敦煌《灸经图》足太阳经理论源流探析(1)
摘要:通过系统梳理《足臂十一脉灸经》、《阴阳十一脉灸经》、《灵枢·经脉》、《针灸甲乙经》、敦煌《灸经图》等医学文献中关于足太阳经的记载,可以发现经络学说的形成与发展是一个长期不断总结经验的动态过程。敦煌医学文献《灸经图》关于足太阳经在背腰骶部后正中线旁开2.3寸的单条循行路线的记载可能是长期以来擅长灸法的医家通过其临床经验总结出的一套专属于“灸”所用的一种腧穴定位模式;此外,还可能有以重灸的方法来治疗疑难杂症(尤其以风寒邪气侵袭人体所导致的重病为主)的思想在内。
关键词:敦煌医学;灸经图;足太阳经;经络
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-5304.2015.05.003
中图分类号:R245 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-5304(2015)05-0007-03
Abstract:By systematically combing the records of Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang from medical literatures of Zu Bi Shi Yi Mai Jiu Jing (Maxibustion Canon of Foot and Arm), Yin Yang Shi Yi Mai Jiu Jing (Maxibustion Canon of Ying and Yang), Ling Shu Jing Mai (Meridians, a chapter of Miraculous Pivot), Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion), Jiu Jing Tu (Illustration of Moxibustion) from Dunhuang, it can be found that the formation and development of theory of main and collateral channels is a long-term dynamic process containing constantly summing up the experiences. The record about only the 2.3 inch one-line loop route carved out beside the posterior midline of dorsal lumbosacral portion by Bladder Meridian Foot-Taiyang may be a positioning mode of acupoint exclusively used by moxibustion and summed up by people good at moxibustion therapy using their clinical experience. In addition, thoughts that the heavy-moxibustion is a good method for difficult miscellaneous diseases (especially for the serious illnesses after attacked by wind and cold pathogens) may be included.
, http://www.100md.com
Key words:Dunhuang Medicine;Jiu Jing Tu (Illustration of Moxibustion);Bladder Meridian of Foot-TaiYang;main and collateral channel
目前通行的针灸学经络理论认为,足太阳经起于目内眦,上行至头顶,主干经脉从头顶向下到枕部,循行于脊柱两侧(1.5寸支线),经腰臀部,下贯臀,止腘窝;枕部分支向下循行于背腰部主干经线外侧(3寸支线),至腘窝部相合后循行于小腿后侧,经外踝之后前行止于小指外侧端[1]。然敦煌医学文献《灸经图》关于足太阳经的循行,虽未具体注明其循行路线,但通过其布穴仍可清楚窥觅足太阳经在背腰骶部后正中线旁开2.3寸的单条循行路线。因其循行路线与目前通行认识有明显差异,笔者现系统梳理唐以前医学文献中有关足太阳经的记载,以厘清敦煌《灸经图》足太阳经理论的源流,并阐明其临床意义。
1 《黄帝内经》之前足太阳经的文献记载
, 百拇医药
中国古代针灸经络文献较为杂乱繁多,现存最古老的针灸经络文献可以追溯到1973年长沙东屯渡乡汉墓中出土的《足臂十一脉灸经》和《阴阳十一脉灸经》[2]。
《足臂十一脉灸经》载:“足泰(太)阳温(脉),出外踝窭(娄)中,上贯膊(腨),出于(郄),枝之下
(胂)。其直者贯臀,夹(挟)脊,出项,上于豆(脰)。枝颜下,之耳。其直者贯目内渍(眦),之鼻。”“其病,病足小指废,膞(腨)痛,(郄)?(挛),脽痛,产寺(痔),要(腰)痛,夹(挟)脊痛,□痛,项痛,手痛,颜寒,产聋,目痛, (鼽) (衄),数瘨(癫)疾。诸病此物者,皆久(灸)泰(太)阳脈(脉)。”[3]
据《足臂十一脉灸经》,足太阳经循行从足走头,沿外踝行小腿、大腿的外后部,夹脊,走于头项部,且行于颜面部,联络于目内眦。但未提及足太阳所属脏腑,也未提及经络所过腧穴的名称,只道明了循行所过的大概部位,在背部的循行仅有一条;并认为,通过灸足太阳经可以治疗足小指、外踝、小腿、大腿的外后部、脊柱、颈项等其所过部位疾患,还可用于治疗颜面部、眼部、耳朵与手臂疾患。
《阴阳十一脉灸经》载:“巨阳眽(脉),潼外踝婁中,出郄中,上穿?,出猒(厭)中,挟脊,出於项□頭角,下颜,夹(挟)(齃),繫目闪廉。”“是动则病肿,头痛,□□□□脊痛,要(腰)以(似)折,脾(髀)不可以运,腘如结,腨如裂,此为踝厥。是巨阳眽(脉)主治。其所产病:头痛,耳聋。项痛,耳疆,疟,北(背)痛,要(腰)痛,尻痛,月寺(痔),(郄)痛,腨痛,足小指痹,为十二病。”[3]《阴阳十一脉灸经》对足太阳的描述较《足臂十一脉灸经》更为简洁,其循行方向亦为从足到头。治疗病症与《足臂十一脉灸经》略同,但首次将经络病症分为“是动则病”和“所产病”[4]。, 百拇医药(赵小强 田永衍 胡蓉)
