社会比较：对比效应还是同化效应？(3)
4 结束语
在本质上，人类的自我评价具有相对性，强烈地受到个体与他人之间比较过程的影响。从以往文献中，我们发现社会比较对个体自我评价的影响和塑造是非常复杂和多面的(multifaceted)，同化效应还是对比效应的产生与其社会比较方向之间并不存在简单的一一对应关系。为了深入探讨同化效应和对比效应各自产生的条件，国外研究者发现了很多不同调节变量，如自尊、目标可达性和心理亲近性等，Mussweiler等人从整合的视角提出了选择性通达(SA)模型，深入探讨了社会比较效应产生的心理机制，并把各种不同的调节变量通过相似性检验和相异性检验两种不同的心理机制关联在一起，开辟了社会比较效应研究的新途径，然而仍存在一些问题需要我们进一步探讨：
(1)不同研究所采用的社会比较研究范式不同，即激活被试进行社会比较的方式不同(如社会比较信息启动、回溯等)，是否也会影响到同化效应或对比效应的产生？
(2)SA模型的相似性检验和相异性检验假说揭示了社会比较影响个体自我评价的心理机制，这一模型是否同样适合于解释社会比较影响人类行为和情绪等其他方面的心理机制？需要实证研究的进一步考察。
, http://www.100md.com
(3)上述研究结果基本上是在西方文化背景下进行考察的，在我国文化背景下社会比较对个体自我评价效应的文化普适性，尚需要我国学者进一步思考和验证。
参考文献
[1] Suls J M & Wheeler L. Handbook of social comparison: theory and research. New York: Plenum press, 2000
[2] 邢淑芬, 俞国良. 社会比较研究的现状与发展趋势. 心理科学进展, 2005, 13(1): 78~84
[3] Stapel D A., Suls J. Method matters: effects of explicit versus implicit social comparisons on activation, behavior, and self-views. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004, 87(6): 860~875
, 百拇医药
[4] Blanton H. Evaluating the self in the context of another: The three-selves model of social comparison assimilation and contrast. In: G Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton Symposium and the legacy and future of social cognition. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2001. 75~88
[5] Buunk B P, Oldersma. Enhancing satisfaction through downward comparison: the role of relational discontent and individual differences in social comparison orientation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2001, 37(3): 452~467
, 百拇医药
[6] Marsh H W, Hau K T. Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect on academic self-concept. American Psychologist, 2003, 58 (5): 364~372
[7] Collins R L. For better or worse: the impact of upward social comparison on self-evaluations. Psychological Bulletin, 1996, 119 (1): 51~69
[8] Lockwood P, Kunda Z. Superstars and me: predicting the impact of role models on the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1997, 73 (1): 91~103
, 百拇医药
[9] Vander zee K, Oldersma F, Buunk B P, Bos D. Social comparison preferences among cancer patients as related to neuroticism and social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998,75(3): 801~810
[10] Mussweiler T, Strack F. The “relative self”: informational and judgmental consequences of comparative self-evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2000, 79 (1): 23~38
[11] Lyubomirsky S, Ross L. Hedonic consequences of social comparison: a contrast of happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1997, 73(6): 1141~1158
, http://www.100md.com
[12] Aspinwall L G, Taylor S E. Effects of social comparison direction, threat, and self-esteem on affect, self-evaluation, and expected success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993, 64 (5): 708~722
[13] Pelham B W., Wachsmuth J O. The waxing and waning of the social self: assimilation and contrast in social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995, 69 (5): 825~838
[14] Lockwood P, Kunda Z. Increasing the salience of ones best selves can undermine inspiration by outstanding role models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999, 76(1): 214~228
[ 上 页 ] [ 下 页 ], http://www.100md.com(邢淑芬 俞国良)
在本质上，人类的自我评价具有相对性，强烈地受到个体与他人之间比较过程的影响。从以往文献中，我们发现社会比较对个体自我评价的影响和塑造是非常复杂和多面的(multifaceted)，同化效应还是对比效应的产生与其社会比较方向之间并不存在简单的一一对应关系。为了深入探讨同化效应和对比效应各自产生的条件，国外研究者发现了很多不同调节变量，如自尊、目标可达性和心理亲近性等，Mussweiler等人从整合的视角提出了选择性通达(SA)模型，深入探讨了社会比较效应产生的心理机制，并把各种不同的调节变量通过相似性检验和相异性检验两种不同的心理机制关联在一起，开辟了社会比较效应研究的新途径，然而仍存在一些问题需要我们进一步探讨：
(1)不同研究所采用的社会比较研究范式不同，即激活被试进行社会比较的方式不同(如社会比较信息启动、回溯等)，是否也会影响到同化效应或对比效应的产生？
(2)SA模型的相似性检验和相异性检验假说揭示了社会比较影响个体自我评价的心理机制，这一模型是否同样适合于解释社会比较影响人类行为和情绪等其他方面的心理机制？需要实证研究的进一步考察。
, http://www.100md.com
(3)上述研究结果基本上是在西方文化背景下进行考察的，在我国文化背景下社会比较对个体自我评价效应的文化普适性，尚需要我国学者进一步思考和验证。
参考文献
[1] Suls J M & Wheeler L. Handbook of social comparison: theory and research. New York: Plenum press, 2000
[2] 邢淑芬, 俞国良. 社会比较研究的现状与发展趋势. 心理科学进展, 2005, 13(1): 78~84
[3] Stapel D A., Suls J. Method matters: effects of explicit versus implicit social comparisons on activation, behavior, and self-views. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004, 87(6): 860~875
, 百拇医药
[4] Blanton H. Evaluating the self in the context of another: The three-selves model of social comparison assimilation and contrast. In: G Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton Symposium and the legacy and future of social cognition. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2001. 75~88
[5] Buunk B P, Oldersma. Enhancing satisfaction through downward comparison: the role of relational discontent and individual differences in social comparison orientation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2001, 37(3): 452~467
, 百拇医药
[6] Marsh H W, Hau K T. Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect on academic self-concept. American Psychologist, 2003, 58 (5): 364~372
[7] Collins R L. For better or worse: the impact of upward social comparison on self-evaluations. Psychological Bulletin, 1996, 119 (1): 51~69
[8] Lockwood P, Kunda Z. Superstars and me: predicting the impact of role models on the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1997, 73 (1): 91~103
, 百拇医药
[9] Vander zee K, Oldersma F, Buunk B P, Bos D. Social comparison preferences among cancer patients as related to neuroticism and social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998,75(3): 801~810
[10] Mussweiler T, Strack F. The “relative self”: informational and judgmental consequences of comparative self-evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2000, 79 (1): 23~38
[11] Lyubomirsky S, Ross L. Hedonic consequences of social comparison: a contrast of happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1997, 73(6): 1141~1158
, http://www.100md.com
[12] Aspinwall L G, Taylor S E. Effects of social comparison direction, threat, and self-esteem on affect, self-evaluation, and expected success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993, 64 (5): 708~722
[13] Pelham B W., Wachsmuth J O. The waxing and waning of the social self: assimilation and contrast in social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995, 69 (5): 825~838
[14] Lockwood P, Kunda Z. Increasing the salience of ones best selves can undermine inspiration by outstanding role models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999, 76(1): 214~228
[ 上 页 ] [ 下 页 ], http://www.100md.com(邢淑芬 俞国良)