含that引导的定语从句，进一步说明mantle plumes12 Low prey population levels then provide inadequate food for the

    predators【并列主句1】, causing the predator population to decrease【伴随

    状语】, and when this occurs【时间状语从句】, the prey population can

    rebound【并列主句2】.

    佳句妙译 被捕食动物数量的不足造成了捕食者食物的缺乏，使捕

    食者数量下降；当这个情况发生时，被捕食动物的数量会反弹。

    句法精析 这句话是并列复合句，整个句子的结构是并列主句1 + 伴

    随状语 + 时间状语从句 + 并列主句2，如下：

    并列主句1：Low prey population levels then provide inadequate food

    for the predators

    伴随状语：causing the predator population to decrease

    时间状语从句：when this occurs

    并列主句2：and...the prey population can rebound

    词汇拓展 predator [?pred?t?r]

    n. 捕食性动物；剥削者

    例 Some animals have no natural predators.有些动物没有天敌。

    rebound [r?ba?nd]

    v.反弹；反作用于；回升

    例 The ball rebounded from the goalpost and Owen headed it in. 球从

    门柱弹回，Owen头球将球攻进。

    13 Do increasing numbers of hares lead to overharvesting of plants【并

    列主句1】 , which in turn results in reduced hare populations【定语从句】,or do increasing numbers of lynx lead to overharvesting hares?【并列主句

    2】

    佳句妙译 是野兔数量的增长使得植物被过度破坏，随之导致了野

    兔的减少？还是山猫的增加导致了野兔被过度捕捉？

    句法精析 这句话是并列复合句，整个句子的结构是并列主句1 + 定

    语从句 + 并列主句2，如下：

    并列主句1：Do increasing numbers of hares lead to overharvesting of

    plants定语从句：which in turn results in reduced hare populations

    并列主句2：or do increasing numbers of lynx lead to overharvesting

    hares

    词汇拓展 hare [her]

    n. 野兔

    lynx [l?ks]

    n.山猫

    14 If the water table intersects the land surface【条件状语从句】,groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs, whether to be collected

    there or to subsequently flow farther along drainage【主句】.

    佳句妙译 如果地下水位与地表交叉，那么地下水会在春天流出地

    面，要么汇聚在那里，要么随着排水渠流向远方。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是条件状语从句+主

    句，如下：

    条件状语从句：If the water table intersects the land surface

    主句：groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs, whether to

    be collected there or to subsequently flow farther along drainage

    词汇拓展 intersect [?nt?r?sekt]

    v. 相交；贯穿；横断

    例 The landscape is intersected with spectacular gorges. 大地景色中点

    缀着壮观的峡谷。

    派 intersection(n. 十字路口)

    drainage [?dre?n?d?]

    n. 排水；排水系统

    例 This area has good natural drainage.这个地区有良好的天然排水系

    统。

    15 At greater depths within Earth【状语1】, the pressure of the

    overlying rock causes pores and cracks to close【并列主句1】, reducing the

    space that pore water can occupy【状语2】, and almost complete closureoccurs at a depth of about 10 kilometers【并列主句2】.

    佳句妙译 在地球更深的地方，上层岩石的压力使得小孔和裂缝闭

    合，从而减少了可储存水的空间，并且10千米以下的所有空间几乎完全

    封闭。

    句法精析 这句话是并列句，整个句子的结构是状语1 +并列主句

    1+状语2 +并列主句2，如下：

    状语1：At greater depths within Earth

    并列主句1：the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks

    to close

    状语2：reducing the space that pore water can occupy

    并列主句2：and almost complete closure occurs at a depth of about 10

    kilometers

    词汇拓展 pore [p?r]

    n. 毛孔；孔隙

    crack [kr?k]

    n. 裂缝；缝隙

    例 This cup has a crack in it. 这杯子有一道裂缝。

    16 The areas that are now desert【主语】 were【系动词】, like all arid

    regions【插入语】, very susceptible to cycles of higher and lower levels of

    rainfall【表语】, resulting in major, sudden changes in distributions of plants

    and animals【状语】.

    佳句妙译 现在这片沙漠，和所有的干旱区域一样，对大量和少量

    降雨的循环非常敏感，这些交替循环会导致动植物分布发生巨大的骤

    变。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+定语从句+系

    动词+插入语+表语+状语，如下：

    主语：The areas that are now desert，其中包含that引导的定语从句

    系动词：were

    插入语：like all arid regions

    表语：very susceptible to cycles of higher and lower levels of rainfall状语：resulting in major, sudden changes in distributions of plants and

    animals

    词汇拓展 susceptible [s?sept?bl]

    adj. 易受影响的；易受感情影响的

    例 Some plants are more susceptible to frost damage than others. 有些

    植物比其他的更易遭受霜冻危害。

    搭 susceptible to 易受…影响

    17 Under these circumstances【状语】, archaeologist Andrew Smith

    believes【主句】, the small herds of Bos primigenius in the desert became

    smaller, more closely knit breeding units as the drought took hold【宾语从

    句】.

    佳句妙译 在这些情况下，考古学家Andrew Smith认为，随着干旱

    的猖獗，沙漠上原牛的小群体变得越来越小，繁殖单位也越来越小(近

    亲繁殖的可能性增大)。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语+主句+宾语从

    句+状语从句，如下：

    状语：Under these circumstances

    主句：archaeologist Andrew Smith believes

    宾语从句：the small herds of Bos primigenius in the desert became

    smaller, more closely knit breeding units as the drought took hold，其中包

    含由as引导的原因状语从句

    词汇拓展 archaeologist [?ɑ?rki?ɑ?l?d?st]

    n. 考古学家

    18 The beasts were more disciplined【主句】, so that it was easier for

    hunters to predict their habits, and capture animals at will【结果状语从

    句】.

    佳句妙译 兽群变得更加自律，因此猎人更容易预测它们的习性并

    随意抓捕。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句 + 结果状语从

    句，如下：主句： The beasts were more disciplined

    结果状语从句：so that it was easier for hunters to predict their habits,and capture animals at will

    词汇拓展 disciplined [?d?s?pl?nd]

    adj. 纪律严明的

    例 The company takes a disciplined approach to managing costs. 公司

    对于花费的控制纪律严明。

    19 South African farmers who maintain herds of wild eland (large

    African antelopes with short, twisted horns)【主语】 report【谓语】 that the

    offspring soon diminish in size, unless wild bulls are introduced constantly

    from outside【宾语从句】.

    佳句妙译 饲养野生大羚羊群(非洲一种螺旋状短角大羚羊)的南

    非农民报告称，除非不断引入外来的野牛，否则大羚羊群的后代将很快

    减少。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+定语从句+谓

    语+宾语从句+条件状语从句，如下：

    主语：South African farmers who maintain herds of wild eland (large

    African antelopes with short, twisted horns)，其中还包含一个由who引导

    的定语从句

    谓语：report

    宾语从句：that the offspring soon diminish in size, unless wild bulls

    are introduced constantly from outside，其中还包含一个由unless引导的条

    件状语从句

    词汇拓展 maintain [me?n?te?n]

    v. 维持；维修；抚养；饲养

    例 The two countries have always maintained close relations. 这两个国

    家一直保持着密切关系。

    diminish [d?m?n?]

    v. 减少；减弱；贬低

    例 The world’s resources are rapidly diminishing. 世界资源正在迅速减少。

    同 decrease, belittle

    20 Whatever the source of the original tamed herds might have

    been【状语从句】, it seems entirely likely【主句】 that much the same

    process of juxtaposition (living side by side) and control occurred in both

    southwest Asia and northern Africa, and even in Europe, among peoples who

    had an intimate knowledge of the behavior of wild cattle【表语从句】.

