硬膜外镇痛脑脊液外流2例
[摘要] 连续硬膜外麻醉术后硬膜外镇痛泵镇痛脑脊液外流极为少见,本文报道的2例患者既往体健,脊柱无畸形,麻醉穿刺顺利,无腰麻征象,术后接硬膜外镇痛泵镇痛。术后2~3d,脊柱麻醉穿刺部位渗漏无色透明液体,实验室证明为脑脊液。患者无不适,经加压包扎后大约6d痊愈,分析为留置硬膜外管损伤硬脊膜所致。
[关键词] 硬膜外;脑脊液;漏出
[中图分类号] R614.4+2 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2011)33-114-01
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak after Epidural Needle Puncture followed by Postoperative Epidural Analgesia:2 Cases Report
, 百拇医药
HUANG Ming YE Gang
The Central Hospital of Enshi Prefecture in Hubei Province,Enshi 445000,China
[Abstract] Cerebrospinal fluid leak after epidural needle puncture followed by postoperative epidural analgesia is extremely rare. This paper reports two patients with healthy body previously,without spine deformity and puncturing successfully. It was apparent of finding no signs of spinal anesthesia. After 2 days of puncturing followed by postoperative epidural analgesia,colorless fluid was noted under the epidural site dressing. It was cerebrospinal fluid from testing positive .The patients feel no discomfort,and they recovered from compression bandage of epidural puncture site approximately 6 days later. It maybe caused by the epidural trauma from indwelling catheter.
, 百拇医药
[Key words] Epidural;Cerebrospinal fluid;Leak
脑脊液漏出多见于腰硬联合麻醉或者同一部位反复穿刺后[1-2],而连续硬膜外麻醉术后硬膜外镇痛泵镇痛脑脊液外流极为少见。我科2010~2011年发生2例均行单纯的连续硬膜外麻醉,且麻醉穿刺顺利,发现漏出后,未经特殊处理,患者自愈。本文现将此2例患者的处理过程报道如下。
1 临床资料
病例1 患者,男,47岁,65kg。因“右胫骨开放性骨折”拟在连续硬膜外麻醉下行右胫骨骨折内固定术。既往无特殊病史,无外伤手术史。术前苯巴比妥钠0.1g、阿托品0.5mg肌注。入室建立静脉通道后,选择L2~L3硬膜外穿刺,穿刺顺利,略调整穿刺针方向后置管,回抽无血液及脑脊液。推入0.5%利多卡因5mL,5min后测麻醉平面为T10~L5,无腰麻征象。术中硬膜外间断推注0.5%罗哌卡因维持麻醉,麻醉效果满意,手术时间90min。手术结束前10min,硬膜外推入吗啡2mg+0.25%罗哌卡因5mL接硬膜外镇痛泵,测平面为T8~L5。术后第2天随访,镇痛效果满意,患者无恶心、呕吐、视物模糊等不适。但发现患者背部穿刺部位纱布湿透,拔除硬膜外导管,见穿刺点有无色透明液体不断渗出,患者取坐位或者咳嗽时漏出增加。碘酒酒精消毒后,用多层无菌纱布加压包扎,嘱病房多输液体行抗感染治疗,交代患者多取侧卧位休息,尽量不要下床活动。取渗出液样本实验室检查证明为脑脊液,观察24h,敷料干燥。随访1周无头痛等麻醉并发症发生。
, 百拇医药
病例2 患者,女,23岁,70kg。因“孕2产0孕39周LOA待产”入院,拟在连续硬膜外麻醉下行剖宫产术。既往体健,无脊柱外伤及手术史。入室选择L1~L2穿刺,穿刺及置管顺利,回抽未见液体流出。手术中麻醉平面及效果满意,手术历时30min。手术结束前10min常规接硬膜外镇痛泵镇痛。术后随访发现穿刺点渗漏,患者双下肢感觉及运动正常,处置同前病例,亦未见头痛等并发症。
2 讨论
