阿片类药物是否在全身麻醉中不可或缺(2)
有相當大的数据表明，术后阿片类药物在手术后使用存在和持续的阿片类药物副反应。人类遭受的巨大的痛苦与阿片误用流行病有关，使这些问题成为研究的重点。除非有更多的信息用于基于证据的实践指南，麻醉学家应该考虑在围手术期，包括术中使用阿片药物。
参考文献
[1] Brown EN， Pavone KJ， Naranjo M. Multimodal generalanesthesia：theory and practice. Anesth Analg 2018; 127：1246-58
[2] Kern SE， Xie G， White JL， Egan TD. A response surfaceanalysis of Propofol-remifentanil PHarmacodynamicinteraction in volunteers. Anesthesiology 2004; 100：1373-81
[3] BrummeTT CM， Waljee JF， Goesling J， et al. New persistentopioid use after minor and major surgical Procedures inUS adults. JAMA Surg 2017; 152：e170504
[4] Saraswathula A， Chen MM， Mudumbai SC，WhiTTemore AS， Divi V. Persistent postoperative opioiduse in older head and neck cancer patients. OtolaryngolHead Neck Surg 2019; 160：380-7
[5] Inacio MC， Hansen C， PraTT NL， Graves SE， Roughead EE.Risk factors for persistent and new chronic opioid use inpatients undergoing total hip arthroplASTy：a retrospectivecohort study. BMJ Open 2016; 6：e010664
[6] Harbaugh CM， Nalliah RP， Hu HM， Englesbe MJ， Waljee JF，BrummeTT CM. Persistent opioid use after wisdom toothextraction. JAMA 2018; 320：504-6
[7] Sun EC， Bateman BT， Memtsoudis SG， Neuman MD，Mariano ER， Baker LC. Lack of association between the useof nerve blockade and the risk of postoperative chronicopioid use among patients undergoing total knee arthroplASTy：evidence from the Marketscan Database. AnesthAnalg 2017; 125：999-1007, http://www.100md.com(李晓宇)
参考文献
[1] Brown EN， Pavone KJ， Naranjo M. Multimodal generalanesthesia：theory and practice. Anesth Analg 2018; 127：1246-58
[2] Kern SE， Xie G， White JL， Egan TD. A response surfaceanalysis of Propofol-remifentanil PHarmacodynamicinteraction in volunteers. Anesthesiology 2004; 100：1373-81
[3] BrummeTT CM， Waljee JF， Goesling J， et al. New persistentopioid use after minor and major surgical Procedures inUS adults. JAMA Surg 2017; 152：e170504
[4] Saraswathula A， Chen MM， Mudumbai SC，WhiTTemore AS， Divi V. Persistent postoperative opioiduse in older head and neck cancer patients. OtolaryngolHead Neck Surg 2019; 160：380-7
[5] Inacio MC， Hansen C， PraTT NL， Graves SE， Roughead EE.Risk factors for persistent and new chronic opioid use inpatients undergoing total hip arthroplASTy：a retrospectivecohort study. BMJ Open 2016; 6：e010664
[6] Harbaugh CM， Nalliah RP， Hu HM， Englesbe MJ， Waljee JF，BrummeTT CM. Persistent opioid use after wisdom toothextraction. JAMA 2018; 320：504-6
[7] Sun EC， Bateman BT， Memtsoudis SG， Neuman MD，Mariano ER， Baker LC. Lack of association between the useof nerve blockade and the risk of postoperative chronicopioid use among patients undergoing total knee arthroplASTy：evidence from the Marketscan Database. AnesthAnalg 2017; 125：999-1007, http://www.100md.com(李晓宇)