    佳句妙译 不管最初被驯服的畜群来自哪里，很可能西南亚和北非

    都经历了毗邻(一起生活)与控制的相同过程，甚至在欧洲这个人们熟

    识野牛行为的地方也是如此。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语从句 + 主句 +

    表语从句，如下：

    状语从句：Whatever the source of the original tamed herds might have

    been

    主句：it seems entirely likely

    表语从句：that much the same process of juxtaposition (living side by

    side) and control occurred in both southwest Asia and northern Africa, and

    even in Europe, among peoples who had an intimate knowledge of the

    behavior of wild cattle

    词汇拓展 juxtaposition [?d?kst?p?z?n]

    n. 并置；毗邻

    intimate [?nt?m?t]

    adj.亲密的；密切的；精通的

    例 He has an intimate knowledge of the English countryside. 他对英格

    兰乡村了解得非常透彻。Day 2

    1 The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to

    communicate) in the way of life of deer【主语】 was documented【谓语】

    by a study of captive adult male deer【方式状语】 a few decades ago【时间

    状语】, which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and

    twigs, especially as autumn approached【定语从句】.

    佳句妙译 气味交流(用气味沟通)在鹿群生活中的重要性在几十

    年前就已被一个与被捕获成年雄鹿有关的学术研究证实；研究指出，雄

    鹿会用前额摩擦树杈和树枝，在秋天临近的时候尤甚。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+方式状

    语+时间状语+定语从句+宾语从句+状语从句，如下：

    主语：The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to

    communicate) in the way of life of deer

    谓语：was documented

    方式状语：by a study of captive adult male deer

    时间状语：a few decades ago

    定语从句：which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches

    and twigs, especially as autumn approached，其中又包含了that引导的宾语

    从句和as引导的状语从句

    词汇拓展 approach [?pro?t?]

    v. 接近；建议；处理

    例 As you approach the town, you’ll see the college on the left. 快到市

    镇时就可以看见左边的学院。

    2 Scrapes consist of a clearing (about 0.5 meter in diameter) and

    shallow depression made by pushing aside the leaves covering the ground;

    【并列主句1】 after making the scrape【时间状语】, the deer typically

    urinates in the depression【并列主句2】.

    佳句妙译 刮擦(动作)包括清空地面(大概是以0.5米为直径的范围)，并将地面上的叶子推到旁边弄出一个浅坑；之后，鹿一般会在坑

    处小便。

    句法精析 这句话是并列复合句，整个句子的结构是并列主句1 +时

    间状语+并列主句2，如下：

    并列主句1：Scrapes consist of a clearing (about 0.5 meter in diameter)

    and shallow depression made by pushing aside the leaves covering the

    ground

    状语：after making the scrape

    并列主句2：the deer typically urinates in the depression

    词汇拓展 scrape [skre?p]

    n. 刮擦；刮伤

    例 She emerged from the overturned car with only a few scrapes and

    bruises. 她从翻了的车里钻出来，只擦破了一点皮，碰了几块淤青。

    urinate [?j?r?ne?t]

    v.排尿

    派 urination(n. 排尿；小便)

    3 It【主语】 is generally made【谓语】 with carefully selected and

    purified clay【状语】, worked to thin-walled and standardized shapes on a

    fast wheel and fired in a kiln (pottery oven) capable of ensuring a consistent

    finish【过去分词结构作定语】.

    佳句妙译 一般这种陶器是由精心挑选的提纯黏土制成，将黏土在

    快速转轮上做成薄壁的标准化形状，之后再在窑(陶器烤炉)中烧制成

    形。

    句法精析 这句话是简单句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+状语+定

    语，如下：

    主语：It

    谓语：is generally made

    状语：with carefully selected and purified clay

    过去分词结构作定语修饰clay：worked to thin-walled and

    standardized shapes on a fast wheel and fired in a kiln (pottery oven) capableof ensuring a consistent finish

    词汇拓展 purify [?pj?r?fa?]

    v.净化；洗涤；精炼

    例 One tablet will purify a liter of water. 一片即可净化一升水。

    consistent [k?n?s?st?nt]

    adj. 一致的；连续的，连贯的

    例 He has been Milan’s most consistent player this season.他是米兰队

    本赛季状态最稳定的球员。

    反 inconsistent

    4 These vessels are solid (brittle, but not fragile)【并列主句1】, they

    are pleasant and easy to handle (being light and smooth)【并列主句2】,and, with their hard and sometimes glossy (smooth and shiny) surfaces【条

    件状语】, they hold liquids well and are easy to wash【并列主句3】.

    佳句妙译 这些容器都很坚硬(易碎，但不脆弱)，它们看上去赏

    心悦目并且易于拿握(轻且光滑)，而且它们还拥有坚硬时而平滑光亮

    的表面，使得它们适于承载液体，并且容易清洗。

    句法精析 这句话是并列句，整个句子的结构是并列主句1 +并列主

    句2 +状语+并列主句3，如下，并列主句1：These vessels are solid (brittle, but not fragile)

    并列主句2：they are pleasant and easy to handle (being light and

    smooth)

    条件状语：and, with their hard and sometimes glossy(smooth and

    shiny) surfaces

    并列主句3：they hold liquids well and are easy to wash

    词汇拓展 solid [?sɑ?l?d]

    adj. 坚硬的；实心的；可信赖的；纯质的

    例 They were drilling through solid rock.他们正在把实心岩钻通。

    5 When people today are shown a very ordinary Roman pot and, in

    particular, are allowed to handle it【条件状语从句】, they often commenton how modern it looks and feels【并列主句1】, and they need to be

    convinced of its true age.【并列主句2】

    佳句妙译 今天当人们看到一个普通的罗马壶，尤其是可以用手拿

    的时候，他们通常会评论说这个壶的外观和感觉非常现代，而且需要别

    人说服他们相信这个壶真实的出产年份。

    句法精析 这句话是并列复合句，整个句子的结构是条件状语从句

    +并列主句1 +并列主句2，如下：

    条件状语：When people today are shown a very ordinary Roman pot

    and, in particular, are allowed to handle it

    并列主句1：they often comment on how modern it looks and feels

    并列主句2：and they need to be convinced of its true age

    词汇拓展 comment [?kɑ?ment]

    v. 评论；表达意见

    例 I don’t feel I can comment on their decision.我觉得我无法对他们

    的决定做出评论。

    搭 comment on sth.sb. 对某人某事做出评论

    convince [k?n?v?ns]

    v. 说服；使确信

    例 You’ll need to convince them of your enthusiasm. 你要使他们相信

    你的热情。

    搭 convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事

    6 Unfortunately【条件状语】, it is in the nature of the archaeological

    evidence【强调句】, which is almost invariable only a sample of what once

    existed【定语从句】, that such figures will always be elusive .

    佳句妙译 不幸的是，考古学证据的自然特性决定了每一个存在过

    的物种都无一例外的只有一份样本，因此这样的数据也常常让人难以捉

    摸。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语+强调句+定语

    从句，如下：

    条件状语：Unfortunately强调句：it is in the nature of the archaeological evidence that such

    figures will always be elusive，其中which is almost invariable only a

    sample of what once existed为定语从句，修饰evidence

    词汇拓展 invariable [?n?ver?ri?bl]

    adj. 始终如一的；永无变化的

    例 Her routine was invariable.她的日常生活总是千篇一律。

    同 unchanging

    elusive [i?lu?s?v]

    adj. 难以理解的

    例 A solution to the problem of toxic waste is proving elusive. 针对有

    毒废料的解决方案让人难以理解。

    7 This abundance【主语】 is【系动词】 notable in Roman

    settlements (especially urban sites)【表语】 where the labor that

    archaeologists have to put into the washing and sorting of potsherds

    (fragments of pottery) constitutes a high proportion of the total work during

    the initial phases of excavation.【定语从句】

    佳句妙译 这种繁盛在罗马居住区，尤其是在城市地区尤其显著；

    在这些地方，考古人员必须将陶瓷碎片进行清洗和分类，这些工作在挖

    掘初期占据了很大的工作比重。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+系动词+表语

    +定语从句，如下：

    主语：This abundance

    系语：is

    表语：notable in Roman settlements (especially urban sites)

