光棒引导气管插管的临床应用(1)
[摘要] 光棒是一项利用颈部软组织透光的原理实施气管插管的新技术。光棒插管具有容易掌握、耗时短、插管成功率高及并发症少等优点,在国外已广泛应用于临床麻醉、急救医学等领域。美国麻醉医师协会在困难气道管理指导中,将光棒插管列为困难气道插管的技术之一。二十世纪末,光棒插管技术被引进到国内,在临床工作中得到了很好的应用。对于光棒颈前透光原理及适应证、禁忌证、局限性的明确认识,有助于提高使用光棒插管的有效性,减少并发症的发生率。笔者查阅近年来光棒的相关文献资料,就光棒的临床应用作一综述,为临床更好的应用提供参考。
[关键词] 光棒;气管插管;综述
[中图分类号] R614 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2012)08(a)-0036-03
Clinical application of lightwand-guided tracheal intubation
, 百拇医药
LU Yan XU Mingjun
Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, China
[Abstract] Lightwand is a new tracheal intubation technique using the nonopaque principle of cervical soft tissues. Lightwngd-guided intubation is easy to operate, is fast, has a high success rate and causes few complications, so it has been widely applied in clinical anesthesia, emergency treatment and other areas. In the guidelines for management of difficult airway, the American Society of Anesthesiologists lists lightwand-guided intubation as one of the difficult airway intubation techniques. In the late 20th century, lightwand-guided intubation is introduced into China and well applied in clinical anesthesia. A clear understanding of the nonopaque principle of cervical tissues and indications, contraindications and limitations of lightwand can improve the effectiveness of lightwand-guided intubation and reduce the incidence of complications. Through the study of recent literatures on lightwand, the clinical application of lightwand is reviewed in order to provide reference for its better application.
, 百拇医药
[Key words] Lightwand; Tracheal intubation; Review
1957年Macewan首次报道使用光棒气管插管,1978年Raybum正式将这项技术命名为光棒插管。光棒气管插管技术在国外已广泛用于临床麻醉,美国麻醉医师协会在困难气道管理指导中,将光棒插管列为困难气道插管的技术之一[1]。二十世纪末,光棒插管技术被引进到国内,在临床工作中得到了很好的应用。本文就光棒的临床应用作一综述。
1 光棒构造及原理
光棒又称光索、照明插管芯,是一根可弯曲的金属导管,前端装有灯泡,尾部配有电池和开关。光棒是利用颈部软组织透光原理引导导管进入气管内。当带有光棒的气管导管通过声门时,光斑应位于环甲膜正中或向气管方向延伸。颈前光亮点在喉结上方,光强度稍弱,表明气管导管前端可能位于会厌谷;光亮点在喉部两侧,表明气管导管可能位于梨状窝;颈前观察不到亮点或光亮点非常弥散,表示气管导管可能被插入食管[2]。
, http://www.100md.com
2 使用光棒的技术要点
2.1 光棒折弯长度
光棒折弯长度与插管成功与否密切相关。光棒前端折弯太长易进入食管,折弯过短则很难抵达声门口。以下颌骨颏角至舌骨的距离作为光棒折弯长度,适用于大多数患者,但对下颌骨形态结构明显异常者(小下颌或长下颌)并不适用。王冬青等[3]研究认为,以“门-甲垂线距离”(患者平卧位,分别从门齿和喉结向侧面划一条与手术床的垂直线,两垂直线之间的平行距离)作为光棒折弯长度更具有临床实用性。根据口腔和咽喉部解剖结构,软腭弓与上门牙在同一垂直线上,声门位于甲状软骨最高点下面,光棒折弯处位于软腭弓,前端抵达声门口,其长度正好相当于“门-甲垂线距离”。
2.2 光棒折弯角度
光棒前端折弯角度太大易进入会厌谷,折弯角度过小易进入食管。Nishiyama等[4]研究认为,40°~60°的弯曲是光棒使用的最佳角度,此角度不仅透光性良好,还能降低气管插管难度。王磊等[5]研究结果显示60°比90°弯曲插管一次成功率高,颈前光点寻找时间短、退管时间短、成功率高。但对于声门位置偏高的困难气管插管患者,光棒弯曲成90°更有利于进入声门。有文献报道甲颏距离短,预计有困难气道患者,光棒在常规折弯90°后,距气管导管前端15 cm处再弯曲30°,更有利于缩短探寻声门时间,提高插管成功率[6]。, http://www.100md.com(卢焱 徐铭军)
