别对我期望太高：运动领域中的自我设限(3)
4.2 对未来研究的建议
目前，我们对运动领域中的自我设限仍然知之甚少。自我设限与自尊的关系存在着较大的争议，弄清这两者的关系需要进一步考虑第三变量的影响[33,34]。由于相关研究较多，这类研究应该在前人研究的基础上，采用理论驱动的、自上而下的研究路线。例如，我们可能会有这样的疑问：运动员的自我设限是否与身体自尊有着更为密切的关系？那么，身体自尊是否可以作为运动员的整体自尊和自我设限之间的中介变量？
群体凝聚力对自我设限的调节作用可能会使得个人项目与集体项目的运动员在自我设限倾向及自我设限策略的使用上存在差异，因为群体凝聚力在集体项目中发挥着更为重要的作用。此外，在运动领域中，自我设限是普遍行为还是偶尔出现？自我设限与比赛表现之间存在着什么样的关系？采用何种方式对高自我设限倾向的运动员进行辅导更为有效？许多问题悬而未决，并且缺乏研究的积累，需要我们进行大量数据驱动的、自下而上的探索性研究。尤其是自我设限与比赛表现之间的关系，具有重要的实际意义。如果在大赛之前使用自陈式自我设限策略，运动员会不会由于释放了压力而表现的更好？或者因为对自己所声称的障碍太过关注，反而影响了自己的发挥？希望上述问题能够引起更多研究者的关注，对其进行深入的研究。
, http://www.100md.com
参考文献
[1] Prapavessis H, Grove J R, Eklund R C. Self-presentational issues in competition and sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2004, 16: 19~40
[2] Thompson T. Re-examining the effects of noncontingent success on self-handicapping behavior. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 2004, 74: 239~260
[3] Rhodewalt F, Saltzman A T, Wittmer J. Self-handicapping among competitive athletes: The role of practice in self-esteem protection. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1984, 5: 197~209
, 百拇医药
[4] Deppe R K, Harackiewicz J M. Self-handicapping and intrinsic motivation from the threat of failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1996, 70: 868~876
[5] Rhodewalt F. Conceptions of ability, achievement goals, and individual differences in self-handicapping behavior: On the application of implicit theories. Journal of Personality, 1994, 62: 59~85
[6] Ross S R, Canada K E, Rausch M K. Self-handicapping and the five factor model of personality: Mediation between neuroticism and conscientiousness. Personality and Individual Differences, 2002, 32: 1173~1184
, 百拇医药
[7] Strube M J. An analysis of the self-handicapping scale. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1986, 7(3): 211~224
[8] Jones E E, Berglas S. Control of attributions about the self through self-handicapping strategies: The appeal of alcohol and the role of underachievement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1978, 4: 200~206
[9] Berglas S, Jones E E. Drug choice as a self-handicapping strategy in response to noncontingent success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1978, 36: 405~417
, 百拇医药
[10] Carolyn J. “Laddishness” as a self-worth protection strategy. Gender and Education, 2002, 14(1): 37~51
[11] Shepperd J A, Arkin R M. Determinants of self- handicapping: Task importance and the effects of preexisting handicaps on self-generated handicaps. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1989, 15: 101~112
[12] 李晓东, 袁东华, 孟威佳. 国外关于自我妨碍的研究进展. 东北师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2004, 4: 131~136
[13] Shepperd J A, Arkin R M. Behavioral other-enhancement: Strategically obscuring the link between performance and evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991, 60(1): 79~88
, http://www.100md.com
[14] Martin A J, Marsh H W, Debus R L. Self-handicapping and defensive pessimism: A model of self-protection from a longitudinal perspective. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 2003, 28: 1~36
[15] Weary G, Williams J P. Depressive self-presentation: Beyond self-handicapping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1990, 58(5): 892~898
[ 上 页 ] [ 下 页 ], http://www.100md.com(孙 青 张力为)
目前，我们对运动领域中的自我设限仍然知之甚少。自我设限与自尊的关系存在着较大的争议，弄清这两者的关系需要进一步考虑第三变量的影响[33,34]。由于相关研究较多，这类研究应该在前人研究的基础上，采用理论驱动的、自上而下的研究路线。例如，我们可能会有这样的疑问：运动员的自我设限是否与身体自尊有着更为密切的关系？那么，身体自尊是否可以作为运动员的整体自尊和自我设限之间的中介变量？
群体凝聚力对自我设限的调节作用可能会使得个人项目与集体项目的运动员在自我设限倾向及自我设限策略的使用上存在差异，因为群体凝聚力在集体项目中发挥着更为重要的作用。此外，在运动领域中，自我设限是普遍行为还是偶尔出现？自我设限与比赛表现之间存在着什么样的关系？采用何种方式对高自我设限倾向的运动员进行辅导更为有效？许多问题悬而未决，并且缺乏研究的积累，需要我们进行大量数据驱动的、自下而上的探索性研究。尤其是自我设限与比赛表现之间的关系，具有重要的实际意义。如果在大赛之前使用自陈式自我设限策略，运动员会不会由于释放了压力而表现的更好？或者因为对自己所声称的障碍太过关注，反而影响了自己的发挥？希望上述问题能够引起更多研究者的关注，对其进行深入的研究。
, http://www.100md.com
参考文献
[1] Prapavessis H, Grove J R, Eklund R C. Self-presentational issues in competition and sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2004, 16: 19~40
[2] Thompson T. Re-examining the effects of noncontingent success on self-handicapping behavior. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 2004, 74: 239~260
[3] Rhodewalt F, Saltzman A T, Wittmer J. Self-handicapping among competitive athletes: The role of practice in self-esteem protection. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1984, 5: 197~209
, 百拇医药
[4] Deppe R K, Harackiewicz J M. Self-handicapping and intrinsic motivation from the threat of failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1996, 70: 868~876
[5] Rhodewalt F. Conceptions of ability, achievement goals, and individual differences in self-handicapping behavior: On the application of implicit theories. Journal of Personality, 1994, 62: 59~85
[6] Ross S R, Canada K E, Rausch M K. Self-handicapping and the five factor model of personality: Mediation between neuroticism and conscientiousness. Personality and Individual Differences, 2002, 32: 1173~1184
, 百拇医药
[7] Strube M J. An analysis of the self-handicapping scale. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 1986, 7(3): 211~224
[8] Jones E E, Berglas S. Control of attributions about the self through self-handicapping strategies: The appeal of alcohol and the role of underachievement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1978, 4: 200~206
[9] Berglas S, Jones E E. Drug choice as a self-handicapping strategy in response to noncontingent success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1978, 36: 405~417
, 百拇医药
[10] Carolyn J. “Laddishness” as a self-worth protection strategy. Gender and Education, 2002, 14(1): 37~51
[11] Shepperd J A, Arkin R M. Determinants of self- handicapping: Task importance and the effects of preexisting handicaps on self-generated handicaps. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1989, 15: 101~112
[12] 李晓东, 袁东华, 孟威佳. 国外关于自我妨碍的研究进展. 东北师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2004, 4: 131~136
[13] Shepperd J A, Arkin R M. Behavioral other-enhancement: Strategically obscuring the link between performance and evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991, 60(1): 79~88
, http://www.100md.com
[14] Martin A J, Marsh H W, Debus R L. Self-handicapping and defensive pessimism: A model of self-protection from a longitudinal perspective. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 2003, 28: 1~36
[15] Weary G, Williams J P. Depressive self-presentation: Beyond self-handicapping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1990, 58(5): 892~898
[ 上 页 ] [ 下 页 ], http://www.100md.com(孙 青 张力为)