    定语从句：where the labor that archaeologists have to put into the

    washing and sorting of potsherds (fragments of pottery) constitutes a high

    proportion of the total work during the initial phases of excavation，其中还

    包含由that引导的定语从句

    词汇拓展 initial [?n?l]

    adj. 最初的，开始的例 My initial reaction was to decline the offer. 我最初的反应是婉言谢

    绝这个提议。

    excavation [?eksk?ve?n]

    n. 发掘，挖掘

    例 The excavation of the buried city took a long time. 发掘埋在地下的

    城市花了很长时间。

    8 However【状语】, there is one exceptional dump【there be 句型】,which does represent a very large part of the site’s total history of

    consumption【定语从句1】 and for which an estimate of quantity has been

    produced.【定语从句2】

    佳句妙译 但是，有一个废墟例外，它代表了该遗址一直以来绝大

    部分的陶器消耗量，通过消耗量就可以估计产量。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语+ there be句型

    +定语从句1 +定语从句2，如下：

    状语：However

    There be句型：there is one exceptional dump

    定语从句1：which does represent a very large part of the site’s total

    history of consumption

    定语从句2：and for which an estimate of quantity has been produced

    词汇拓展 exceptional [?k?sep?nl]

    adj. 例外的；异常的

    例 At the age of five he showed exceptional talent as a musician.他五岁

    时就表现出非凡的音乐才华。

    同 outstanding

    反 unexceptional

    consumption [k?n?s?mp?n]

    n. 消耗量；消费

    例 Gas and oil consumption always increases in cold weather. 燃气和

    燃油的消耗量在天冷的时候总会增加。9 It has been estimated that Monte Testaccio contains the remains of

    some 53 million amphorae,【主句】 in which around 6,000 million liters of

    oil were imported into the city from overseas.【定语从句】

    佳句妙译 据估计，Monte Testaccio山上大约有5300万件两耳细颈油

    罐的碎片，由此可知这个城市从海外进口了60亿公升的油。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句，如

    下：

    主句：It has been estimated that Monte Testaccio contains the remains

    of some 53 million amphorae

    定语从句：in which around 6,000 million liters of oil were imported

    into the city from overseas

    10 The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated【主

    句】 when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem come into

    competition【状语从句1】, as happened 2 million years ago at the end of

    Pliocene【状语从句2】, when North and South America became joined by

    the Isthmus of Panama.【定语从句】

    佳句妙译 当在一个生态系统中所有的动植物都进入了竞争状态

    时，这种竞争的影响就会被生动地展现出来。正如200万年前的上新世

    末年，南北美洲被巴拿马地峡连接时发生的情况那样。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+状语从句1

    +状语从句2 +定语从句，如下：

    主句：The effects of such competition are graphically demonstrated

    状语从句1：when all the animals or all the plants in an ecosystem

    come into competition

    状语从句2：as happened 2 million years ago at the end of Pliocene

    定语从句：when North and South America became joined by the

    Isthmus of Panama

    词汇拓展 graphically [?ɡr?f?kli]

    adv. 以书画(或图表)形式；生动地

    例 The murders are graphically described in the article. 这篇文章对几

    起凶杀案做了生动的描述。11 The result【主语】 was【系动词】 the extermination of a large

    fraction of the South American mammals【表语】, which were apparently

    unable to withstand the competition from invading North American【定语从

    句】 species—although added predation was also an important factor.【让步

    状语从句】

    佳句妙译 结果导致了大批南美洲哺乳动物的灭绝，很明显，它们

    没能经得住北美入侵物种的竞争——虽然捕食者增加也是一个重要因

    素。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+系动词+表语

    +定语从句+让步状语从句，如下：

    主语：The result

    系动词：was

    表语：the extermination of a large fraction of the South American

    mammals

    定语从句：which were apparently unable to withstand the competition

    from invading North American species

    让步状语从句：although added predation was also an important factor

    词汇拓展 extermination [?k?st?rm?ne?n]

    n. 灭绝；毁灭

    例 The following is a list of ants extermination techniques using simple

    tools. 下面列出了一系列使用简单工具灭蚁的方法。

    withstand [w?θ?st?nd]

    v. 承受；抵住；经受住

    例 The materials used have to be able to withstand high temperature. 所

    有使用的材料必须能够耐高温。

    同 resist, stand up to

    12 On the basis of these experiments and of field observations【状

    语】, the so-called law of competitive exclusion【主语】 was

    formulated【谓语】, according to which no two species can occupy the

    same niche【定语从句】.佳句妙译 在这些实验和实地观察的基础上，建立了所谓的竞争排

    外法则；根据这个法则，两个物种不可能同时占有同一个生态位。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语+主语+谓语+定

    语从句，如下：

    状语：On the basis of these experiments and of field observations

    主语：the so-called law of competitive exclusion

    谓语：was formulated

    定语从句：according to which no two species can occupy the same

    niche

    词汇拓展 niche [n?t?]

    n. 商机；生态位；舒心的工作

    例 They spotted a niche in the market, with no serious competition. 他

    们看到市场上一个竞争不激烈的商机。

    13 No one knows exactly when the waterwheel was invented【并列主

    句1(主语+谓语+宾语从句)】, but irrigation systems existed at least

    5,000 years ago【并列主句2(主语+谓语+状语)】, and it seems probable

    that the earliest waterpower device was the noria,【并列主句3(形式主语

    +系动词+表语+主语从句)】 a waterwheel that raised water for irrigation

    in attached jars.【同位语】

    佳句妙译 没有人知道水车具体是在什么时候被发明的，但是灌溉

    系统至少在5000年前就已存在，而且最早的水利设备很可能是戽水车

    ——一种使连接水缸中的水位上升的灌溉设施。

    句法精析 这句话是并列复合句，整个句子的结构是并列主句1 +并

    列主句2 +并列主句3 +同位语，如英文句下标注所示。

    词汇拓展 irrigation [?r?ɡe?n]

    n. 灌溉

    14 The earliest waterpower mills【主语】 were【系动词】 probably

    vertical-axis mills for grinding corn【表语】, known as Norse or Greek

    mills【分词短语作定语】, which seem to have appeared during the first or

    second century B.C. in the Middle East and a few centuries later in

    Scandinavia.【定语从句】佳句妙译 最早的水力研磨机可能是用于研磨谷物的纵轴研磨机，它们被称作挪威研磨机或者希腊研磨机，似乎出现于公元前一或二世纪

    期间的中东，几个世纪之后又出现在斯堪的纳维亚。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+系动词+表语

    +定语+定语从句，如下：

    主语：The earliest waterpower mills

    系动词：were

    表语：probably vertical-axis mills for grinding corn

    定语：known as Norse or Greek mills

    定语从句：which seem to have appeared during the first or second

    century B.C. in the Middle East and a few centuries later in Scandinavia

    词汇拓展 grind [ɡra?nd]

    v. 研磨；磨利

    例 The flour is ground using traditional methods. 这面粉用传统方式研

    磨而成。

    15 One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play【主语】

    is【系动词】 that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other

    circumstance—dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting.【表语

    从句】

    佳句妙译 定义“玩耍”的难点之一就是，玩耍过程中常常会包含一

    些如统治、捕食、竞争和搏斗等情况下也会发生的相似行为。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+系动词+表语

    从句，如下：

    主语：One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play

    系动词：is

    表语从句：that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other

    circumstance—dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting

    词汇拓展 dominance [?dɑ?m?n?ns]

    n. 支配；统治

    例 In this situation one gene has dominance over the other gene. 在这种情况下，一种基因比另一种基因更占优势。

    16 One Group developed in an “enriched” environment【并列主句1】,which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive

    maze training;【定语从句】 the other Group lived in an “impoverished”

    environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little

    stimulation【并列主句2】.

