青少年人格发展新模型述论(3)
首先，Shahar等人的研究是一个横断研究，这就限制了对因果假设的检验。特别是对人格的发展性研究而言，仅有横断的数据还是不够的。一方面在因素关系的探讨上，理论假定的线性关系难以得出因果的结论来。虽然可以利用SEM模型等多元统计的知识予以高级统计分析，但是对于人际关系、自我概念和动机中介的精确因果关系还要靠今后进一步的纵向研究探讨。
另一个局限是，Shahar等人的研究主要以自陈量表为研究工具。首先，由于这些工具都是自我报告的，从方法学上看，这可能会夸大研究因素之间的联系。因此有必要发展出一套测量人际关系、自我概念和动机定位之间关系的非自陈报告的工具。第二，尽管目前研究中使用的量表都有很高的效度，而且在发展与临床的研究中被广泛使用，但它们并不是唯一的工具，如果使用另外的方法会得到略有不同的结果。比如，DEQ中的积极人际关系和人际关系匮乏因素，也就是人际关系和自我定义中适应和不适应方面的内容，是在最近才作出界定的。尽管其效度是符合要求的，但在未来的研究之中如果能以其他方法探讨这些关系可能会更加科学可靠。
, 百拇医药
第三个未来研究的重要路径是拓宽思路，对其他可能的影响因素进行全面考察。比如，抑郁症状、依恋方式等。如图4所示的研究结果已经证实了抑郁症状对于人格的功能性适应存在直接相关。还有一些初步的研究结果[9～11]意味着，儿童早期形成的依恋安全模式可能会影响人际关系和自我概念的发展，进而导致不同的动机定位和社会环境中不同的人格效应。综合起来看，代表性的青少年期发展理论有七大理论之多[12]，未来的研究如果能够整合这些理论，系统阐明儿童和青少年在真实的社会环境中完成人格发展的不同道路及各因素之间的复杂关系链，就能够进一步提高研究的内部效度和外推效度，使研究对青少年人格发展更具解释力。
参考文献
1 Coon D. 郑刚等译. 心理学导论(第九版). 北京: 中国轻工业出版社, 2004
2 Blatt S J, Blass R B. Relatedness and self definition: A dialectic model of personality development. In: Noam G G, Fischer K W, Development and vulnerabilities in close relationships. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1996
, http://www.100md.com
3 Blatt S J. Contributions of psychoanalysis to the understanding and treatment of depression. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 1998, 46: 723～752
4 Ryan R M, Deci E L. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 2000, 55: 68～78
5 Shalar G, Henrich C C, Blatt S J, et al. Interpersonal relatedness, self-definition, and their motivational orientation during adolescence: a theoretical and empirical integration. Developmental Psychology, 2003, 39: 470～483
, http://www.100md.com
6 Ryan R M, Deci E L. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Class definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 2000, 25: 54～67
7 Grolnick W S, Deci E L, Ryan R M. Internalization within the family: The self-determination theory perspective. In: Grusec J E, Kuczynski L, Parenting and children′s internalization of values. New York: Wiley, 1997
8 Masten A S. Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 2001, 56: 227～238
, 百拇医药
9 Blatt S J, Homann E. Parent-child interaction in the etiology of dependent and self-critical depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 1992, 12: 47～91
10 Latt S J, Zuroff D C. Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition: Two prototypes for depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 1992, 12: 527～562
11 Uroff D C, Fitzpatrick D K. Depressive personality styles: Implication for adult attachment. Personality and Individual Differences. 1995, 18: 253～365
, http://www.100md.com
12 雷雳, 张雷. 青少年心理发展. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2003
THE NEW MODELS OF ADOLESCENCE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Shan Hongxue1, Song Guangwen1,2
(1 Education College of Qufu Normal University, Qufu273165; 2 Zhou Enlai School of Government Administration, Naikai University, Tianjin300071)
Abstract
Two major models of adolescence personality development have recently been proposed. One is Blatt′s interpersonal relatedness and self-definition model, the other is psychological needs and motivation model proposed by Deci and Ryan. On the base of these two models, Shahar, Henrich, et al(2003)carried out a theoretical and empirical integration, and constructed a motivation mediating model. This article reported the advance of the theories and discussed the limitation of the present studies. Furthermore, the authors predicted the trend of future research.
