物体位置与空间关系的心理表征(4)
应当指出的是，注重实验研究的生态效度(ecological validity)和注重行为与脑神经机制的整合，已经成为当前空间认知研究的主要趋势。生态效度方面，虽然已有研究中也有研究者使用了大尺度的自然环境(如城市、公园或者校园)，但更多的研究结论则来自于严格控制的实验室研究。行为与脑神经机制整合方面，功能磁共振成像和事件相关电位(ERP)等常用研究手段则对被试身体运动有着较为严格的限制，这使探讨自然状态下空间表征的认知神经机制变得相对比较困难。对此，Loomis[37]和Tar(2002)等人[38]提出，使用高度仿真的虚拟环境技术，可以在逼真模拟自然环境的同时对其进行有效的主动控制，进而同时实现空间认知研究的生态效度和控制性功能。目前，这一主张正在得到越来越多的研究者的支持和国际权威科学杂志的认可。Maguuire[4]和Ekstrom等人[19]将脑成像、电生理技术与虚拟环境相结合的经典工作，无疑为空间表征研究开拓了全新的研究范式和广阔的研究前景。
参考文献
, http://www.100md.com [1] Shelton A L, McNamara T P. Systems of spatial reference in human memory. Cognitive Psychology, 2001, 43: 274~310
[2] Wang R F, Spelke E S. Updating egocentric representations in human navigation. Cognition, 2000, 77: 215~250
[3] Sun H J, Chan G S W, Campos J L. Active navigation and orientation-free spatial representations. Memory & Cognition, 2004, 32: 51~71
[4] Maguire E A, Burgess N, Donnett J G, et al. Knowing where and getting there: a human navigation network. Science, 1998, 280: 921~924
, 百拇医药
[5] King J A, Burgess N, Hartley T, et al. Human Hippocampus and Viewpoint Dependence in Spatial Memory. Hippocampus, 2003, 12: 811~820
[6] Rieser J J. Access to knowledge of spatial structure at novel points of observation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1989, 15: 1157~1165
[7] Roskos-Ewoldsen B, McNamara T P, Shelton A L. Mental representations of large and small spatial layouts are orientation dependent. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1998, 24: 215~226
, http://www.100md.com
[8] Werner S, Schmidt K. Environmental frames of reference for large-scale spaces. Spatial cognition and computation, 1999, 1: 447~473
[9] Foo P, Warren W H, Duchon A, et al. Do humans integrate routes into a cognitive map? map- versus landmark-based navigation of novel shortcuts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2005, 31: 195~215
[10] Klatzky R L. Allocentric and egocentric spatial representations: Definitions, distinctions, and interconnections. In: Freksa C, Habel C, Wender K.(Eds.) Spatial Cognition: An interdisciplinary approach to representing and processing spatial knowledge.Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998. 1~17
, 百拇医药
[11] Newcombe N S. Spatial cognition. In: Medin D. (Ed.) Cognition Volume, Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology (3rd Edition). New York: John Wiley, 2002. 113~163
[12] Wang R F, Spelke E S. Human spatial representation: insights from animals. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2002, 6: 376~382
[13] Hermer L, Spelke E S. A geometric process for spatial reorientation in young children. Nature,1994, 370: 57~59
, 百拇医药
[14] Behrmann M. Spatial reference frames and hemispatial neglect. In: Gazzaniga M S. (Ed.) The New Cognitive Neurosciences (2nd Edition). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. 651~666
[15] Graziano M S A, Hu X T, Gross C G. Coding the locations of objects in the dark. Science, 1997, 277: 239~241
[16] Mou W, McNamara T P. Intrinsic frames of reference in spatial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 2002, 28: 162~170
[ 上 页 ] [ 下 页 ]
, http://www.100md.com(赵民涛)
参考文献
, http://www.100md.com [1] Shelton A L, McNamara T P. Systems of spatial reference in human memory. Cognitive Psychology, 2001, 43: 274~310
[2] Wang R F, Spelke E S. Updating egocentric representations in human navigation. Cognition, 2000, 77: 215~250
[3] Sun H J, Chan G S W, Campos J L. Active navigation and orientation-free spatial representations. Memory & Cognition, 2004, 32: 51~71
[4] Maguire E A, Burgess N, Donnett J G, et al. Knowing where and getting there: a human navigation network. Science, 1998, 280: 921~924
, 百拇医药
[5] King J A, Burgess N, Hartley T, et al. Human Hippocampus and Viewpoint Dependence in Spatial Memory. Hippocampus, 2003, 12: 811~820
[6] Rieser J J. Access to knowledge of spatial structure at novel points of observation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1989, 15: 1157~1165
[7] Roskos-Ewoldsen B, McNamara T P, Shelton A L. Mental representations of large and small spatial layouts are orientation dependent. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1998, 24: 215~226
, http://www.100md.com
[8] Werner S, Schmidt K. Environmental frames of reference for large-scale spaces. Spatial cognition and computation, 1999, 1: 447~473
[9] Foo P, Warren W H, Duchon A, et al. Do humans integrate routes into a cognitive map? map- versus landmark-based navigation of novel shortcuts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2005, 31: 195~215
[10] Klatzky R L. Allocentric and egocentric spatial representations: Definitions, distinctions, and interconnections. In: Freksa C, Habel C, Wender K.(Eds.) Spatial Cognition: An interdisciplinary approach to representing and processing spatial knowledge.Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998. 1~17
, 百拇医药
[11] Newcombe N S. Spatial cognition. In: Medin D. (Ed.) Cognition Volume, Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology (3rd Edition). New York: John Wiley, 2002. 113~163
[12] Wang R F, Spelke E S. Human spatial representation: insights from animals. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2002, 6: 376~382
[13] Hermer L, Spelke E S. A geometric process for spatial reorientation in young children. Nature,1994, 370: 57~59
, 百拇医药
[14] Behrmann M. Spatial reference frames and hemispatial neglect. In: Gazzaniga M S. (Ed.) The New Cognitive Neurosciences (2nd Edition). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. 651~666
[15] Graziano M S A, Hu X T, Gross C G. Coding the locations of objects in the dark. Science, 1997, 277: 239~241
[16] Mou W, McNamara T P. Intrinsic frames of reference in spatial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 2002, 28: 162~170
[ 上 页 ] [ 下 页 ]
, http://www.100md.com(赵民涛)