    佳句妙译 第一组成长在一个比较“富裕”的环境中，在这样的环境

    中老鼠可以相互接触，玩玩具，并接受迷宫训练。另一组生活在“穷

    困”的环境中，它们被养在独立的笼子里，只有微弱的光照和极少的刺

    激。

    句法精析 这句话是并列复合句。整个句子的结构是并列主句1 +定

    语从句+并列主句2，如下：

    并列主句1：One Group developed in an “enriched” environment

    定语从句：which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with

    toys, and receive maze training

    并列主句2：the other Group lived in an “impoverished” environment

    in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation

    词汇拓展 impoverished [?m?pɑ?v?r?t]

    adj. 赤贫的，贫乏的

    例 They live in the impoverished areas of the city. 他们住在这个城市

    的贫民区。

    17 Learning appropriate social behaviors【主语】 is【系动词】

    especially important【表语】 for species【补语】 that live in Groups,【定

    语从句 1】 like young monkeys【后置定语】 that needed to learn to

    control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take

    involved in social Groups【定语从句2】.

    佳句妙译 学习恰当的社交行为对于群居动物尤为重要，比如青年

    猴子需要学会控制自己的自私和攻击性，并学着了解社会群体中的迁

    就。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+系动词+表语

    +补语+定语从句1 +后置定语+定语从句2，如下：

    主语：Learning appropriate social behaviors系动词：is

    表语：especially important

    补语：for species

    定语从句1：that live in Groups

    后置定语：like young monkeys

    定语从句2：that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression

    and to understand the give-and-take involved in social Groups

    词汇拓展 give-and-take

    n. 妥协

    18 Such changes are all but invisible over the short time scale of

    modern observations【并列主句1】, and, it is argued【插入语】, they are

    usually obscured by innumerable gaps in the imperfect fossil record.【并列

    主句2】

    佳句妙译 这种改变到处都是，但是运用现代观察法短时间内是无

    法发现的，而且有人认为，它们通常被掩盖于有瑕疵的化石纪录的无数

    缺口中。

    句法精析 这句话是并列句。整个句子的结构是并列主句1+连接词

    +并列主句2，如英文句下标注所示。

    词汇拓展 obscure [?b?skj?r]

    v. 掩盖；使难理解

    例 Trees obscured his vision; he couldn’t see much of the Square’s

    southern half. 树木遮挡了他的视线，南半广场的一大部分他都无法看

    清。

    innumerable [?nu?m?r?bl]

    adj. 多得数不清的，很多的

    例 Innumerable books have been written on the subject. 已经有无数书

    籍写过这个主题。

    同 countless

    19 In 1972【时间状语】 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and NilesEldredge【主语】 challenged【谓语】 conventional wisdom【宾语】 with

    an opposing viewpoint【状语】, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis【同

    位语】, which posits【定语从句】 that species give rise to new species in

    relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period.【宾语从句】

    佳句妙译 1972年古生物学者Stephen Jay Gould和Niles Eldredge用相

    反的论点——断点平衡假说——挑战了世俗认知，该理论提出物种演变

    为新的物种是通过相对突然的爆发，并非通过长时间的过渡期。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语+主语+谓语+宾

    语+状语+同位语+定语从句，如下：

    时间状语：In 1972

    主语：paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge

    谓语：challenged

    宾语：conventional wisdom

    状语：with an opposing viewpoint

    同位语：the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis

    定语从句：which posits that species give rise to new species in

    relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period，其中包含由

    that引导的宾语从句

    短语搭配 conventional wisdom 世俗认知

    give rise to 引起；导致

    20 A convincing 50-million-year sequence of modern horse

    ancestors【主语】—each slightly larger, with more complex teeth, a longer

    face, and a more prominent central toe【插入语】 —seemed to provide【谓

    语】 strong support【宾语】 for Darwin’s contention【状语】 that species

    evolve gradually.【同位语从句】

    佳句妙译 一个5000万年间的现代马祖先的进化模型序列更具有说

    服力，每一代都比之前稍大一些，牙齿更复杂一些，脸更长一些，中间

    的脚趾也更突出。这一切似乎都为达尔文认为物种是逐步进化的观点提

    供了强有力的支持。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+插入语+谓语

    +宾语+状语+同位语从句，如下：

    主语：A convincing 50-million-year sequence of modern horseancestors

    插入语：each slightly larger, with more complex teeth, a longer face,and a more prominent central toe

    谓语：seemed to provide

    宾语：strong support

    状语：for Darwin’s contention that species evolve gradually，其中包

    含由that引导的同位语从句

    词汇拓展 prominent [?prɑ?m?n?nt]

    adj. 杰出的；显眼的，突出的

    例 He played a prominent part in the campaign.他在这次运动中发挥

    了重要作用。

    同 noticeableDay 3

    1 Once known【状语1】, it spread rapidly【主句】, driving out water

    clocks but not solar dials【状语2】, which were needed to check the new

    machines against the timekeeper of last resort.【定语从句】

    佳句妙译 一旦被人们所知，它就传播得非常快；人们逐渐舍弃水

    钟表，但仍保留着日晷，这个方法还被用来核对新的计时仪器较之前计

    时法的准确度。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语1 + 主句 + 状语

    2 + 定语从句，如下：

    状语1：Once known

    主句：it spread rapidly

    状语2：driving out water clocks but not solar dials

    定语从句：which were needed to check the new machines against the

    timekeeper of last resort

    词汇拓展 rudimentary [?ru?d?mentri]

    adj.基础的；基本的

    例 They were only given rudimentary training in the job.他们仅仅受到

    过基本的职业训练。

    2 Evolutionary biologists【主语】 believe【谓语】 that speciation【宾

    语从句】, the formation of a new species, often begins【同位语】 when

    some kind of physical barrier arises and divides a population of a single

    species into separate subpopulations.【状语从句】

    佳句妙译 进化生物学家认为物种形成(也就是新物种的产生)通

    常从某种物理障碍(地理隔离)的出现开始，这种隔离会把一个单一物

    种分为隔离的亚种群。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句。整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+宾语从

    句+同位语+状语从句，如下：主语：Evolutionary biologists

    谓语：believe

    宾语从句：that speciation often begins

    同位语：the formation of a new species

    状语从句：when some kind of physical barrier arises and divides a

    population of a single species into separate subpopulations

    词汇拓展 evolutionary [?i?v?lu?neri]

    adj.进化的，演变的

    搭 evolutionary theory 进化论

    3 Physical separation between subpopulations promotes the formation

    of new species【主句】 because once the members of one subpopulation can

    no longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot

    exchange variant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations.【原因状语从

    句】

    佳句妙译 隔离亚种群会促进新物种的产生，因为一旦一个亚种群

    中的成员无法与其他亚种群中的成员交配，那么亚种群之间就无法交换

    任意种群中的变种基因。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句。整个句子的结构是主句+状语从句，如

    下：

    主句：Physical separation between subpopulations promotes the

    formation of new species

    状语从句：because once the members of one subpopulation can no

    longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchange

    variant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations，其中还包含由once引

    导的条件状语从句

    词汇拓展 mate [me?t]

    v. (动物间)交配

    例 Do foxes ever mate with dogs?狐狸会和狗交配吗？

    搭 mate with 和…交配

    4 Because Graves’ study of geographically isolated populations ofisthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process of gradual

    accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive,【原因状语从句】

    divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.【主

    句】

    佳句妙译 因为Graves关于地峡鱼类地域隔离的种群研究为中性或

    适应性的变异逐渐积累的初期过程提供了一些线索，这里的差异可能会

    给正在形成的异域性物种提供证据。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语从句+主句，如

    下：

    原因状语从句：Because Graves’ study of geographically isolated

    populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimpse of the beginning of a process

    of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive

    主句：divergences here might be evidence of allopatric speciation in

    process

    词汇拓展 accumulation [?kju?mj?le?n]

    n. 积累

    例 She has a large accumulation of famous paintings. 她收集了很多名

    画。

    divergence [da?v?rd?ns]

    n. 分歧

    例 They have a wide divergence of opinion concerning this topic. 在这

    个问题上他们的意见有严重分歧。

    5 Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarily as a way of

    giving children a good start academically【状语从句】, Japanese parents

    view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be

    members of a Group.【主句】

    佳句妙译 中国的父母都认为上学前班可以帮孩子们打开学术的大

    门，而日本父母则把学前班看作一个让孩子融入集体的机会。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语从句+主句，如