Key wordsadolescence, theory of personality development, motivation mediating model., http://www.100md.com
另一个局限是，Shahar等人的研究主要以自陈量表为研究工具。首先，由于这些工具都是自我报告的，从方法学上看，这可能会夸大研究因素之间的联系。因此有必要发展出一套测量人际关系、自我概念和动机定位之间关系的非自陈报告的工具。第二，尽管目前研究中使用的量表都有很高的效度，而且在发展与临床的研究中被广泛使用，但它们并不是唯一的工具，如果使用另外的方法会得到略有不同的结果。比如，DEQ中的积极人际关系和人际关系匮乏因素，也就是人际关系和自我定义中适应和不适应方面的内容，是在最近才作出界定的。尽管其效度是符合要求的，但在未来的研究之中如果能以其他方法探讨这些关系可能会更加科学可靠。
, 百拇医药
第三个未来研究的重要路径是拓宽思路，对其他可能的影响因素进行全面考察。比如，抑郁症状、依恋方式等。如图4所示的研究结果已经证实了抑郁症状对于人格的功能性适应存在直接相关。还有一些初步的研究结果[9～11]意味着，儿童早期形成的依恋安全模式可能会影响人际关系和自我概念的发展，进而导致不同的动机定位和社会环境中不同的人格效应。综合起来看，代表性的青少年期发展理论有七大理论之多[12]，未来的研究如果能够整合这些理论，系统阐明儿童和青少年在真实的社会环境中完成人格发展的不同道路及各因素之间的复杂关系链，就能够进一步提高研究的内部效度和外推效度，使研究对青少年人格发展更具解释力。
参考文献
1 Coon D. 郑刚等译. 心理学导论(第九版). 北京: 中国轻工业出版社, 2004
2 Blatt S J, Blass R B. Relatedness and self definition: A dialectic model of personality development. In: Noam G G, Fischer K W, Development and vulnerabilities in close relationships. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1996
, http://www.100md.com
3 Blatt S J. Contributions of psychoanalysis to the understanding and treatment of depression. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 1998, 46: 723～752
4 Ryan R M, Deci E L. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 2000, 55: 68～78
5 Shalar G, Henrich C C, Blatt S J, et al. Interpersonal relatedness, self-definition, and their motivational orientation during adolescence: a theoretical and empirical integration. Developmental Psychology, 2003, 39: 470～483
, http://www.100md.com
6 Ryan R M, Deci E L. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Class definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 2000, 25: 54～67
7 Grolnick W S, Deci E L, Ryan R M. Internalization within the family: The self-determination theory perspective. In: Grusec J E, Kuczynski L, Parenting and children′s internalization of values. New York: Wiley, 1997
8 Masten A S. Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 2001, 56: 227～238
, 百拇医药
9 Blatt S J, Homann E. Parent-child interaction in the etiology of dependent and self-critical depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 1992, 12: 47～91
10 Latt S J, Zuroff D C. Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition: Two prototypes for depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 1992, 12: 527～562
11 Uroff D C, Fitzpatrick D K. Depressive personality styles: Implication for adult attachment. Personality and Individual Differences. 1995, 18: 253～365
, http://www.100md.com
12 雷雳, 张雷. 青少年心理发展. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2003
THE NEW MODELS OF ADOLESCENCE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Shan Hongxue1, Song Guangwen1,2
(1 Education College of Qufu Normal University, Qufu273165; 2 Zhou Enlai School of Government Administration, Naikai University, Tianjin300071)
Abstract
Two major models of adolescence personality development have recently been proposed. One is Blatt′s interpersonal relatedness and self-definition model, the other is psychological needs and motivation model proposed by Deci and Ryan. On the base of these two models, Shahar, Henrich, et al(2003)carried out a theoretical and empirical integration, and constructed a motivation mediating model. This article reported the advance of the theories and discussed the limitation of the present studies. Furthermore, the authors predicted the trend of future research.
Key wordsadolescence, theory of personality development, motivation mediating model., http://www.100md.com