难治性肾病综合征中医病机篡要(1)
[摘要] 难治性肾病综合征(RNS)临床极为常见,属中医“水肿”、“精气下泄”、“虚损”范畴,是目前临床治疗比较棘手、预后较差的肾病。近年来中医对其病因病机认识主要包括正虚(气血阴阳)和/或标实(风湿热痰瘀毒)。本文从中医脏腑、经络、阴阳、气血津液、内生病邪等不同病理生理学角度分析归纳了RNS中医病因病机研究现状。同时,笔者认为阐释RNS的中医病机应借助于肾活检免疫病理学检查,将肾脏病理组织学表现作为中医望诊之延伸,并赋予新义,阐释经旨;这或是进一步认清RNS中医病因病机的又一途径。
[关键词] 难治性肾病综合征;中医;病机
[中图分类号] R692 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2015)07(a)-0085-04
[Abstract] RNS is extremely common in clinic, belonging to Chinese “edema”, “refined gas discharged”, “wasting” category, and it is a kind of kidney disease with current difficult clinical treatment and poor prognosis. In recent years, TCM understanding of its pathogenesis main includes zheng xu (Qi, blood, Yin and Yang), and/or biao shi (rheumatic fever and phlegm stasis toxin). This study analyzes and summarizes research status pathogenesis based on the pathophysiology different angles of TCM organs, meridians, Yin and Yang, blood and body fluids, in the sick evil. Meantime, the author believes that, RNS pathogenesis should be explained by means of immune pathology biopsy, and the renal pathological histology is as an extension of traditional Chinese medicine inspection, and it is given new meaning to explain purpose. This may be another way to further understand the cause and pathogenesis of RNS.
[Key words] Refractory nephrotic syndrome; TCM; Pathogenesis
难治性肾病综合征(refractory nephrotic syndrome,RNS)指经正规激素治疗,出现经常复发、肾上腺皮质激素依赖和肾上腺皮质激素抵抗之一的原发性肾病综合征(primary nephrotic syndrome,PNS),占PNS的30%~50%[1]。中医认为RNS病位沉疴,缠绵难愈,具有病因复杂、病机多变之特点,随着近年来中医药对本病研究治疗的推进,对其中医病因病机研究更是百家争鸣,观点不一。现将近年来中医学对RNS病因病机的研究进展归类整理,综述如下:
1 中医对RNS病名的认识
RNS以水肿、蛋白尿难消为突出表现。对于RNS的认识,中医学没有相应的病名,但从其临床表现入手,相似文献始见于《内经》并称之为“水”。如《灵枢·水胀》篇曰,“水始起也,目窠上微肿……足胫肿,腹乃大,其水已成矣”。现代医学认为,蛋白质是构成人体维持人体生命活动的基本物质,概念上与中医之“精气”、“精微”相类似,正如《寿世传真·修养宜宝精宝气宝神》所谓:“精者,滋于身者也。”张景岳云:“精以至阴之液,本于十二脏之生化,不过藏之于肾。”因此精微赖肾之封藏,存于体内,不应漏泄于外。精微随溲出,乃机体水谷精微物质的外泄,即形成蛋白尿应属“精气下泄”[2];又基于《素问·通评虚实论》“精气夺则虚”的认识,RNS亦可归属“虚损”病的范畴。故临床多从“水肿”、“精气下泄”、“虚损”范畴分析其病因病机。
2 中医对RNS病因病机认识
2.1 脏腑相关病机说
纵观历代有关脏腑与水肿病发病关系的经典文献论述,结合近代医家根据五脏六腑生理、病理上相互关联之中医藏象整体观,古今医家认为RNS不限肾之本脏,它脏亦是重要致病因素。
2.1.1 肺脾肾虚病机 《内经》谓“三阴结谓之水”,言明肺、脾、肾三脏是导致水肿的主要脏腑。《景岳全书·水肿》篇指出:“凡水肿等证,乃脾肺肾三脏相干之病。盖水为至阴,故其本在肾,水化于气,故其标在肺,水惟畏土,故其制在脾。今肺虚气不化精而化水,脾虚则上不制水而水反克,肾虚则水无所主而妄行。”更是详尽地阐述了肺、脾、肾三脏气化失司是水肿发病的内在因素。
肾主水,藏精,又“肾者胃之关也;关门不利,故聚水而从其类也。上下溢于皮肤,故为月付肿”(《素问·水热穴论)。肾虚不能气化行水,膀胱气化不利,水液不循常道,横溢肌肤,形成水肿,即“肾虚而水无所主而妄行”。《素问·上古天真论》云:“受五脏六腑之精而藏之。”肾承诸脏之精而藏于内。肾气充盛,精关固涩,精微必能内守;肾虚封藏失司,精微不固而漏泄,下注膀胱则为蛋白尿。骆继杰提出RNS本虚之根在于肾虚,肾虚是本病的病机中心[3]。正如张介宾所谓“虽分而言之,三脏各有所主,然合而言之,则总由阴性之害,而病本皆属于肾”。 (张全乐等)
[关键词] 难治性肾病综合征;中医;病机
[中图分类号] R692 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2015)07(a)-0085-04
[Abstract] RNS is extremely common in clinic, belonging to Chinese “edema”, “refined gas discharged”, “wasting” category, and it is a kind of kidney disease with current difficult clinical treatment and poor prognosis. In recent years, TCM understanding of its pathogenesis main includes zheng xu (Qi, blood, Yin and Yang), and/or biao shi (rheumatic fever and phlegm stasis toxin). This study analyzes and summarizes research status pathogenesis based on the pathophysiology different angles of TCM organs, meridians, Yin and Yang, blood and body fluids, in the sick evil. Meantime, the author believes that, RNS pathogenesis should be explained by means of immune pathology biopsy, and the renal pathological histology is as an extension of traditional Chinese medicine inspection, and it is given new meaning to explain purpose. This may be another way to further understand the cause and pathogenesis of RNS.