    下：

    状语从句：Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarilyas a way of giving children a good start academically

    主句：Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving

    children the opportunity to be members of a Group

    词汇拓展 academically [?k?dem?kli]

    adv. 学术上地

    例 You have to do well academically to get into medical school. 你得学

    习成绩优良才能进入医学院。

    primarily [pra?mer?li]

    adv. 主要地；根本地

    例 The problem is not primarily a financial one.这个问题基本上不是

    财政问题。

    6 While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on

    social and emotional factors,【状语从句】 some are geared mainly toward

    promoting cognitive gains and preparing preschoolers for the formal

    instruction【主句】 they will experience【定语从句】 when they start

    kindergarten.【时间状语从句】

    佳句妙译 许多为学龄前儿童设计的课程项目将重点集中在社交和

    情感方面，而有些主要旨在提升学龄前孩子的认知能力，并为他们接受

    幼儿园正规指导做好准备。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语从句+主句，如

    下：

    状语从句：While many programs designed for preschoolers focus

    primarily on social and emotional factors

    主句：some are geared mainly toward promoting cognitive gains and

    preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction they will experience when

    they start kindergarten，包含一个省略了先行词的定语从句they will

    experience以及时间状语从句when they start kindergarten

    词汇拓展 cognitive [?kɑ?ɡn?t?v]

    adj.认知的；感知的

    搭 cognitive psychology 认知心理学7 In addition【状语】, results from other types of preschool readiness

    programs【主语】 indicate【谓语】 that those who participate and graduate

    are less likely to repeat grades, and they are more likely to complete school

    than readiness program.【宾语从句】

    佳句妙译 此外，从其他类型的学龄前预备项目的结果来看，那些

    参加过学前项目并且毕业的孩子很少复读；比起预备项目，他们更愿意

    完成学校课程。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语+主语+谓语+宾

    语从句，如下：

    状语：In addition

    主语：results from other types of preschool readiness programs

    谓语：indicate

    宾语从句：that those who participate and graduate are less likely to

    repeat grades, and they are more likely to complete school than readiness

    program

    词汇拓展 indicate [?nd?ke?t]

    v. 表明；暗示；显示

    例 Records profits in the retail market indicate a boom in the economy.

    零售市场上有史以来的最高利润显示出经济的突飞猛进。

    8 The most recent comprehensive evaluation of early intervention

    programs【主语】 suggests【谓语】 that, taken as a Group, preschool

    programs can provide significant benefits【宾语从句1】, and that

    government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in

    future costs.【宾语从句2】

    佳句妙译 关于早期介入项目的最新综合评估表明，总体来说，学

    前项目可以带来巨大的收益，政府在学龄早期投入的资金最终会减少未

    来的花销。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语+谓语+宾语从

    句1+宾语从句2，如下：

    主语：The most recent comprehensive evaluation of early intervention

    programs

    谓语：suggests宾语从句1：that, taken as a Group, preschool programs can provide

    significant benefits

    宾语从句2：and that government funds invested early in life may

    ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs

    词汇拓展 comprehensive [?kɑ?mpr?hens?v]

    adj. 全部的；综合性的

    例 Comprehensive education is designed for students of all abilities in

    the same school. 综合性教学是为全校所有的学生设计的。

    intervention [?nt?r?ven?n]

    n. 介入；干扰

    例 He calls for government intervention to save the steel industry.他呼

    吁政府出面挽救钢铁业。

    9 For instance, compared with children who did not participate in early

    intervention programs【状语】, participants in various programs【主语】

    showed【谓语】 gains in emotional or cognitive development【宾语

    1】,better educational outcomes【宾语2】, increased economic self-

    sufficiency【宾语3】, reduced levels of criminal activity【宾语4】, and

    improved health-related behaviors【宾语5】.

    佳句妙译 比如说，与没有参与早期介入项目的孩子相比，参加了

    多样化学前项目的孩子提高了情感和认知能力，取得了更好的教育成

    果，提高了经济上的自足能力，降低了犯罪行为发生的频率，并改进了

    健康相关行为。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语 + 主语 + 谓语+

    宾语1 + 宾语2 + 宾语3 + 宾语4 + 宾语5，如下：

    状语：compared with children who did not participate in early

    intervention programs，其中含有由who引导的定语从句

    主语：participants in various programs

    谓语：showed

    宾语1：gains in emotional or cognitive development

    宾语2：better educational outcomes宾语3：increased economic self-sufficiency

    宾语4：reduced levels of criminal activity

    宾语5：and improved health-related behaviors

    10 In short【状语】, children【主语】 require【谓语】 development

    of appropriate educational practice【宾语】, which is education that is based

    on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.

    【定语从句】

    佳句妙译 总之，孩子们需要得到适当的教育实践，即基于孩子的

    典型发展和独特个性的教育。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语+主语+谓语+宾

    语+定语从句，如下：

    状语：In short

    主语：children

    谓语：require

    宾语：development of appropriate educational practice

    定语从句：which is education that is based on both typical

    development and the unique characteristics of a given child，其中还包含一

    个由that引导的定语从句

    词汇拓展 practice [?pr?kt?s]

    n. 实践；做法；习惯

    例 She is determined to put her new ideas into practice. 她决心要把自

    己的新想法付诸实践。

    typical [?t?p?kl]

    adj. 典型的；一贯的

    例 This is a typical example of Roman pottery.这是一件典型的罗马陶

    器。

    同 representative

    反 atypical, untypical

    11 The rate【主语】 at which a site is colonized by plants【定语从句1】 depends on【谓语动词短语】 both the rate【宾语1】 at which

    individual organisms (seeds, spores, immature or mature individuals) arrive

    at the site【定语从句2】 and their success at becoming established and

    surviving.【宾语2】

    佳句妙译 植物在某一地点大批生长的速度取决于以下两个因素：

    生物体(种子、孢子、不成熟或成熟的个体)抵达这个区域的速度，以

    及它们能在此处立足和生存的成功率。

    句法精析 这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是主语 + 定语从句1 +

    谓语动词短语 + 宾语1 + 定语从句2 + 宾语2，如下：

    主语：The rate

    定语从句1：at which a site is colonized by plants，修饰先行词the rate

    谓语动词短语：depends on

    宾语1：the rate

    定语从句2：at which individual organisms (seeds, spores, immature or

    mature individuals) arrive at the site，修饰先行词the rate

    宾语2：their success at becoming established and surviving

    句子的主干是：The rate depends on both the rate and their success at

    becoming established and surviving.

    知识拓展 在该句的两个定语从句中，关系代词which均充当介词at

    的宾语，固定搭配为at the rate。此种情况下，介词既可以置于从句之

    首，亦可置于从句之末，但以置于从句之首较为正式。如：This is the

    room in which he used to live. This is the room which he used to live in. 在

    以上例句中，live in the room是固定搭配；the room被提前，作为定语从

    句的先行词，剩下live in这一部分与关系代词构成从句部分，这时，介

    词in既可以置于从句之首，亦可置于从句之末，如例句所示。两者意义

    并无差别。

    词汇拓展 colonize [?kɑ?l?na?z]

    v. (植物)在…大批生长；(动物)在…聚居；将…建成殖民地，(使)殖民化

    例 The slopes are colonized by flowering plants. 斜坡上长满了开花植

    物。

    派 colonization(n. 殖民化)organism [?rɡ?n?z?m]

    n. 有机体，生物体

    例 The amoeba is a very simple organism. 变形虫是一种很简单的生

    物体。

    短语搭配 depend on 依靠，依赖；取决于

    例 The temperature varies depending on the season. 气温随季节变

    化。

    12 Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a

    site available for colonization【主句】 —a safe site【同位语】 where

    disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing

    species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a

    level at【定语从句1】 which the invading species can become established.