硬膜外镇痛导管留置中发生脑脊液外流较少见,本组病例硬膜外穿刺及置管过程顺利,回抽未见脑脊液。术前和术后通过硬膜外导管给药测定麻醉平面未发现导管置入蛛网膜下腔。笔者分析脑脊液外流的可能原因是:(1)硬膜外穿刺过程中已穿破硬脊膜和蛛网膜,但是破口很小,脑脊液缓慢外流,短时间内未发现脑脊液外流,而且通过破口进入蛛网膜下腔的局麻药极微量,不能引起腰麻的症状和体征。有报道分析表明[3],硬膜外穿刺成功后在调整针蒂小缺口方向时将硬膜穿破,虽然回抽无脑脊液,这与穿破硬脊膜的程度、硬膜与针勺状面的角度及回抽时用力的大小有关[4];(2)患者在活动中硬膜外导管不断与硬脊膜和蛛网膜摩擦,导致硬脊膜和蛛网膜破裂,脑脊液外流;(3)有报道[2]分析,在穿刺过程中将异物带入硬膜外或者穿刺过程损伤血管硬膜外存在血凝块,此两者可能损伤硬脊膜而致使脑脊液外流。脑脊液外流发生后多可自愈,不需特殊处理,本组病例患者无自觉症状,为了防止患者颅内压进一步降低和颅内感染,积极采取相应措施,取侧卧位和减少直立的体位降低脑脊液的压力减少漏出,加压包扎穿刺点,积极抗感染治疗等。也有文献指出[2],出现渗漏后,应当在局麻下,用针线缝合漏出道外口。
, 百拇医药
[参考文献]
[1] Brian O. Chan BHB, MBChB,et al. Persistent cerebrospinal fluid leak: A complication of the combined spinal-epidural technique[J]. Anesth Analg,2004,98(3):828-830.
[2] Jawalekar SR,Gertie F,Marx M. Cutaneous cerebrospinal fluid linkage following attempted extradural block[J]. Anesthesiology,1981,54(4):348-349.
[3] 赵晖,唐伟. 硬膜外麻醉并发脑脊液外溢1例[J]. 菏泽医学专科学校学学报,2005,7(2):19.
[4] Pamela J. Angle,Jean E,et al. Dural tissue trauma and cerebrospinal fluid leak after epidural needle puncture[J]. Anesthesiology,2003,99(6),1376-1382.
(收稿日期:2011-09-13), http://www.100md.com(黄铭 叶刚)
[关键词] 硬膜外;脑脊液;漏出
[中图分类号] R614.4+2 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2011)33-114-01
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak after Epidural Needle Puncture followed by Postoperative Epidural Analgesia:2 Cases Report
, 百拇医药
HUANG Ming YE Gang
The Central Hospital of Enshi Prefecture in Hubei Province,Enshi 445000,China
[Abstract] Cerebrospinal fluid leak after epidural needle puncture followed by postoperative epidural analgesia is extremely rare. This paper reports two patients with healthy body previously,without spine deformity and puncturing successfully. It was apparent of finding no signs of spinal anesthesia. After 2 days of puncturing followed by postoperative epidural analgesia,colorless fluid was noted under the epidural site dressing. It was cerebrospinal fluid from testing positive .The patients feel no discomfort,and they recovered from compression bandage of epidural puncture site approximately 6 days later. It maybe caused by the epidural trauma from indwelling catheter.