关键词:敦煌医学;灸经图;足太阳经;经络
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-5304.2015.05.003
中图分类号:R245 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-5304(2015)05-0007-03
Abstract:By systematically combing the records of Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang from medical literatures of Zu Bi Shi Yi Mai Jiu Jing (Maxibustion Canon of Foot and Arm), Yin Yang Shi Yi Mai Jiu Jing (Maxibustion Canon of Ying and Yang), Ling Shu Jing Mai (Meridians, a chapter of Miraculous Pivot), Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion), Jiu Jing Tu (Illustration of Moxibustion) from Dunhuang, it can be found that the formation and development of theory of main and collateral channels is a long-term dynamic process containing constantly summing up the experiences. The record about only the 2.3 inch one-line loop route carved out beside the posterior midline of dorsal lumbosacral portion by Bladder Meridian Foot-Taiyang may be a positioning mode of acupoint exclusively used by moxibustion and summed up by people good at moxibustion therapy using their clinical experience. In addition, thoughts that the heavy-moxibustion is a good method for difficult miscellaneous diseases (especially for the serious illnesses after attacked by wind and cold pathogens) may be included.
, http://www.100md.com
Key words:Dunhuang Medicine;Jiu Jing Tu (Illustration of Moxibustion);Bladder Meridian of Foot-TaiYang;main and collateral channel
目前通行的针灸学经络理论认为,足太阳经起于目内眦,上行至头顶,主干经脉从头顶向下到枕部,循行于脊柱两侧(1.5寸支线),经腰臀部,下贯臀,止腘窝;枕部分支向下循行于背腰部主干经线外侧(3寸支线),至腘窝部相合后循行于小腿后侧,经外踝之后前行止于小指外侧端[1]。然敦煌医学文献《灸经图》关于足太阳经的循行,虽未具体注明其循行路线,但通过其布穴仍可清楚窥觅足太阳经在背腰骶部后正中线旁开2.3寸的单条循行路线。因其循行路线与目前通行认识有明显差异,笔者现系统梳理唐以前医学文献中有关足太阳经的记载,以厘清敦煌《灸经图》足太阳经理论的源流,并阐明其临床意义。
1 《黄帝内经》之前足太阳经的文献记载
, 百拇医药
中国古代针灸经络文献较为杂乱繁多,现存最古老的针灸经络文献可以追溯到1973年长沙东屯渡乡汉墓中出土的《足臂十一脉灸经》和《阴阳十一脉灸经》[2]。
《足臂十一脉灸经》载:“足泰(太)阳温(脉),出外踝窭(娄)中,上贯膊(腨),出于(郄),枝之下
(胂)。其直者贯臀,夹(挟)脊,出项,上于豆(脰)。枝颜下,之耳。其直者贯目内渍(眦),之鼻。”“其病,病足小指废,膞(腨)痛,(郄)?(挛),脽痛,产寺(痔),要(腰)痛,夹(挟)脊痛,□痛,项痛,手痛,颜寒,产聋,目痛, (鼽) (衄),数瘨(癫)疾。诸病此物者,皆久(灸)泰(太)阳脈(脉)。”[3]
据《足臂十一脉灸经》,足太阳经循行从足走头,沿外踝行小腿、大腿的外后部,夹脊,走于头项部,且行于颜面部,联络于目内眦。但未提及足太阳所属脏腑,也未提及经络所过腧穴的名称,只道明了循行所过的大概部位,在背部的循行仅有一条;并认为,通过灸足太阳经可以治疗足小指、外踝、小腿、大腿的外后部、脊柱、颈项等其所过部位疾患,还可用于治疗颜面部、眼部、耳朵与手臂疾患。
《阴阳十一脉灸经》载:“巨阳眽(脉),潼外踝婁中,出郄中,上穿?,出猒(厭)中,挟脊,出於项□頭角,下颜,夹(挟)(齃),繫目闪廉。”“是动则病肿,头痛,□□□□脊痛,要(腰)以(似)折,脾(髀)不可以运,腘如结,腨如裂,此为踝厥。是巨阳眽(脉)主治。其所产病:头痛,耳聋。项痛,耳疆,疟,北(背)痛,要(腰)痛,尻痛,月寺(痔),(郄)痛,腨痛,足小指痹,为十二病。”[3]《阴阳十一脉灸经》对足太阳的描述较《足臂十一脉灸经》更为简洁,其循行方向亦为从足到头。治疗病症与《足臂十一脉灸经》略同,但首次将经络病症分为“是动则病”和“所产病”[4]。, 百拇医药(赵小强 田永衍 胡蓉)