    【定语从句2】

    佳句妙译 植物能够大量生长在很大程度上取决于有一个非常适合

    繁衍的场所——这是一个安全的场所，因为在这里，火灾或林木砍伐所

    造成的混乱，要么赶走了竞争物种，要么减少了竞争程度和其他负面活

    动，使得入侵物种可在此立足。

    句法精析 这是一个复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句1+定

    语从句2，如下：

    主句：Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being

    a site available for colonization

    同位语：a safe site

    定语从句1：where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has

    either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other

    negative interactions to a level

    定语从句2：at which the invading species can become established

    该句破折号后面的内容是对主句中a site的补充说明。主句中包含一

    个插入语to a great extent，删除后对主句的含义不造成影响。

    知识拓展 there being和there to be的用法区别：

    1. there being的用法

    作介词后的复合宾语，通常表示“已经存在”的事物。如：I’ve never dreamed of there being a grand swimming pool in the house.

    我从未想过房子里会有个大游泳池。

    作状语用的独立结构。如：

    There being nothing else to be discussed, the manager dismissed the

    meeting quickly. 因为没有什么要讨论的了，经理很快解散了会议。

    2. there to be的用法

    用作动词的复合宾语。如：

    I didn’t expect there to be a supermarket in a country village like this. 我

    没想到在这样的乡村里会有超市。

    用在介词for之后。如：

    It is impossible for there to be any chance to win the match. 没有机会赢

    得比赛了。

    注意：there being 也可用作动词宾语，而究竟使用哪种结构取决于

    动词的常用搭配。若动词后常跟动名词，则使用there being，如deny,appreciate, mind等；若动词后常跟不定式，则使用there to be，如expect,want, like等。

    介词后要接动名词，因此通常都会使用there being结构，但在介词

    for后，应使用there to be结构。

    词汇拓展 disturbance [d?st?rb?ns]

    n. 骚乱；打扰；弄乱

    例 He was charged with causing a disturbance after the game. 他被指控

    在赛后引起骚乱。

    派 disturb (v. 打扰；使不安；弄乱，搅乱)

    invade [?n?ve?d]

    v. 侵略；大量涌入；侵扰

    例 Troops invaded on August 9th that year. 那年8月9日，军队入侵。

    短语搭配 to a great extent 很大程度上

    例 To a great extent what she argues is true. 她的辩护在很大程度上是

    真的。either…or… 要么…要么…，或者…或者…

    例 You either love him or hate him. 你不是爱他就是恨他。

    13 A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of

    weeds【并列主句1】, whereas a neighboring construction site【并列主句

    2】 from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse,【定语从句】 infertile parent material may remain virtually free of

    vegetation for many months or even years【并列主句2】 despite receiving

    the same input of seeds as the plowed field.【介词短语作让步状语】

    佳句妙译 一片犁过的肥沃土地很快会滋生大量的野草，而邻近的

    建筑区，就算播种下同翻耕区一样的种子，因其土壤经过压实或移除，裸露在外的母质层过于粗糙且不肥沃，因此数月或数年里几乎都不可能

    被植被覆盖。

    句法精析 这是一个并列复合句，整个句子的结构是：并列主句1

    +并列主句2 +定语从句+让步状语，如下：

    并列主句1：A fertile, plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety

    of weeds

    并列主句2：whereas a neighboring construction site...may remain

    virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years

    定语从句：from which the soil has been compacted or removed to

    expose a coarse, infertile parent material

    让步状语：despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed

    field

    词汇拓展 whereas [?wer?z]

    conj. 然而；鉴于

    例 We thought she was arrogant, whereas in fact she was just very shy.

    我们原以为她很傲慢，但其实她只是比较害羞而已。

    compact [k?m?p?kt]

    v. 压实；压缩

    例 The road is covered by a thick layer of compacted snow. 道路被一

    层厚实的雪覆盖住了。vegetation [?ved?te?n]

    n. 植被；无所事事

    例 Desert areas have little vegetation. 沙漠地区罕有植被。

    14 Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants【主句】, such as

    those that produce fewer but larger seeds【定语从句1】 that are dispersed to

    suitable sites by birds or small mammals【定语从句2】 or those that

    produce long-lived seeds.【定语从句3】

    佳句妙译 一些植物发展出了其他可行的办法，例如，有的植物长

    出少量却形态较大的种子，通过鸟或小型哺乳动物将种子传播到合适的

    栖息地；有的植物则生长出寿命较长的种子。

    句法精析 这是一个主从复合句。整个句子的结构是：主句+定语从

    句1 +定语从句2 +定语从句3，如下：

    主句：Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants

    定语从句1：that produce fewer but larger seeds

    定语从句2：that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small

    mammals

    定语从句3：that produce long-lived seeds

    在这个句子中，定语从句1和3为并列关系，由or连接，两者均修饰

    先行词those，指代plants；定语从句1和定语从句2则为包含关系，后者

    修饰前者的宾语seeds。

    词汇拓展 alternative [?l?t?rn?t?v]

    adj. 可供替代的，备选的；非传统的

    例 Do you have an alternative solution? 你有其他解决办法吗？

    disperse [d?sp?rs]

    v. 散去，消散；传播

    例 The crowd dispersed quickly. 人群很快散去了。

    同 scatter

    15 This is particularly important for species【主句】 that colonize an

    environment【定语从句1】 where there is no existing vegetation toameliorate climatic extremes【定语从句2】 and in which there may be great

    climatic diversity.【定语从句3】

    佳句妙译 对于要迁居到没有植被去改善极端气候条件且气候极具

    多样性的地方的物种来说，这点尤其重要。

    句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+定语从句

    1 +定语从句2 +定语从句3，如下：

    主句：This is particularly important for species

    定语从句1：that colonize an environment

    定语从句2：where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic

    extremes

    定语从句3：in which there may be great climatic diversity

    这句话中，定语从句2和3为并列关系，共用一个先行词an

    environment，其中，in which可用where替代。

    知识拓展 引导定语从句的关系副词：

    引导定语从句的关联词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。关系代词在

    定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等，常见的关系代词有who, whom,that, which等；关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语，常见的有when,where, why等。

    1. when

    when在从句中用作时间状语，其先行词须是表时间的名词。如：

    There is a saying prevalent in the university campus that for lovers, the

    day when they graduate is also the day when they part. 在大学校园里流传着

    这样一句话：对情侣而言，毕业日即分手日。

    2. where

    where在从句中用作地点状语，其先行词须是表地点的名词。如：

    When Jane felt sad, she would go and stay in the attic where nobody

    could find her and disturb her. Jane感到伤心时，就会跑到阁楼待着，不让

    人找到她、烦她。

    注意：作关系副词时，where往往可以用“介词+ which”代替。这里

    的介词取决于与作为先行词的地点名词搭配使用的介词。如上个例句

    中，与先行词搭配的介词为in，则此句中的where = in which。3. why

    why在从句中用作原因状语，其先行词只有reason。如：

    The film was so boring and that’s the reason why I left the cinema so

    early. 电影太没意思了，所以我早早地离开了影院。

    词汇拓展 ameliorate [?mi?li?re?t]

    v. 提高；改善

    例 Steps have been taken to ameliorate the situation. 已采取措施改善

    这种状况。

    派 amelioration (n. 改善；提高)

    climatic [kla?m?t?k]

    adj. 气候的

    搭 climatic changes conditions factors 气候变化条件因素

    16 Aggressive species apparently mark prospective nest sites with

    pheromones【主句】, chemical substances【同位语】 secreted by some

    animals for communication with other members of their species.【分词汇短

    语作后置定语】

    佳句妙译 显然，具有攻击性的物种更喜欢用信息素去标记那些可

    能的巢穴地点，这种信息素是一些动物为了与同物种间的其他成员进行

    交流而分泌的一种化学物质。

    句法精析 这是一个简单句，但其中包含一个起解释或说明作用的

    同位语成分。整个句子的结构是：主句+同位语+后置定语，如下：

    主句：Aggressive species apparently mark prospective nest sites with

    pheromones

    同位语：chemical substances，解释说明pheromones为何物

    后置定语：secreted by some animals for communication with other

    members of their species，修饰同位语

    词汇拓展 aggressive [?ɡres?v]

    adj. 好斗的，挑衅的

    例 He gets aggressive when he’s drunk. 他喝醉后极具攻击性。prospective [pr?spekt?v]

    adj. 预期的；潜在的

    例 She introduced him as her prospective son-in-law. 她把他当作准女

    婿来介绍。

    同 potential

    secrete [s?kri?t]

    v. 分泌；藏匿

    例 Insulin is secreted by the pancreas. 胰岛素由胰腺分泌。

    17 Though Hubbell and Johnson were interested in【让步状语从句】

    how bee behavior might affect colony distributions【宾语从句1】, they

    recognized【主句】 that the availability of potential nest sites for colonies

    could also affect distributions【宾语从句2】.

