乳腺癌相关骨质疏松症的发病机制及防治(3)
2.2.2药物治疗 治疗乳腺癌相关骨质疏松的药物主要分为以下几大类:骨吸收抑制剂、骨形成促进剂、骨代谢调节剂。①骨吸收抑制剂,即抑制破骨细胞功能的一些药物,如:双膦酸盐、地诺单抗(denosumab)、雌激素受体调节剂等,这类药物主要通过抑制破骨细胞的活性,使破骨细胞对骨的吞噬减弱,以预防骨丢失。双膦酸盐是预防和治疗骨质疏松症使用最广泛的药物。欧洲肿瘤协会建议任何开始或接受AI治疗且T值<-2.0的患者都应接受双膦酸盐治疗。美国临床肿瘤协会建议对于有明显骨质破坏的乳腺癌患者,每3~4周给予唑来膦酸4 mg或帕米膦酸90 mg[22]。地诺单抗是一种抗RANKL(核因子配体-κB的受体激活剂)单克隆抗体,通过抑制RANK-RANKL系统进而抑制破骨细胞的形成,能够使乳腺癌患者骨密度增加。与唑来膦酸相比,在实体瘤骨转移患者中地诺单抗更有效地延迟或预防骨相关事件,并且还防止了疼痛的发展[23]。但是由于地诺单抗的停药反弹效应具有不确定性,表现为多发性自发性椎体骨折的风险增加。因此它用于抗骨质疏松的二线治疗;②骨形成促进剂,可以通过增加成骨细胞的活性及数量而促进骨生长。目前唯一获得FDA批准的骨形成剂类药物是甲状旁腺激素类似物——特立帕肽,因其促进成骨作用比较强,所以在目前美国FDA推荐是终生只能使用24个月。这类药物因为价格昂贵,所以现在国内应用尚不广泛;③是骨代谢调节剂,它不能明显抑制破骨功能或者是促进成骨功能,仅有调节骨代谢的作用。包括活性维生素D或维生素D类似物、维生素K2等。
, 百拇医药
3总结
乳腺癌治疗相关的骨量下降、骨质疏松等导致脆性骨折风险增加,降低患者的生存质量。目前多强调使用AI的绝经后乳腺癌患者骨健康问题,对于一些年轻的乳腺癌患者,化疗、内分泌治疗等引发的骨密度降低、骨质疏松等问题尚未引起足够重视。积极地开展早期干预而不是等患者发展为骨质疏松症已发生骨折后再行治疗,将有利于改善乳腺癌患者的生活质量和预后。因此,对于乳腺癌患者首确诊、化疗、内分泌治疗期间,应定期监测骨密度、血钙、血清25羟维生素D及PTH水平,及时干预。基础治疗主要是进行一定量的负重运动、晒太阳、及时的钙和维生素D的补充。患者在开始进行内分泌治疗时就应补充钙及维生素D。对有骨质疏松或应用AI而骨丢失和骨质疏松风险高危者还应加用双膦酸盐治疗。
参考文献:
[1]Bray F,Ferlay J,Soerjomataram I,et al.Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2018,68(6): 394-424.
, http://www.100md.com
[2]Allemani C,Matsuda T,Di Carlo V,et al.Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries[J].Lancet,2018,391(10125):1023-1075.
[3]Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group[J].World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser,1994(843):1-129.
, http://www.100md.com
[4]Kanis JA,Johnell O,Oden A,et al.Ten year probabilities of osteoporotic fractures according to BMD and diagnostic thresholds[J].Osteoporos Int,2001,12(12):989-995.
[5]Shapiro CL,Van Poznak C,Lacchetti C,et al.Management of Osteoporosis in Survivors of Adult Cancers With Nonmetastatic Disease: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline[J].J Clin Oncol,2019, 37(31):2916-2946.
[6]Si L,Winzenberg TM,Jiang Q,et al.Projection of osteoporosis-related fractures and costs in China:2010-2050[J].Osteoporos Int,2015,26(7):1929-1937.
, 百拇医药
[7]D'oronzo S,Coleman R,Brown J,et al.Metastatic bone disease: Pathogenesis and therapeutic options: Up-date on bone metastasis management[J].J Bone Oncol,2019(15):004-4.
[8]孔令泉,吳凯南,果磊.乳腺癌伴随疾病学[M].北京:科学出版社,2019:74-94.
[9]Nicolin V,Bortul R,Bareggi R,et al.Breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell line induces spontaneous osteoclastogenesis via a RANK-ligand-dependent pathway[J].Acta Histochem,2008,110(5):388-396., http://www.100md.com(李红 孔令泉 吴凯南)
, 百拇医药
3总结
乳腺癌治疗相关的骨量下降、骨质疏松等导致脆性骨折风险增加,降低患者的生存质量。目前多强调使用AI的绝经后乳腺癌患者骨健康问题,对于一些年轻的乳腺癌患者,化疗、内分泌治疗等引发的骨密度降低、骨质疏松等问题尚未引起足够重视。积极地开展早期干预而不是等患者发展为骨质疏松症已发生骨折后再行治疗,将有利于改善乳腺癌患者的生活质量和预后。因此,对于乳腺癌患者首确诊、化疗、内分泌治疗期间,应定期监测骨密度、血钙、血清25羟维生素D及PTH水平,及时干预。基础治疗主要是进行一定量的负重运动、晒太阳、及时的钙和维生素D的补充。患者在开始进行内分泌治疗时就应补充钙及维生素D。对有骨质疏松或应用AI而骨丢失和骨质疏松风险高危者还应加用双膦酸盐治疗。
参考文献:
[1]Bray F,Ferlay J,Soerjomataram I,et al.Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2018,68(6): 394-424.
, http://www.100md.com
[2]Allemani C,Matsuda T,Di Carlo V,et al.Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries[J].Lancet,2018,391(10125):1023-1075.
[3]Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group[J].World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser,1994(843):1-129.
, http://www.100md.com
[4]Kanis JA,Johnell O,Oden A,et al.Ten year probabilities of osteoporotic fractures according to BMD and diagnostic thresholds[J].Osteoporos Int,2001,12(12):989-995.
[5]Shapiro CL,Van Poznak C,Lacchetti C,et al.Management of Osteoporosis in Survivors of Adult Cancers With Nonmetastatic Disease: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline[J].J Clin Oncol,2019, 37(31):2916-2946.
[6]Si L,Winzenberg TM,Jiang Q,et al.Projection of osteoporosis-related fractures and costs in China:2010-2050[J].Osteoporos Int,2015,26(7):1929-1937.
, 百拇医药
[7]D'oronzo S,Coleman R,Brown J,et al.Metastatic bone disease: Pathogenesis and therapeutic options: Up-date on bone metastasis management[J].J Bone Oncol,2019(15):004-4.
[8]孔令泉,吳凯南,果磊.乳腺癌伴随疾病学[M].北京:科学出版社,2019:74-94.
[9]Nicolin V,Bortul R,Bareggi R,et al.Breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell line induces spontaneous osteoclastogenesis via a RANK-ligand-dependent pathway[J].Acta Histochem,2008,110(5):388-396., http://www.100md.com(李红 孔令泉 吴凯南)