The Determination of the Minimum Safe Level of Interleukin 10IL—10 in (2)
Although there are currently 22 kinds of vaccines in clinical trials， developers are still facing challenges when developing new vaccines. A key challenge for developing successful vaccines may be due to special abilities of Mtb to suppress， inhibit， or evade immune systems. First， by infecting macrophages， Mtb can inhibit the autophage signal pathway and the fusion between the phagosome and the lysosome， thus suppressing the process that send the epitopes to the surface of cell and reduce MHC class II antigen presentation. In addition， Mtb lives in specialized bacteria endosomes instead of in the cytoplasm which inhibits MHC class I antigen presentation. Also， Mtb epitopes can be increased on the surface of uninfected cells， reduce the efficacy of antigen-specific T cells. Moreover， Mtb forms granulomas and restricts the contact between T cells and infected cells. Mtb is also able to stop the infected cells from respondingto specific cytokines such as IFN γ. However， what is most interesting is that Mtb can induce interleukin 10 expression in myeloid cells and T cells， and T cell-derived IL-10 limits control of Mtb in the lungs(6).
, 百拇医药
HumansIL-10 is encoded by the IL10 gene(7)， which is located on chromosome 1， comprising 5 exons. IL-10 is primarily produced by monocytes and， to a lesser extent， lymphocytes， namely type 2 T helper cells (TH2)， mast cells， CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells， and in a certain subset of activated T cells and B cells.IL-10 is capable of inhibiting the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ， IL-2， IL-3， TNFα and GM-CSF made by cells such as macrophages and Th1 T cells which is critical in the infection of TB.IL-10 also displays a potent ability to suppress the antigen-presentation capacity of antigen presenting cells(APCs). However， IL-10 is also stimulatory towards certain T cells (Th2)， mast cells， B cell maturation， and antibody production. In addition， IL-10's function of treating tumor was showed in tumor bearing mice for IL-10 can inhibit tumor metastasis(8).
, 百拇医药
IL-10 controls the formationof Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2). Lack of IL-10 has been shown to cause COX activation and resultsthromboxane receptor activation therefore causing vascular endothelial and cardiac dysfunctions in mice. IL-10 knockout frail mice develop cardiac and vascular dysfunction with increased age(9). In addition， reduced level of IL-10 have been observed in individuals diagnosed with multiple sclerosis when compared to healthy individuals(10)., 百拇医药(ChangTai. Li)
, 百拇医药
HumansIL-10 is encoded by the IL10 gene(7)， which is located on chromosome 1， comprising 5 exons. IL-10 is primarily produced by monocytes and， to a lesser extent， lymphocytes， namely type 2 T helper cells (TH2)， mast cells， CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells， and in a certain subset of activated T cells and B cells.IL-10 is capable of inhibiting the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ， IL-2， IL-3， TNFα and GM-CSF made by cells such as macrophages and Th1 T cells which is critical in the infection of TB.IL-10 also displays a potent ability to suppress the antigen-presentation capacity of antigen presenting cells(APCs). However， IL-10 is also stimulatory towards certain T cells (Th2)， mast cells， B cell maturation， and antibody production. In addition， IL-10's function of treating tumor was showed in tumor bearing mice for IL-10 can inhibit tumor metastasis(8).
, 百拇医药
IL-10 controls the formationof Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2). Lack of IL-10 has been shown to cause COX activation and resultsthromboxane receptor activation therefore causing vascular endothelial and cardiac dysfunctions in mice. IL-10 knockout frail mice develop cardiac and vascular dysfunction with increased age(9). In addition， reduced level of IL-10 have been observed in individuals diagnosed with multiple sclerosis when compared to healthy individuals(10)., 百拇医药(ChangTai. Li)