    佳句妙译 尽管Hubbell和Johnson 对蜜蜂的行为如何影响群体的分布

    十分感兴趣，但他们也意识到，蜜蜂是否能找到适合筑巢的地方这一点

    也同样影响群体的分布。

    句法精析 这是一个复合句，整个句子的结构是让步状语从句+宾语

    从句1 +主句+宾语从句2，如下：

    让步状语从句：Though Hubbell and Johnson were interested

    in...distributions

    宾语从句1：how bee behavior might affect colony distributions

    主句：they recognized

    宾语从句2：that the availability of potential nest sites for colonies

    could also affect distributions

    词汇拓展 colony [?kɑ?l?ni]

    n. 殖民地；【生物】群体

    搭 a colony of ants 蚁群

    18 The species【主语】 that are first to colonize a site【定语从句1】

    are those【系表结构】 that produce abundant seed【定语从句2】 that is

    distributed successfully to new sites.【定语从句3】佳句妙译 率先占领一个地方的物种往往能产出大量种子，并且能

    将种子顺利分散到其他新地点。

    句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是主语 + 定语从

    句1 + 系表结构 + 定语从句2 + 定语从句3，如下：

    主语：The species

    定语从句1：that are first to colonize a site，修饰先行词the species

    系表结构：are those that produce abundant...sites

    定语从句2：that produce abundant seed，修饰先行词those

    定语从句3：that is distributed successfully to new sites，修饰先行词

    seed

    句子的主干是：The species are those...

    词汇拓展 abundant [?b?nd?nt]

    adj. 大量的；丰富的

    例 We have abundant evidence to prove his guilt. 我们持有大量证据

    可证明他有罪。

    派 abundance(n. 丰富；大量)

    同 plentiful

    distribute [?d?str?bju?t]

    v. 分配；散布，分散

    例 The organization distributed food to earthquake victims. 该组织把

    食物分发给了地震灾区的灾民。

    派 distribution(n. 分配；分布，散布)

    19 While this contest over an unoccupied nest site produced no obvious

    mortality【让步状语从句】, fights over occupied nests sometimes kill over

    1,000 bees in a single battle.【主句】

    佳句妙译 虽然为争夺一个未被占领的巢穴而发起的斗争不会造成

    多大伤亡，但在那些已被占领的巢穴抢夺战中，往往一场战争就能导致

    1000只蜜蜂的死亡。

    句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是让步状语从句+主句，如下：

    让步状语从句：While this contest over an unoccupied nest site

    produced no obvious mortality

    主句：fights over occupied nest sometimes kill over 1,000 bees in a

    single battle

    知识拓展 while引导的状语从句：

    1. while 表达“当…时、在…期间”的意思时，可引导时间状语从

    句，相当于when。如：

    Her parents died while she was still at school. 她还在上学时，父母就

    去世了。

    2. while表达“尽管、虽然”的意思时，可引导让步状语从句，相当于

    although。如：

    While I’m willing to help, I do not have much time available. 虽然我很

    想帮忙，但我没有太多时间。

    词汇拓展 unoccupied [?n?ɑ?kjupa?d]

    adj. 未被占用的；空闲的；未沦陷的

    例 I sat down at the nearest unoccupied table. 我在最近的空桌旁坐了

    下来。

    反 occupied

    produce [pr?dju?s]

    v. 引起，激起，造成

    例 The drug produces a feeling of excitement. 这种药使人亢奋。

    同 bring about

    mortality [m?r?t?l?ti]

    n. 死亡；死亡率

    例 The study also demonstrated a direct link between obesity and

    mortality. 该研究还表明，死亡率与肥胖症有直接关系。

    20 Evidence suggests【主句】 that an important stimulus behind the

    rise of early civilizations was the development of settled agriculture【宾语从句】, which unleashed a series of changes in the organization of human

    communities【定语从句1】 that culminated in the rise of large ancient

    empires.【定语从句2】

    佳句妙译 有证据表明，促使早期文明兴起的一个很重要的因素就

    是定居农业的发展，该发展使得人类群落的组织结构发生了一系列变

    化，进而带来古代大国的崛起。

    句法精析 这是一个复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+宾语从句+

    (非限制性)定语从句1 +定语从句2，如下：

    主句：Evidence suggests

    宾语从句：that an important stimulus behind the rise of early

    civilization was the development of settled agriculture

    定语从句1：which unleashed a series of changes in the organization of

    human communities

    定语从句2：that culminated in the rise of large ancient empires

    词汇拓展 stimulus [?st?mj?l?s]

    n. 刺激

    例 The new tax laws should act as a stimulus to exports. 新的税务法应

    促进出口业务。

    unleash [?n?li?]

    v. 解除…的束缚；宣泄；发动

    例 The government’s proposals unleashed a storm of protest in the

    press. 政府议案在媒体中引起了一股抗议热潮。

    culminate [?k?lm?ne?t]

    v. 以…告终；达到高潮

    例 Months of hard work culminated in success. 数月的辛苦工作终于

    收获了成功。Day 4

    1 Many prehistorians believe【主句】 that farming may have emerged

    independently in severalx different areas of the world【宾语从句】 when

    small communities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available

    food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee

    their survival.【时间状语从句】

    佳句妙译 许多史前学者认为，随着人口的增长和食物资源的减

    少，为了保障自身的生存，人们开始以小型群落为单位在地里播下种

    子，自此，世界的几个不同地区便开始各自形成了耕种文化。

    句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+宾语从句

    +时间状语从句，如下：

    主句：Many prehistorians believe

    宾语从句：that farming may have emerged independently in several

    different areas of the world

    时间状语从句：when small communities, driven by increasing

    population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in

    the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival。这个时间状语的结构较

    为复杂，其中包含一个过去分词作定语的结构，即driven by increasing

    population and a decline in available food resources，修饰communities；还

    包含一个介词短语作目的状语的结构，即in an effort to guarantee their

    survival；因此，这个时间状语从句的主干结构为：when small

    communities began to plant seeds in the ground。

    短语搭配 in an effort to 为了

    例 Changes were made in operating methods in an effort to increase

    profitability. 为了提高利润，经营方式发生了改变。

    2 The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant

    growth in population,【主句】 while efforts to control the flow of water to

    maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants

    from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward

    cooperative activities on a large scale.【时间状语从句】佳句妙译 在这些地区，食物增产带动了人口的大量增长；与此同

    时，人们努力控制水流，以实现农耕区灌溉水源的最大化，保护当地居

    民免受外部敌对势力的侵扰，从而推动了人类向大规模合作活动踏出第

    一步。

    句法精析 这是一个复合句，整个句子的结构是主句+时间状语从

    句，如下：

    主句：The increase in food production in these regions led to a

    significant growth in population

    时间状语从句：while efforts to control the flow of water to maximize

    the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from

    hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward

    cooperative activities on a large scale。在这个时间状语从句中，to control

    the flow of water...outside the community是不定式短语作定语，修饰

    efforts，而to maximize the irrigation of cultivated areas和to protect the local

    inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community是不定式短语作目的

    状语，二者为并列关系，说明efforts to control the flow of water的目的。

    因此，这个时间状语从句的主干结构为：while efforts provoked the first

    steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale。

    词汇拓展 significant [s?ɡ?n?f?k?nt]

    adj. 重要的；有意义的；大量的

    例 These views are held by a significant proportion of the population.