, 百拇医药
[Key words] Epidural;Cerebrospinal fluid;Leak
脑脊液漏出多见于腰硬联合麻醉或者同一部位反复穿刺后[1-2],而连续硬膜外麻醉术后硬膜外镇痛泵镇痛脑脊液外流极为少见。我科2010~2011年发生2例均行单纯的连续硬膜外麻醉,且麻醉穿刺顺利,发现漏出后,未经特殊处理,患者自愈。本文现将此2例患者的处理过程报道如下。
1 临床资料
病例1 患者,男,47岁,65kg。因“右胫骨开放性骨折”拟在连续硬膜外麻醉下行右胫骨骨折内固定术。既往无特殊病史,无外伤手术史。术前苯巴比妥钠0.1g、阿托品0.5mg肌注。入室建立静脉通道后,选择L2~L3硬膜外穿刺,穿刺顺利,略调整穿刺针方向后置管,回抽无血液及脑脊液。推入0.5%利多卡因5mL,5min后测麻醉平面为T10~L5,无腰麻征象。术中硬膜外间断推注0.5%罗哌卡因维持麻醉,麻醉效果满意,手术时间90min。手术结束前10min,硬膜外推入吗啡2mg+0.25%罗哌卡因5mL接硬膜外镇痛泵,测平面为T8~L5。术后第2天随访,镇痛效果满意,患者无恶心、呕吐、视物模糊等不适。但发现患者背部穿刺部位纱布湿透,拔除硬膜外导管,见穿刺点有无色透明液体不断渗出,患者取坐位或者咳嗽时漏出增加。碘酒酒精消毒后,用多层无菌纱布加压包扎,嘱病房多输液体行抗感染治疗,交代患者多取侧卧位休息,尽量不要下床活动。取渗出液样本实验室检查证明为脑脊液,观察24h,敷料干燥。随访1周无头痛等麻醉并发症发生。
, 百拇医药
病例2 患者,女,23岁,70kg。因“孕2产0孕39周LOA待产”入院,拟在连续硬膜外麻醉下行剖宫产术。既往体健,无脊柱外伤及手术史。入室选择L1~L2穿刺,穿刺及置管顺利,回抽未见液体流出。手术中麻醉平面及效果满意,手术历时30min。手术结束前10min常规接硬膜外镇痛泵镇痛。术后随访发现穿刺点渗漏,患者双下肢感觉及运动正常,处置同前病例,亦未见头痛等并发症。
2 讨论
硬膜外镇痛导管留置中发生脑脊液外流较少见,本组病例硬膜外穿刺及置管过程顺利,回抽未见脑脊液。术前和术后通过硬膜外导管给药测定麻醉平面未发现导管置入蛛网膜下腔。笔者分析脑脊液外流的可能原因是:(1)硬膜外穿刺过程中已穿破硬脊膜和蛛网膜,但是破口很小,脑脊液缓慢外流,短时间内未发现脑脊液外流,而且通过破口进入蛛网膜下腔的局麻药极微量,不能引起腰麻的症状和体征。有报道分析表明[3],硬膜外穿刺成功后在调整针蒂小缺口方向时将硬膜穿破,虽然回抽无脑脊液,这与穿破硬脊膜的程度、硬膜与针勺状面的角度及回抽时用力的大小有关[4];(2)患者在活动中硬膜外导管不断与硬脊膜和蛛网膜摩擦,导致硬脊膜和蛛网膜破裂,脑脊液外流;(3)有报道[2]分析,在穿刺过程中将异物带入硬膜外或者穿刺过程损伤血管硬膜外存在血凝块,此两者可能损伤硬脊膜而致使脑脊液外流。脑脊液外流发生后多可自愈,不需特殊处理,本组病例患者无自觉症状,为了防止患者颅内压进一步降低和颅内感染,积极采取相应措施,取侧卧位和减少直立的体位降低脑脊液的压力减少漏出,加压包扎穿刺点,积极抗感染治疗等。也有文献指出[2],出现渗漏后,应当在局麻下,用针线缝合漏出道外口。
, 百拇医药
[参考文献]
[1] Brian O. Chan BHB, MBChB,et al. Persistent cerebrospinal fluid leak: A complication of the combined spinal-epidural technique[J]. Anesth Analg,2004,98(3):828-830.
[2] Jawalekar SR,Gertie F,Marx M. Cutaneous cerebrospinal fluid linkage following attempted extradural block[J]. Anesthesiology,1981,54(4):348-349.
[3] 赵晖,唐伟. 硬膜外麻醉并发脑脊液外溢1例[J]. 菏泽医学专科学校学学报,2005,7(2):19.
[4] Pamela J. Angle,Jean E,et al. Dural tissue trauma and cerebrospinal fluid leak after epidural needle puncture[J]. Anesthesiology,2003,99(6),1376-1382.
(收稿日期:2011-09-13), http://www.100md.com(黄铭 叶刚)