[Key words] Refractory nephrotic syndrome; TCM; Pathogenesis
难治性肾病综合征(refractory nephrotic syndrome,RNS)指经正规激素治疗,出现经常复发、肾上腺皮质激素依赖和肾上腺皮质激素抵抗之一的原发性肾病综合征(primary nephrotic syndrome,PNS),占PNS的30%~50%[1]。中医认为RNS病位沉疴,缠绵难愈,具有病因复杂、病机多变之特点,随着近年来中医药对本病研究治疗的推进,对其中医病因病机研究更是百家争鸣,观点不一。现将近年来中医学对RNS病因病机的研究进展归类整理,综述如下:
1 中医对RNS病名的认识
RNS以水肿、蛋白尿难消为突出表现。对于RNS的认识,中医学没有相应的病名,但从其临床表现入手,相似文献始见于《内经》并称之为“水”。如《灵枢·水胀》篇曰,“水始起也,目窠上微肿……足胫肿,腹乃大,其水已成矣”。现代医学认为,蛋白质是构成人体维持人体生命活动的基本物质,概念上与中医之“精气”、“精微”相类似,正如《寿世传真·修养宜宝精宝气宝神》所谓:“精者,滋于身者也。”张景岳云:“精以至阴之液,本于十二脏之生化,不过藏之于肾。”因此精微赖肾之封藏,存于体内,不应漏泄于外。精微随溲出,乃机体水谷精微物质的外泄,即形成蛋白尿应属“精气下泄”[2];又基于《素问·通评虚实论》“精气夺则虚”的认识,RNS亦可归属“虚损”病的范畴。故临床多从“水肿”、“精气下泄”、“虚损”范畴分析其病因病机。
2 中医对RNS病因病机认识
2.1 脏腑相关病机说
纵观历代有关脏腑与水肿病发病关系的经典文献论述,结合近代医家根据五脏六腑生理、病理上相互关联之中医藏象整体观,古今医家认为RNS不限肾之本脏,它脏亦是重要致病因素。
2.1.1 肺脾肾虚病机 《内经》谓“三阴结谓之水”,言明肺、脾、肾三脏是导致水肿的主要脏腑。《景岳全书·水肿》篇指出:“凡水肿等证,乃脾肺肾三脏相干之病。盖水为至阴,故其本在肾,水化于气,故其标在肺,水惟畏土,故其制在脾。今肺虚气不化精而化水,脾虚则上不制水而水反克,肾虚则水无所主而妄行。”更是详尽地阐述了肺、脾、肾三脏气化失司是水肿发病的内在因素。
肾主水,藏精,又“肾者胃之关也;关门不利,故聚水而从其类也。上下溢于皮肤,故为月付肿”(《素问·水热穴论)。肾虚不能气化行水,膀胱气化不利,水液不循常道,横溢肌肤,形成水肿,即“肾虚而水无所主而妄行”。《素问·上古天真论》云:“受五脏六腑之精而藏之。”肾承诸脏之精而藏于内。肾气充盛,精关固涩,精微必能内守;肾虚封藏失司,精微不固而漏泄,下注膀胱则为蛋白尿。骆继杰提出RNS本虚之根在于肾虚,肾虚是本病的病机中心[3]。正如张介宾所谓“虽分而言之,三脏各有所主,然合而言之,则总由阴性之害,而病本皆属于肾”。 (张全乐等)