    人群中有相当一部分人都支持这些观点。

    派 significance (n. 重要性；意义)

    maximize [?m?ks?ma?z]

    v. 使…达到最大程度；使…最大化；充分利用

    例 Maximize the window to full screen. 扩大窗口至全屏。

    派 maximization(n. 最大化)

    反 minimize

    irrigation [?r?ɡe?n]

    n. 灌溉例 Irrigation has increased the area of cultivable land. 灌溉增加了可耕

    作土地的面积。

    派 irrigate(v. 灌溉；冲洗)

    inhabitant [?n?h?b?t?nt]

    n. 居民；栖息动物

    例 Every inhabitant here has an obligation to pay taxes. 这儿的每个居

    民都应履行纳税义务。

    hostile [?hɑ?sta?l]

    adj. 不友善的，有敌意的；不利的；反对的

    例 She was openly hostile towards her parents. 她毫不掩饰自己对父

    母的敌意。

    派 hostility(n. 不友善，敌意；反对)

    provoke [pr?vo?k]

    v. 激怒；挑衅；引起

    例 His new book has provoked a great deal of controversy. 他的新书引

    起了很大的争议。

    派 provocation(n. 挑衅)

    短语搭配 lead to sth. 导致，引起

    例 Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems. 吃太多甜食会

    引起诸多健康问题。

    同 result in sth.

    protect sb. sth. from sth. 保护…不受…的伤害

    例 They huddled together to protect themselves from the heavy wind.

    他们挤在一起，以保护自己不受大风的侵袭。

    on a large scale 大规模地

    例 They entertain on a large scale. 他们举办了一场大型盛宴。

    3 How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain,【并列主句1】 but anthropologists studying the evolution of humancommunities in various parts of the world have discovered【并列主句2】

    that one common stage in the process is the emergence of【宾语从句1】

    what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages.

    【宾语从句2】

    佳句妙译 关于这些地方最初的政府是如何形成的这一点，还尚不

    为人所知，但那些致力于研究世界各地人类群体演变过程的人类学家发

    现，在这些早期政府的形成过程中会经历一个共同阶段，即在某个群落

    或某些群落中，诞生出一些所谓的“大人物”。

    句法精析 这是一个主从复合句，整个句子的结构是并列主句1 +并

    列主句2 +宾语从句1 +宾语从句2，如下：

    并列主句1：How the first governments took shape in these areas is not

    certain。该主句中的主语是一个由how引导的名词性从句。

    并列主句2：but anthropologists studying the evolution of human

    communities in various parts of the world have discovered...该主句中，studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world是

    现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰主语anthropologists。

    宾语从句1：that one common stage in the process is the emergence

    宾语从句2：of what are called “big men” within a single village or a

    collection of villages。这里，what引导的从句是介词of的宾语。

    词汇拓展 anthropologist [?nθr?pɑ?l?d?st]

    n. 人类学家

    例 To my surprise, the anthropologist was accused of murder. 令我吃惊

    的是，那位人类学家竟然被指控谋杀。

    派 anthropology(n. 人类学)

    短语搭配 take shape 形成，成形；变得有条理

    例 A new song began to take shape in her mind. 一首新歌逐渐在她脑

    海中成形。

    4 With the increase in population and the development of centralized

    authority【伴随状语】 came【谓语】 the mergence of the cities【主语】.

    佳句妙译 随着人口的增长和集权制的发展，多个城市渐渐融合在

    一起。句法精析 这是一个将伴随状语置于句首的倒装句，整个句子的结

    构是伴随状语+谓语+主语，如下：

    伴随状语：With the increase in population and the development of

    centralized authority

    谓语：came

    主语：the mergence of cities

    知识拓展 倒装句

    倒装是一种语法手段，用以表示一定的句子结构和强调某一句子成

    分。英语的最基本结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种固定的语序加以

    颠倒。这里将重点讨论强调句子成分的倒装。

    1. 谓语置于句首

    Go I can’t. 我不能去。(强调主要动词go)

    2. 表语置于句首

    Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese

    people. 他们能够对中国人民为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。(强调过去

    分词gone，同时也是由于主语较长)

    3. 宾语置于句首

    “Yes,” said the youth shortly. “是的，”那个小伙子简短地说道。

    4. 状语置于句首

    By his side sat his faithful dog. 在他旁边蹲着他的忠犬。(介词短语

    表地点)

    5 It was not until the Cambrian period【强调句】, beginning about 600

    million years ago【现在分词短语作定语】, that a great proliferation of

    macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that

    allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity.【定语从句】

    佳句妙译 直至6亿年前的寒武纪时期开始，宏观物种才开始在地球

    上大量繁衍，而后变作了化石，也正是通过这些化石，我们才能追踪了

    解到生物多样性的兴衰历程。

    句法精析 这是一个“It is...that...”的强调句型。整个句子的结构是强

    调句 + 现在分词短语作定语 + 定语从句，如下：

    强调句：It was not until the Cambrian period...that a great proliferationof macroscopic species...

    现在分词短语作定语：beginning about 600 million years ago

    定语从句：that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity

    将此强调句型还原，则是：A great proliferation of macroscopic

    species did not occur on Earth and produce a fossil record that allows us to

    track the rise and fall of biodiversity until the Cambrian period, beginning

    about 600 million years ago. 其中，beginning about 600 million years ago是

    现在分词短语作定语，修饰the Cambrian period；定语从句修饰a fossil

    record。

    知识拓展 “It is was...that...”强调句型

    强调就是使句子的某一部分比一般情况下显得更加重要。英语表达

    中，要强调句子的某一成分，一般可用强调句型“It is was (who) + 被强

    调部分+ that +句子其余部分”。使用强调句时，应注意以下几点：

    1. 去掉强调结构“It is was...that (who)...”后，剩下的部分仍能组成

    一个完整的句子。这是判断句子是否为强调句的关键。如：

    It is you who should clean the house today. 今天应该是你清理屋子。

    去掉句中的it is和who，句子变为：You should clean the house today.

    仍是一个完整的句子，因而这是一个强调句。

    2. 强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使是在强调时间、地

    点、原因或方式状语时，也是如此。如：

    It was in US that he and she first met. 他和她第一次相遇是在美国。

    3. 注意强调句的否定句和疑问句形式。如：

    It was not until she got home that Jennifer realized she had lost her keys.

    直到回到家，Jennifer才发现钥匙丢了。

    还原成普通句型：Jennifer didn’t realize she had lost her keys until she

    got home.

    词汇拓展 proliferation [pr?l?f?re?n]

    n. 扩散；激增

    例 The medical organizations attempt to prevent cancer cell

    proliferation. 医疗机构试图抑制癌细胞的扩散。macroscopic [?m?kro?skɑ?p?k]

    adj. 宏观的；肉眼可见的

    例 Then, it explains the macroscopic and microscopic effects of assets

    reorganization. 随后对资产重组的宏观和微观效应进行说明。

    反 microscopic

    biodiversity [?ba?o?da?v?rs?ti]

    n. 生物多样性

    例 The mining project threatens one of the world’s richest areas of

    biodiversity. 此采矿工程对世界上这个生物最具多样性的地方之一造成

    了威胁。

    短语搭配 rise and fall 起伏；兴亡；盛衰荣辱

    例 The documentary records the rise and fall of the ancient Roman

    Empire. 这部纪录片记录了古罗马帝国的盛衰荣辱。

    6 However, no ......