[关键词] 光棒;气管插管;综述
[中图分类号] R614 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2012)08(a)-0036-03
Clinical application of lightwand-guided tracheal intubation
, 百拇医药
LU Yan XU Mingjun
Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100006, China
[Abstract] Lightwand is a new tracheal intubation technique using the nonopaque principle of cervical soft tissues. Lightwngd-guided intubation is easy to operate, is fast, has a high success rate and causes few complications, so it has been widely applied in clinical anesthesia, emergency treatment and other areas. In the guidelines for management of difficult airway, the American Society of Anesthesiologists lists lightwand-guided intubation as one of the difficult airway intubation techniques. In the late 20th century, lightwand-guided intubation is introduced into China and well applied in clinical anesthesia. A clear understanding of the nonopaque principle of cervical tissues and indications, contraindications and limitations of lightwand can improve the effectiveness of lightwand-guided intubation and reduce the incidence of complications. Through the study of recent literatures on lightwand, the clinical application of lightwand is reviewed in order to provide reference for its better application.
, 百拇医药
[Key words] Lightwand; Tracheal intubation; Review
1957年Macewan首次报道使用光棒气管插管,1978年Raybum正式将这项技术命名为光棒插管。光棒气管插管技术在国外已广泛用于临床麻醉,美国麻醉医师协会在困难气道管理指导中,将光棒插管列为困难气道插管的技术之一[1]。二十世纪末,光棒插管技术被引进到国内,在临床工作中得到了很好的应用。本文就光棒的临床应用作一综述。
1 光棒构造及原理
光棒又称光索、照明插管芯,是一根可弯曲的金属导管,前端装有灯泡,尾部配有电池和开关。光棒是利用颈部软组织透光原理引导导管进入气管内。当带有光棒的气管导管通过声门时,光斑应位于环甲膜正中或向气管方向延伸。颈前光亮点在喉结上方,光强度稍弱,表明气管导管前端可能位于会厌谷;光亮点在喉部两侧,表明气管导管可能位于梨状窝;颈前观察不到亮点或光亮点非常弥散,表示气管导管可能被插入食管[2]。
, http://www.100md.com
2 使用光棒的技术要点
2.1 光棒折弯长度
光棒折弯长度与插管成功与否密切相关。光棒前端折弯太长易进入食管,折弯过短则很难抵达声门口。以下颌骨颏角至舌骨的距离作为光棒折弯长度,适用于大多数患者,但对下颌骨形态结构明显异常者(小下颌或长下颌)并不适用。王冬青等[3]研究认为,以“门-甲垂线距离”(患者平卧位,分别从门齿和喉结向侧面划一条与手术床的垂直线,两垂直线之间的平行距离)作为光棒折弯长度更具有临床实用性。根据口腔和咽喉部解剖结构,软腭弓与上门牙在同一垂直线上,声门位于甲状软骨最高点下面,光棒折弯处位于软腭弓,前端抵达声门口,其长度正好相当于“门-甲垂线距离”。
2.2 光棒折弯角度
光棒前端折弯角度太大易进入会厌谷,折弯角度过小易进入食管。Nishiyama等[4]研究认为,40°~60°的弯曲是光棒使用的最佳角度,此角度不仅透光性良好,还能降低气管插管难度。王磊等[5]研究结果显示60°比90°弯曲插管一次成功率高,颈前光点寻找时间短、退管时间短、成功率高。但对于声门位置偏高的困难气管插管患者,光棒弯曲成90°更有利于进入声门。有文献报道甲颏距离短,预计有困难气道患者,光棒在常规折弯90°后,距气管导管前端15 cm处再弯曲30°,更有利于缩短探寻声门时间,提高插管成功率[6]。, http://www.100md.com(卢焱 徐铭军)